THE DOMESTICATED TRANSLATION OF THE TERMS RELATED TO ‘TOOLS’ IN TOER’S THIS EARTH OF MANKIND: A STUDY OF ACCURACY AND READABILITY

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THE DOMESTICATED TRANSLATION OF THE TERMS

RELATED TO ‘TOOLS’

IN TOER’S

THIS EARTH OF MANKIND

_:

A STUDY OF ACCURACY AND READABILITY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofSarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Aluysia Vicka Tunjung Sari Student Number: 084214012

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2013

THE DOMESTICATED TRANSLATION OF THE TERMS

RELATED TO ‘TOOLS’

IN TOER’S

THIS EARTH OF MANKIND

_:

A STUDY OF ACCURACY AND READABILITY

in English Letters

By

YOGYAKARTA 2013

THE DOMESTICATED TRANSLATION OF THE TERMS

RELATED TO ‘TOOLS’

IN TOER’S

THIS EARTH OF MANKIND

_:

A STUDY OF ACCURACY AND READABILITY

in English Letters

By

▸ Baca selengkapnya: internet has been the most outstanding invention in the history of mankind

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vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Aesop, in The Lion and the Mouse, says no act of kindness is ever wasted. Hence, thanking for this little blessing to many people around helping and

supporting the writing process of my undergraduate thesis is a precious

opportunity.

At the beginning, my wholehearted thanks go to my parents and

brother for the priceless love and support. For every red and blue I lay on you, my

Choky and Uro.

My heartfelt thanks are expressed to my advisor, Harris Hermansyah

Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum., without whose guidance I might have not be able to finish

this paper. Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. deserves forever thanks for giving

invaluable suggestions. My gratitude also goes to Adventina Putranti, S.S.,

M.Hum., who grilled me in the the thesis defense, for showing me how to

improve my thesis.

For my fair-haired man whose fondness and love are hotter than the

sun, never is it enough to say thanks for everything.

My greatest thanks present to, my best friends for all the time we have

shared these ten years and my All Plus Purikids friends, my beloved relatives for

the companion and support. Last but not least, my deep thanks for everyone I

cannot mention here.

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vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ………... i

APPROVAL PAGE ………. ii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……… iii

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ………. iv

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ……….. v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……… vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. vii

LIST OF TABLES ………... viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION ……… ix

ABSTRACT ………. x

ABSTRAK ………... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………... 1

A. Background of the Study ………. 1

B. Problem Formulation ………... 3

C. Objectives of the Study ………... 3

D. Definition of Terms ………. 4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEWS ………... 6

A. Review of Related Studies ……….. 6

B. Review of Related Theories ……… 8

1. Theories of Translation ………. 8

2. Translation Accuracy ………... 9

3. Translation Readability ……… 10

4. Foreignized and Domesticated Translation ……… 12

5. Translation Accuracy Indicator ……… 15

6. Translation Readability Indicator ………. 16

7. Classification of Tools ………. 17

C. Theoretical Framework ………... 17

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY……….. 19

A. Object of the Study ……….. 19

B. Method of the Study ……… 19

C. Research Procedure ...….………. 20

1. Types of Data ………... 20

2. Data Collection ………. 22

3. Population and Sample ………. 23

4. Data Triangulation ………... 24

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viii

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS……… 27

A. The accuracy of the domesticated translation of the terms related to ‘Tool’ in Toer’sThis Earth of Mankind………. 28

B. The readability of the domesticated translation of the terms related to ‘Tools’ in Toer’sThis Earth of Mankind………….. 43 C. The advantages of the domesticated translation of the terms related to ‘Tools’ in Toer’sThis Earth of Mankind………….. 47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION……….. 49

BIBLIOGRAPHY……….. 51

APPENDIX ACCURACY QUESTIONNAIRE……….. 53

APPENDIX ACCURACY QUESTIONNAIRE……….. 74

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ix

LIST OF TABLES

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x

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ST Source Text TT Target Text SL Source Language TL Target Language R Respondent

PT Professional Translator LA Language Scholar LE Literary Expert MT Moving Tool PhyT Physics Tool AT Accessing Tool CT Cutting Tool LT Lighting Tool CovT Covering Tool HT Household Tool MuT Music Tool DT Dining Tool

DFT Defense/Fighting Tool ST Sharpening Tool AcT Accessories Tool FT Fastening Tool IT Information Tool DcT Dance Tool

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xi ABSTRACT

ALUYSIA VICKA TUNJUNG SARI. The Domesticated Translation of the Terms Related to ‘Tools’ in Toer’sThis Earth of Mankind: A Study of Accuracy and Readability. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.

This undergraduate paper explores the domesticated translation of the terms related to ‘tools’ found in the English version of Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s novel The Earth of Mankind. The domesticated translation is assessed by its accuracy and readability in order to find its advantages.

There are three problems raised in this research. The first is to measure the accuracy of the translation of the terms related to ‘tools’, the second is to find out the readability of the terms related to ‘tools’, and the third is to discover the advantages of domesticated translation.

