516 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Optimizing Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation in King
Grass-Based Rations to Maximize Productivity of Bali Cattle
Ida Bagus Gaga Partama
Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University, Denpasar-Bali e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Bali cattle have a great potency to supply national meat demand which is increasing progressively every year. The main constrain in Bali cattle farming is the deficiency of trace minerals on native grass resulting in low Bali cattle productivity. The present study was done to determine the optimum vitamin-mineral supplementation in King grass-based rations to maximize productivity of Bali cattle steers. Randomized Complete Block Design used in this study consisted of four treatments and five groups based on differences in live weight cattle. Treatments consisted of: S0 = concentrate as much as 5 kg + King grass given ad libitum, S1, S2, and S3 = S0 successively added 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% vitamin-mineral in concentrate. Variables observed were nutrients intake, deposition of nutrients, energy retention, live weight gain of the animals, and feed efficiencies. The data were analyzed by analysis was of variance, and regression analysis used to predict the optimal level of supplementation. Results showed that vitamin-mineral supplementation significantly (P <0.05) affected all the observed variables. Supplementation levels of 0.2 to 0.3% can reduce the consumption of nutrients, but supplementation levels of 0.1 to 0.3% increased deposition of nutrients, energy retention, feed efficiency, and increased a live weight gain of Bali cattle steer up to 14% (0.58 vs. 0.66 kg/ day) compared to those cattle without supplements. It is concluded that vitamin-mineral supplementation of 0.1 to 0.3% in ration based on King grass can increase deposition of nutrients, energy retention, feed efficiency, and live weigh gain of Bali cattle steers. Based on regression analysis, it is obtained that the optimum level of vitamin-minerals supplementation in concentrate was 0.16% which can produce maximum live weight gain of Bali cattle steer fed King grass-based rations.
Keywords: bali cattle, supplementation, vitamin-mineral
Introducton
cattle agrbusness s the lmted forages avalable for the farm and trace mneral defcency n the natve grass.
Kng grass and concentrates are usually gven to cattle by farmers n Bal, but stll need to be supplemented wth mnerals to maxmze the productvty of cattle because plants of tropcal feed are defcent n trace mnerals (Kaunang, 2004). Therefore, the productvty of Bal cattle can stll be mproved by feedng an adequate and balanced nutrents .
The present study was done to determne the optmum vtamn-mneralto determne the optmum vtamn-mneral supplementaton n Kng grass-based ratons to maxmze productvty of Bal cattle steers.
Materals and Methods
Ths study conssted of a seres of feld and laboratory experments. Feld tral was conducted n the Serongga vllage, Ganyar regency. Laboratory analyss was conducted at the Lab. of Nutrton, Fapet - Unud, and Lab. of Analytcal Udayana Unversty.
The experment was conducted n ndvdual cages. Cage s desgned to meet the mantenance requrements of fattenng Bal cattle. Requred 20 ndvdual cages to accommodate 20 steers of Bal cattle wth an average lve weght of 319 kg or wth the range of 279-367 kg steers.
Raton treatments conssted of Kng grass and concentrates supplemented wth pgnox (commercal product as a source of vtamns and mnerals). There were four treatments n concentrate ratons .e., S0 s concentrate wthout pgnox addton, whle concentrate on the S1, S2, and S3 supplemented wth 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% pgox (Table 1).
Table 1. Nutrent content of dets
Nutrent Concentrates Kng grass
S0 S1 S2 S3
Dry matter (%) 87.64 87.64 87.64 87.64 24.80 Organc matter(%) 64.13 64.13 64.13 64.13 71.84 Crude proten (%) 12.13 12.13 12.13 12.13 5.01 Crude fber (%) 7.76 7.76 7.76 7.76 27.20 Energy (GE. Mcal/kg) 3.22 3.22 3.22 3.22 3.39 Sulfur (S. ppm) 685.50 694.09 702.68 711.28 -Znc (Zn. ppm) 45.09 65.09 85.09 105.09 26.12
518 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Varables observed were nutrents ntake, deposton of nutrents, energy reten-ton, lve weght gan of the anmals, and feed converson rato Energy retenton was calculated by deposton of nutrents and deposton of nutrents was calculated by convertng lve weght gan wth body composton (by urea space technque). Based on ths nutrent deposton, t can be calculated the energy retenton wth the provsons of 1g of fat deposton equvalent to 9.32 kcal, whle the deposton of 1 g proten equvalent to 5.5 kcal (Ørskov and Ryle, 1990). So the retenton of energy per day per cattle can be calculated by summng the energy content of the deposton of body fat and proten per cattle per day.
The data obtaned were analyzed by analyss of varance, and regresson analyss used to predct the optmal level of supplementaton (Steel and Torre, 1986).