The methods applied in this study are field research and library research. The field research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to respondents to find the accuracy and readability. The library research was conducted by content analysis.

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xii ABSTRAK

ALUYSIA VICKA TUNJUNG SARI. The Domesticated Translation of the Terms Related to ‘Tools’ in Toer’sThis Earth of Mankind: A Study of Accuracy and Readability. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.

Skripsi ini membahas terjemahan gaya domestikasi istilah-istilah yang terkait dengan ‘Tool’ yang terdapat dalam novelThis Earth of Mankind,yang merupakan hasil terjehamahan dari novel Bumi Manusia tulisan Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Gaya domestikasi tersebut dikaji berdasarkan tingkat akurasi dan keterbacaannya untuk menemukan manfaatanya.

Ada tiga masalah yang diajukan dalam skripsi ini, yaitu pertama, mengukur tingkat keakuratan kata-kata yang terkait dengan ‘tool’, kedua, mencari seberapa jauh kata-kata yang terkait dengan ‘tool’ tersebut bisa dipahami dengan mudah oleh pembaca, dan ketiga, menganalisis keuntungan yang didapat ketika menerapkan gaya domestikasi dalam terjemahan.

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Indonesian culture keeps blooming. More and more foreigners come to Indonesia to enjoy Indonesian’s culture. Interestingly, they do not only see Indonesian cultural heritage, but also learn it. Many foreigners learn how to dance, to play traditional music instrument, and to read and study Indonesian literary works eagerly. Since most literary works are written in Bahasa Indonesia, foreigners face a stumbling block to know more about Indonesian literature. This language difference hinders them from understanding the Indonesian literary works. Only few Indonesian literary works are translated into foreign languages, especially English.

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that cause some SL terms to have no lexical equivalence in the TL (1984:163). Those things cause dilemma for translators because they have to produce the closest natural equivalent of the cultural terms from SL into TL, causing loss of SL meaning, or not to translate the terms to keep the cultural meaning of SL. Choices, therefore, are the things that a translator has to face.

Some translators choose to replace a source material with a target material (domesticating) and others choose to maintain the source material (foreignizing). This choice consequently will affect the readability of the translation. The readers usually find more difficulties in understanding the text if the translator puts too many foreign elements.

The title of the thesis “The Domesticated Translation of the Terms Related to ‘Tool’ in Toer’s Bumi Manusia into This Earth of Mankind” is inspired by Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s study entitled “The Effects of Using Translation Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating Words Related to Tools in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer into This Earth of Mankind Translated by Max Lane”. Despites some resemblances with Ardiansah’s study, this thesis focuses more on the accuracy and readability of the domesticated translation of the terms related totoolsinThis Earth of Mankind.

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translators to apply domesticated translation in order to contribute to the target language development.

B. Problem Formulation

To narrow this study, the writer focuses on three problems as follows: 1. How accurate is the translation of the terms related to ‘tool’ in This Earth of

Mankind?

2. How readable is the translation of the terms related to ‘tool’ in This Earth of Mankind?

3. What is the advantage of applying domesticated translation in This Earth of Mankind?

C. Objectives of the Study

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D. Definitions of Terms

There are many terms used in this study. The definitions of the terms are explained in the following page.

Accuracy is the correctness of the information transfered. For example, a translation is translated correctly when the readers of TL can understand the translation of SL and get the message stated by the author. As stated by Munday,

Accuracy is the correct transfer of information and evidence of complete comprehension; the appropriate choice of vocabulary, idiom, terminology and register; cohesion, coherence and organization; accuracy in technical aspects of punctuation, etc (2001:30).

Readability is defined as “…how a translation can be easily understood by a target community without arousing questions.” (Munday, 2001: 36).

Domesticated translation, “…entails translating in a transparent, fluent, ‘invisible’ style in order to minimize the foreignness of the TT” (Venuti, 1995:20). Here, domestication means that the translation is fluent by using TL at work although there are many terms that have no equivalence, the translator should find out the translation. In domestication, there is no term that remains the same as the SL.

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5

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter elaborates the studies done by other researchers on similar topics and

reviews some theories applied in this thesis. The studies similar to this thesis are

taken from Ardiansah’s, Rianantang’s and Widiastuti’s ones. Each study is

reviewed somewhat at length to find the similarities and the different point of

views in order to avoid topics duplication. Some theories applied are also

reviewed and discussed to find a solid ground on which this thesis is carried on.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. Ardiansah’s thesis “The Effects of Using Translation Strategy to

Overcome Problems in Translating Words Related toToolsinBumi Manusia

by Pramudya Ananta Toer into This Earth of Mankind Translated by Max Lane”

This undergraduate thesis discusses the translation strategies used in This

Earth of Mankind, the English translation ofBumi Manusiaby Pramoedya Ananta

Toer. This work is related tightly to some Indonesian traditional cultures, such as

Javanese, Madurese, and Acehnese cultures. There are many expressions that have

no English equivalence that were translated by using particular translation

strategies. It is important that they should be translated accurately so that the

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the source language readers. The data of this undergraduate thesis are focused on

words classified as tools. The translation strategies used must be examined further

in order to find out if the strategies have done in transferring the message of the

data or not because the translation stategies still bring effects on the results.

Ardiansah’s analysis is to find out the translation strategies used in

translating the data and to find out the effects after using those translation

strategies. Although Ardiansah’s thesis is interesting, it stops only at finding

general strategies and their effects to the accuracy. It does not probe deep into

finding a translation ideology done by the translator and how it affects the

acceptability of the translation to the target text readers. Moreover, Ardiansiah’s

thesis does not take all population of the words related totoolsinBumi Manusia.

This present thesis develops Ardiansah’s thesis and answers questions not

elaborated in his thesis. It uses some data from Ardiansah’s tesis as secondary

data to complete all data concerning the terms related totools.Besides, the thesis

focuses on domesticated translation to find whether it is able to cater not only an

accurate translation but also a readable one.

2. Rianantang’s thesis “Classification of Translation Strategies of Pure

Idioms in the Translation of Pramoedya’s Rumah Kaca into House of Glass

by Max Lane”

This undergraduate thesis discusses the equivalents of the applied

strategies of pure idiom translations in House of Glass, the English translation of

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Tetralogy Pulau Buru. This work is related with the idiom usages as a part of

cultural language expression, especially in the Indonesian language. The data of

this undergraduate thesis are concerned on pure idioms.

Rianantang’s study is to find out the applied strategies of pure idiom

translations in House of Glass and the equivalents of applied strategies are

classified into figurative and nonfigurative usages.

The focus of Rianantang’s thesis is different from this thesis in a way that

it only observes the general translation strategies, not examining a specific

strategy. Besides, it only finds the translation equivalence, not going further into

pursuing other aspects of translation quality, namely readability and accuracy.

3. Widiastuti’s thesis “The accuracy and readability of domesticated and

foreignized translation of specific words in Stephenie Meyer`S Twilight into

Indonesian translation twilight by Devita Sari”

In her thesis, Widiastuti discusses the accuracy and the readability of some

specific terms, such as terms used in fashion, culinary, instrumentation, etc, when

translated into Bahasa Indonesia. Widiastuti measured the accuracy and the

readability of the translated terms using Nababan’s indicator which is helpful in

guiding the respondents when scoring the questionnaires of accuracy and

readability.

This present thesis is different from Widiastuti’s thesis in several aspects,

although it is similar in dealing with translation choice of domesticating and

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Widiastuti’s thesis explores both choices, this present thesis emphasizes on the

advantages and benefits of one particular choice, that is, domestication. The

domestication choice applied in the English translation of Toer’s This Earh of

Mankind is elaborated to a point where the advantages and benefits of the choice

are extracted.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theories of Translation

The first definition is according to Nida and Taber, who state that

“Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly

in terms of style.” (1974:14).

Here, according Nida and Taber, translation is concerned in the closest

natural equivalent meaning of the SL message, rather than the style. The TL

readers should have the same response to the text like the SL readers.

Next, the supporting definition is from Larson who states that

Translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. … In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language. (1984: 64).

According to Larson (1998: 7), translation is the replacement of the form

of the SL to the receptor (TL). Hence, translation should be done naturally in

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Meanwhile, Bell in his book Translation and Translating states that

translation is “the expression in another language (or target language) of what has

been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic

equivalences.” (1991: 5).

From those definitions, it can be concluded that translation is the

replacement form of the SL to TL which has closest natural equivalent meaning of

the SL, rather than style, and it makes the TL readers have the same response to

the text like the SL readers. In addition, when dealing with the translation, two

aspects should be taken into consideration: meaning and style. Although Nida

prioritizes the meaning, the style can never be ignored altogether, as stated by

Bell. Arguing that stylistic is important, Bell also emphazises “the semantic

equivalences”, whose accuracy can be traced via semantic properties shared by

both source and target language.

Moreover, as pointed out by Nida, a good translation should receive

similar response from readers as that of the source language. This is emphasized

by Larson who says that translation should be done naturally in order that the

target readers can feel the same way the source readers can.

2. Translation Accuracy

As stated by Munday inIntroducing Translation Studies,

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Munday further elaborates that accuracy is related to “’faithfulness’,

‘spirit’ and ‘truth’” (2001: 30). The aspects stated by Munday, i.e. faithfulness,

spirit, and truth, represent the theories forwarded by the three translation theorists

previously discussed. An accurate translation should be ‘faithful’ in terms of its

content (not necessarily style, according to Nida), contain the ‘spirit’ (the target

readers should feel the same way the source readers should, pointed by Larson),

and convey the ‘truth’, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth (in semantic

terms, it should share similar semantic properties, according to Bell).

In somewhat a loose definition, a text is called accurate when it gives the

target readers the same response, like what is contained in the SL, to the text so

the target readers can get the ‘true’ message delivered.