Results and Dscusson
Vtamn-mneral supplementaton sgnfcantly (P <0.05) affected dry matter ntake, proten ntake, energy ntake, deposton of nutrents, energy retenton and lve weght gan of Bal cattle (Table 2).
There s a clear relatonshp between vtamn-mneral supplementaton wth lve weght gan of Bal cattle, followng regresson quadratc equaton: Y= 0.583 + 0.959 X - 2.95 X2 wth a coeffcent of determnaton (R2)= 0.414* wth the
un-derstandng of X= supplementaton of vtamn-mneral (%), Y= lve weght gan of Bal cattle (kg/day) as seen n Fgure 1. From ths regresson equaton can be
pre-Table 2. Dry matter and nutrents ntake, nutrents deposton, retenton of energy and lve weght gan of Bal cattle fed Kng grass-based ratons wth vtamn-mneral supplementaton
Varables Supplementaton Treatment
S0 S1 S2 S3
Dry matter ntake (kg/h/d) 6.65b 6.58b 6.29a 6.18a
Proten ntake (g/kgW0.75/d) 7.92b 7.87b 7.44a 7.32a
Energy ntake (Kcal/kgW0.75/d) 271.52b 267.47b 254.54a 247.33a
Proten deposton (g/ kgW0.75/d) 1.18a 1.31b 1.30b 1.19a
Fat deposton (g/ kgW0.75/d) 2.6a 3.0b 2.9b 2.7a
Retenton of Energy
(NEp. Kcal/kgW0.75/d) 31.14
a 34.92b 34.64b 32.06a
Feed Converson Rato (FCR) 11.48b 10.06a 9.68a 10.18a
Lve weght gan (kg/d) 0.58a 0.66b 0.65b 0.61a
519
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
dcted the optmum vtamn-mneral supplementaton was 0.16% whch produces the maxmum lve weght gan of Bal cattle of 0.66 kg/day.
Ratons tested n ths study met the nutrent requrement whch conssted of 5 kg concentrate and an average of 15 kg kng grass per cattle per day, so that these ratons contaned dry matter (DM) 40.51%, crude proten (CP) 10.31%, and energy (GE) 3.27 Mcal/kg, equvalent to 56.29% of TDN (Total Dgestble Nutr-ents). However, the results of ths experment showed that feed ntake and nutrent levels such as dry matter and energy sgnfcantly (P<0.05) decreased when gven vtamn-mneral supplementaton n concentrate, especally at supplementaton of 0.2 to 0.3% (Table 2). Ths declne n consumpton may be caused by an mbalance of nutrents n det, especally mnerals. Decrease n consumpton level has not yet led to nutrent-defcent cattle and ths can be proved by lve weght gan of cattle durng the experment, although feed ntake decreased wth ncreasng levels of v-tamn-mneral supplementaton.
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Fgure 1. The relatonshp between vtamn-mneral supplementaton wth lve weght gan of Bal cattle fed Kng grass-based ratons
520 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Hgh deposton of nutrents, energy retenton and lve weght gan n cattle wth vtamn-mneral supplementaton of 0.1% due to the suffcent and balanced nutrents n the raton. Concentrate wth a vtamn-mneral supplementaton of 0.1% contanng balanced rato of N:S, and contans enough mnerals Zn and S (Table 1). S s an essental mneral n amno acds synthess contans sulfur, and s needed n large numbers for mcrobal proten synthess. Meanwhle, Zn mnerals nvolved n metalo enzyme synthess such as DNA and RNA polymerase, alkalne phosphatase, amylase and neutral protease (Jouany, 1991).
The research was supported by N-NH3 concentraton suffcent to support the relatvely hgh concentraton of VFA (from 166.33 to 198.06 mM), consequently would strongly support the rumen mcrobal proten synthess (Partama et al., 2010). Stern et al (2006) states that the rumen bactera can use proten and carbohydrates as energy sources. Carbohydrate s the man energy source for bactera, and can also be used as a carbon skeleton that combnes wth ammona (NH3) to rumen mcrobal proten synthess.
Vtamn-mneral supplementaton of 0.1% n concentrate gave the best effect n productvty of Bal cattle fed Kng grass-based ratons. Ths shows that supple-mentaton at the level of 0.1% pgnox n the ratons contaned enough nutrents and balanced. Mneral content of Zn n concentrate was 65.09 ppm (Table 1), slghtly hgher than the recommendaton of Georgevsk (1982), .e., 40-60 ppm due to df-ferences n cattle breeds used.
Conclusons
Vtamn-mneral supplementaton at 0.1 to 0.3% n ratons based on Kng grass can ncrease deposton of nutrents, energy retenton, feed converton rato, and lve wegh gan of Bal cattle steers. Based on regresson analyss, the optmum level of vtamn-mnerals supplementaton n concentrate was 0.16%.
Acknowledgment
References
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