On the other side, the accuracy can be measured by finding the semantic

properties of the terms in question. This is possible since accuracy is “again ‘the

very first requirement’…the translator should put this meaning into English [or

other target language] which will, so far as possible, produce the same impression

(in this case) English language reader as the original would have done on the

appropriate foreign-language reader.” (Munday, 2001: 31)

In conclusion, comparing semantic properties can be a way to measure

translation accuracy.

3. Translation Readability

Elkins says that “readability is simply how easy a piece is to comprehend.

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Tytler as quoted in Bell says that

I would therefore describe a good translation to be, that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work (1991: 11).

A readable translation, still according to Tytler (in Bell, 1991: 11), has to

deliver the source text message and that the target text should gain the similar

response of the target readers as it does to source text readers.

It can be concluded that the translation text can be easily comprehended by

the target readers, so that when the readers read the text, they feel like reading the

original text, not the translation one.

What is so called readability of translation is introduced by Nord who says

that “it is as a form of meditated intercultural communication which is done

intentionally and interpersonally” (1997: 81). A good translation is the one that

“functions” well and thus it “must be intended for a specific purpose and for

specific readers” (Nord, 1997: 20).

Although Nord is rather emphasizing on the ‘function’ of the translation,

we cannot readily refuse the idea that the primary ‘function’ of a translation is to

deliver the source text message, and consequently in order that the message can be

understood by the target readers, the translation should be readable. In that case,

the translation is said to be able to cater its so-called ‘function’.

In assessing a translation work, a translation assessor should also consider

the existence of the target language culture. It is not merely on the consideration

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readability value is suitable to the function or purpose of the translation text in its

role as interlingual and intercommunity bridge.

4. Foreignized and Domesticated Translation

In his book Translation Invisibility, Venuti states that “foreignization

entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines

which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language.” (1995:

20) This is in line with what Hervey and Higgins call “exotic method”, whose

characteristics, among others, are closest to source culture, giving ‘exotic’ nuance

to the target text, and leaving source culture untranslated (1992: 5).

In further discussion, Venuti pursues that the foreignized translation can

also be used as a political strategy by some authorities to “brainwash the target

culture mind” with foreign cultures and terms, which in turn is internalized in the

target readers. Although in the positive side, the foreignized translation can be

seen as a bridge to further mutual undertanding between two different cultures,

such a hidden agenda should not be ignored.

Schleimercher in Venuti states that “foreignizing method is an

ethnodeviant pressures on those values to register the linguistic and cultural

differences of the foreign text, sending the readers abroad” (1995: 20). This means

that the target readers upon reading the ‘foreignized element’ in the translation

feel they are ‘abroad’, introduced with terms, cultures, aspects alien to their own.

Examples of the foreignized method in the translation books can be found

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some terms are deliberately not translated into Bahasa Indonesia, such as

‘sandwich’, ‘ham’, ‘bacon’ ‘uncle’, ‘aunt’,and some others. Those terms are not

translated into roti isi, daging babi, babi asap, paman, bibi. While the reason for

leaving the terms ‘sandwich’, ‘uncle’, ‘aunt’ untranslated is to “send the

Indonesian children abroad” (to familiarize them with English common terms),

the reason for not translating the terms ‘ham’ and ‘bacon’, in my opinion, is

somewhat political (and economic). Political reason, in the sense that if translated

into daging babi and babi asap, it will offend a certain religion community;

economic, to reach wider audience, which means greater profit.

Different from the previous discussion on foreignization, the

domestication method “entails translating in a transparent, fluent, ‘invisible’ style

in order to minimize the foreignness of the TT.” (Venuti, 1995: 20). A

domesticated translation means that the translation is fluent by using target

language at work. There is no term that remains the same as the SL.

Schlemeicher in Venuti states that “Translation can never be completely

adequate to the foreign text, the translator is allowed to choose between a

domesticataing method, an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target

language cultural values, bringing the author back home.” (1995: 20).

Domesticating method emphasizes on the equivalence of some

culturally-loaded terms. In the translation continuum, the extreme domestication is placed on

farthest right, meaning that the translators are permitted to some extent replace

even the material cultural non-existent in the target culture. Although some

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material is no longer called ‘translation’ but ‘adaptation’, some others argue that

even an extreme domestication can still be categorized as a translation. I will not,

however, further discuss the all-century debate about the fine line between

translation and adaptation.

What I emphasize here is what Schlemercher says that domestication

method “send the author back home”. It means that the translator is no longer

visible in the translation. The target readers assume that the translation is an

original piece of work, not a product of translation, since all foreign elements are

transferred into home culture. The target readers are unaware that what they are

reading is a product of translation. A good domesticated method does not leave a

trace of being a translation product.

The examples of successful domesticated translation is the English

translation of Ibsen’s works which are originally Norwegian and of Dostoevsky’s

works which are Russian. In my personal experience, when reading Ibsen’s The

Pillars of the Community,I was unaware that I was reading a translation product. I

realized it some time later. Dostoevsky’s War and Peace is the same. I never

realized that it is a translation from Russian.

In Indonesian context, we all know that there is an argument whether

Chairil Anwar is a translator or a poet. Some of his works are heavily similar with

other works previously created by foreign poets. His Karawang dan Bekasi is

similar with a poem written by Archibald MacLeish,The Young Dead Soldiers Do

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Another example, we are all familiar with kancil, a fabled animal which is

in fact an adaptation from La Fontaine’s malin, which means ‘fox’. When I was a

child until some years later I did not know exactly how kancil looks like. I just

knew it was a fox after I was a college student when reading Venuti’s The

Translator’s Invisibility!

5. Translation Accuracy Measurement

Since translation should give the readers of TL same response to the text

so the readers can get the message delivered, the accuracy of the text plays an

important role in order to get reliable translation. To measure the reliability of the

translation, Nababan proposed three instruments of translation quality assessment

to measure the accuracy, the readability, and the acceptability (2004: 54-65).

The accuracy-rating contains 4 (four) scales with its own category.

Nababan focused on the meaning or the translation in these categories as seen in

the following page.

Table 1. Nababan’s Accuracy-Rating Instrument (Nababan, 2004: 54-65, with modification)

Score Accuracy Measurement

1 The term is accurately conveyed in the TL. The term can be understood clearly. Rewriting is not needed.

2 The term is accurately conveyed in the TL, but rewriting is needed.

3 The term of the SL is not accurately conveyed in the TL. 4 The SL sentence is not translated in the TL sentence,

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Based on the above measurement of accuracy, a translation work will be

categorized according to its score. The translation category proposed by Nababan

is as follows.

Table 2. The Accuracy Score and Its Category (Nababan, 2004: 54-65, with modification)

Score Range Category

1 (1.0-1.5) Accurate 2 (1.6-2.5) Quite Accurate 3 (2.6-3.5) Not Accurate 4 (3.6-4.0) Not Translated

6. Translation Readability Measurement

The translation should not only be accurate, but also be easily

comprehended and readable. A readable translation makes the readers feel like

not reading a translation text, but like reading the original one. To measure

translation readability, this study applies the second instrument, the

readability-rating. The readability-rating instrument is on the following page.

Table 3. Nababan’s Readability-Rating Instrument (Nababan, 2004: 54-65, with modification)

Score Readability Measurement

1 The TT term is easy to read. The term of the translation products can be fully understood by the TL readers.

2 The TT term is easy to read. However, the term that cannot be fully understood by the TL readers.

3 The TT word is hard to read. The term cannot be understood by the TL readers.

4 The TT word is completely hard to read. The term cannot be understood or is not translated deliberately.

The readability of a translation work will be categorized according to its score,

like the accuracy, based on the readability measurement above. This is the

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Table 4. The Readibility Score and Its Category (Nababan, 2004: 54-65, with modification)

Score Range Category

1 (1.0-1.5) Readable 2 (1.6-2.5) Quite Readable 3 (2.6-3.5) Not Readable 4 (3.6-4.0) Not Translated

7. Classification of Tools

According to Urban Dictionary, a tool is “any item that can be used to

achieve goal, especially one that is not consumed in the process.”

(www.urbandictionary.com).

Tools classification is based on their basic function. They might be

“cutting tools, moving tools, chemical/physics tools, measuring tools, shaping

tools, fastening tools, information tools, covering tools, household tools, dance

tools, music tools, accessories tools, accessing tools, lighting tools,

defense/fighting tools, and many more.” (Lilley, http://books.google.com).

C. Theoretical Framework

The definition of translation according to Nida and Taber, Larson, and

Bell, and the definitions of foreignized and domesticated translation according to

Venuti and Schleimercher are applied as the basic understanding to the topic

being discussed in this study. The first important thing is to know what

translation is and then we can easily know what is meant by foreignized and

domesticated in translation. Since the accuracy of the text plays an important role

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and Nababan’s accuracy-rating instrument (2004) are needed to answer the first

problem. Theory of readability by Elkins (2001) and Nord (1997), and

Nababan’s readability-rating instrument (2004), are needed to answer the second

problem. The third problem can be answered using the result of the discussion of

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19 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study was the domesticated terms related to ‘tool’ of the English version ofBumi Manusia,This Earth of Mankind.

This study dealt with two works. The first work was a novel Bumi Manusia written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, published for the first time in 1980 by Hasta Mitra publishing house before it was banned in 1981. Bumi Manusia mainly talks about the situation the Javanese people had to face during the Dutch colonization in 19-20th century.

The second work wasThis Earth of Mankind. It was the translated version of the first work by Max Lane, the second secretary in the Australian Embassy in Jakarta until he was recalled in 1981 because of his translation of Pramoedya’s works. It was published firstly in 1982 by the Penguin Books Ltd of Australian edition.

B. Method of the Study

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final purpose of this study, i.e. assessing the accuracy, and the readability of the translation because this research could not be based on the text-book research and the writer’s analysis only. To assess the quality of the translation, it required the second party opinion called as the respondents. Therefore, this research also applied field research (Sutopo, 2002: 15).

C. Research Instruments 1. Kinds of Data

There were two kinds of data used in this research. The primary data were the data of terms related to ‘tool’ taken from the novel, This Earth of Mankind. The secondary data were the terms related to ‘tool’ taken from Jamil Nur Ardiansah’s undergraduate thesis.

a. Objective Data

There were two main sources as the objective data in this study. The first source was the Indonesian version of the novel, Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer published by Hasta Mitra in 1980, as the source text (ST). This book has 367 pages.

The second source was This Earth of Mankind translated by Max Lane published by Penguin Group in 1982, as the target text (TT). This book has 405 pages.

b. Affective Data

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comparison of the ST and TT in which the respondents gave assessment to the accuracy, and the readability of the transalation. There were two different groups of respondents who would be categorized into accuracy and readability.

The accuracy group consisted of three experts who would assess the accuracy of the translation. Those experts came from different backgrounds. They were profesional translator, language scholar, and literary expert. They were chosen to represent the whole range of expertise needed to assess the translation accuracy. Professional translator represented the expert who had the declarative and procedural knowledge of translation. Language scholar represented the one who had bilingual expertise, and literary expert represented the one who knew a lot about literary works.

(34)

2. Data Collection

Since there were two methods applied in this research, all the data were collected both through the library research method and the field research method. The data of this study were not only from texts as the source of library research, but also from the non-text references, the respondents, as the source of the field research.

The objective data were collected by finding all terms related to ‘tools’ in Bumi Manusia and This Earth of Mankind. After all data were collected, they were categorized according to their function, and then coded as follows:

1/ST/MT/3 Kereta api –kereta tanpa kuda, tanpa sapi, tanpa kerbau – belasan tahun telah disaksikan sebangsaku.

in which,

1 : number of whole data ST : source textBumi Manusia

MT : tool category (in this case ‘Moving’ tool)

3 : page number where the term can be found in the book

(35)

R1means respondent of readability number 1 R2means respondent of readability number 2, etc LAmeans respondent of linguistic background LEmeans respondent of literary background PTmeans respondent of professional background

The accuracy respondents were asked to compare the data from ST and TT, and check whether the Indonesian text was accurately translated into the English text or not. The readability respondents were asked to read only the TT. Then, each respondent had to score the accuracy and the readability of the translation text of every datum. Lastly, the respondents might add comments, suggestions, or reasons to the space provided below every datum, if necessary. The scores then were calculated to find the average.

In addition, an interview to the respondent would be conducted if there was a respondent that gave score which was totally different from other respondents.

3. Population and Sample

The population of this study was all terms related to ‘tool’ taken from Bumi Manusia and This Earth of Mankind, the translated version of Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The sample was taken from the population based on the ‘tool’ categorization, such as weapon, farming, dishes, etc.

(36)

research is 148 data. Based on Krejcie-Morgan Table, the sample for 150 data is 108. Thus, 108 data were analyzed based on their accuracy and readability.

4. Data Triangulation

The triangulation technique would be applied in order to guarantee the data validity. Sutopo states that there are four kinds of triangulation. Those were method triangulation, source triangulation, investigator triangulation, and theoretical triangulation (Sutopo, 2002:80).

This study used method triangulation and source triangulation. In this triangulation, three methods were applied to ensure data validity. Those were questionnaire, interview, and document analysis.

The diagram is as follows.

Method

Source triangulation is concerned with the variety of respondents in order to ensure data validity. The source had to come from various background so that the result was expected not be uniformed. Two or more different respondents were to analyze similar data. The following diagram described the application of source triangulation.

Questionnaire

(37)

For the accuracy assessment, three respondents from three different backgrounds are invited to compare the source text and target text.

Sources

For the readability assessment, seven respondents from different countries and backgrounds were chosen to read the translation result.

Sources

5. Data Analysis

There were two steps done to conduct this study. The translation assessment on the accuracy and readability was based on the Nababan’s indicator. First, the objective data gained would be explained and elaborated one-by-one by

Literary expert

Language scholar

Professional translator

Turkey, student

Hong Kong, student

Australia, student United States, student

Netherland, student United States, student

(38)

(39)

27

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

The analysis of the research was done by first comparing the source and target text, describing their semantic properties to measure their accuracy and equivalence. Second was measuring the readability of the target text in order to find out whether the translation was natural and easy to read for target readers. Third was examine whether or the domesticating strategy applied by Max Lane, the translator, was justified in making the translation of Bumi Manusia accurate and readable.

The population of the data is 150. Based on Krejcien-Morgan method, of 150 data, 108 are taken as samples. The 108 data range from various tools as follows:

Table 5. Name of tools and number of data

No Tools Number of data

1. Moving tool (MT) 10

2. Physics tool (PhyT) 1

3. Accessing tool (AT) 5

4. Cutting tool (CT) 7

5. Lighting tool (LT) 6

6. Covering tool (CovT) 22

7. Household tool (HT) 20

8. Music tool (MuT) 2

9. Dining tool (DT) 12

10. Defense/Fighting tool (DFT) 9

11. Sharpening tool (ST) 1

12. Accessoris tool (AcT) 6

13. Fastening tool (FT) 4

14. Information tool (IT) 1

15. Dance tool (DcT) 1

16. Measurement tool (MesT) 1

(40)

The ‘tool’ category is based on the division of their function (Leilly, http://books.google.com). In its definition, a tool is “any item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially one that is not consumed in the process” (www.urbandictionary.com).

A. The Accuracy of the Domesticated Translation of the Terms Related to

‘Tools’

To measure the accuracy of the terms related to ‘tool’ in Toer’s Bumi Manusia, this thesis employs Nababan’s indicator since it is user-friendly for respondents. Nababan’s indicator ranges from 1-4 scale, in which score 1 indicates a high level of accuracy, 2 medium level of accuracy, 3 low level of accuracy, and 4 lowest level of accuracy.

The analysis in this sub-chapter is presented on their accuracy level basis, starting from accurate, quite accurate, and innacurate. From the 108 data sample analysed, it is seen that the accurate data are 60, quite accurate 38, and innacurate 10 data.

1. Accurate translation (60 data)

(41)

a.Jambang-Vase

The following is taken from the datum 137/ST/AcT/179. The average score is 1.3, meaning that the term is categorized as accurate, and there is no need to rewrite the term.

Data ST Data TT Score

137/ST/Ac T/179

Beberapajambangbesar dari tembikar menghiasi ruangan itu tanpa isi...

137/TT/Ac T/164

Several big empty porcelainvases decorated the room...

1.3

Jambang, according to KBBI Daring is “tempat menaruh bunga untuk hiasan”, is appropriately translated into vase, which is defined byWebster Online Dictionary as “a usually round vessel of greater depth than width used chiefly as an ornament or for holding flowers.” From the two definitions above, it is clear that both tools have a similar definition.

The translator chooses to domesticate the wordjambangintovasebecause he knows for sure that the two things exist in the source culture and target culture. The coexistence of the words jambang and vase can be proved by the semantic properties shared by both.

ST –Jambang TT – Vase

+ round + round

+ to put flowers + to put flowers

+ made of porcelain + made of porcelain + greater depth than width + greater depth than width

b.Tikar-Woven Mat

(42)

63/ST/Cov T/146

Di belakang mereka di pelataran sana, duduk berbanjar para lurah dan punggawa desa, di atas tikar.

63/TT/Cov T/134

Behind them in the compound, onwoven mats, sat rows of village heads and village officials.

1.3

Tikar, according to KBBI Daring, means “anyaman daun pandan, mendong, dsb untuk lapik duduk (tidur, salat, dsb)”. The term is translated accurately intowoven mat.Matmeans “a piece of coarse, woven, plaited, or felted fabric used especially as a floor covering or a support” based on Webster Online Dictionary. From the explanation above, it can be seen that both have a similar definition.

The translator keeps domesticating the wordtikar intowoven matsince he knows that the term exists in the target culture. Mat in the target culture has many types, woven, plaited, or felted. To maintain the information from the source language, the translator chooses woven matsrather than matand it can be proved by the diagram below, showing the semantics properties shared by tikar andwoven mat.

ST –Tikar TT – Woven Mat

+ woven + woven

+ floor covering + floor covering

+ made of leaves - made of leaves

+ used for supporting activities + used for supporting activities

c. Arit-Sickle

(43)

32/ST/CT/3 88

..beberapa orang Madura

menyerampangkan arit-besarnya pada kaki-kaki kuda.

32/TT/CT/ 345

..some of the Madurese swinging their greatsickles against the legs of the horses.

1.3

According to KBBI Daring, arit means “pisau bergagang yg bentuknya melengkung, dipakai untuk memotong rumput, padi, dsb”. The definition above specifically points out the use of arit in the source culture which is used to cut grass, paddy, and other graminae family. The term aritis translated into “sickle” which means “an agricultural implement consisting of a curved metal blade with a short handle fitted on a tang” (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary).

Now, we can compare their semantic properties as follows:

ST –Arit TT – Sickle

+ to cut + to cut

+ curved metal blade with a handle + curved metal blade with a handle + agricultural implement +agricultural implement

+ used for other graminae family -used for other graminae family

(44)

d.Kapal-Boat

2/ST/MT/4a Pelayaran sebulan naik kapal, mengarungi dua samudra...

2/TT/MT/18a _{One month’s sail by} boatacross two oceans...

1

This means of transportation is something of a common thing in various cultures. According to KBBI Daring, kapal means “kendaraan pengangkut penumpang dan barang di laut (sungai dsb)”, while ‘boat’ means (1) “a small vehicle that is used for traveling on water” (Merriam-Webster Learner’s Online Dictionary). The obvious difference lies on the size of the vehicle. Indonesian does not differentiate the size of the vehicle, any kind of transportation medium by water is called kapal. Meanwhile, English calls ‘boat’ for a small vehicle travelling on water. If not seen from the context, the translation of kapal into ‘boat’ poses no problem. However, when context involved, it is difficult to imagine how a small sea vehicle is used to cross oceans.

The score 1 (meaning accurate) given by all respondents is rather unconvincing. The respondents seem unable to see the difference between ‘boat’ and ‘ship’, therefore they consider the translation accurate. ‘Ship’ according to Webster Learner’s Online Dictionaryis “a large seagoing vessel”.

It is clearly seen in the following comparison:

ST –Kapal TT – Boat TT - Ship

+ water surface vehicle + water surface vehicle + water surface vehicle

+ large or small - large + large

(45)

e.Celana Kuda-Jodhpurs

65/ST/Cov T/175

Ia telah mengenakan celana kuda...

65/TT/Cov T/160

He had put on

jodhpurs... 1.3

The term celana kuda is translated accurately into ‘jodhpur’. The translator finds it difficult to convey the term accurately without giving any distortion to the domesticated term. In the source language text the term poses ambiguity (celana kuda might mean trousers for riding horse and trousers for a horse to collect its excrement). Nevertheless, the translator is able to overcome the problem by knowing from the context thatcelana kudain question is trousers for riding a horse, not the other meaning. According to Webster Learner’s Online Dictionary,‘jodhpur’ is “riding breeches cut full through the hips and close-fitting from knee to ankle”.

The existence of the same material of the SL in the TL eases the translator to find its domesticated term. From the semantic features as follows, we can see that both term share the same semantic properties:

ST –Celana kuda TT – Jodhpur

+ trousers for riding a horse + trousers for riding a horse + trousers for a horse to collect its

excrement

- trousers for a horse to collect its excrement

+ colourful - colourful

f.Larsa-Boots

(46)

Even they are allowed to create terms which may not be in line with the language standard.

This is the case in Toer’s novelBumi Manusia.He uses the term larsafor a kind of shoes instead of lars which has been admitted in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. From the context, it is known that larsa might be lars itself, that is, “sepatu yg bagian atasnya menutupi betis (hampir sampai ke lutut)”. The translator seems to have no problem in transferring the material into the target culture. He simply translates it into ‘boot’, “a covering usually of leather or rubber for the entire foot and the lower part of the leg” (Merriam-Webster’s Learner Online Dictionary).

67/ST/Cov T/191

Segera aku berlutut di hadapannya dan mencabutlarsadari kakinya.

67/TT/Cov T/173

I quickly knelt before him and took off his

boots. 1

The term is accurate since the source material can be wholly replaced into the target material without any ambiguity. It is proved also from the semantic features both materials share as follows:

ST –larsa TT – boots

+ trousers for riding a horse + trousers for riding a horse + trousers for a horse to collect its

excrement

- trousers for a horse to collect its excrement

+ colourful - colourful

g.Talam-Tray

(47)

itself means “nampan yg biasanya berbibir pd tepinya dan berkaki, dibuat dr kayu”. It is remarkable that the translator, who is not an Indonesian native, is able to understand the term talam. A vast encyclopedic knowledge of source culture is needed to differentiate betweentalam,nampan,anddulang.

However, due to the many-to-one-correspondence nature of those terms, the translator seems easily to translate it as ‘tray’, meaning “an open receptacle with a flat bottom and a low rim for holding, carrying, or exhibiting articles” (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary).

113/ST/DT /85

Keluarlah aku menantingtalam.

113/TT/DT /82

I came out carrying a

tray. 1.3

The score given by the respondents is 1.3 or accurate. The score 1.3 actually indicates that there is a certain disagreement among respondents. There is one respondent who gives score 2. This respondent does not quite agree with the other two respondents. When asked why giving score 2, she answered that ‘tray’ is not quite the same as talam. However, she could not give a suggestion. She just felt that it was not quite right.

To see whether or nottalamand ‘tray’ share the same semantic properties, we can see the following table:

ST –Talam TT – tray

+ usually made from wood +/- usually made from wood

+ having edges +/- having edges

- having legs +/- having legs

- having low rim for carrying + having low rim for carrying + used to carry dishes, glasses, etc for

serving meal

(48)

From the table we can see that there are certain types of ‘tray’ which are similar to talam. The decision to translate talam into ‘tray’ is right because as a whole it does not matter what kind of tray used in the story.

h.Sitje-Settee

The termsitje is not found in KBBI Daringbecause perhaps the term is a naturalisation from Dutch, zitje, meaning ‘seat’. At that time, many Indonesian intellectuals, including writers, were proud of showing that they were literate and belonged to a high-class community by using Dutch terms.

All respondents agree that ‘settee’ is an accurate translation ofsitje.Seeing the context indicating that the living rooms are luxurious, the translator specifies one kind of seat, ‘settee’, as the equivalence of sitje. ‘Settee’ according to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary is “a medium-sized sofa with arms and a back”, not just a general term seat. ‘Settee’ usually is placed in a luxurious living room.

73/ST/HT/ 14

Permadani di bawah sitjebergambarkan motif yang tak pernah kutemui.

73/TT/HT/ 26

The carpet under the setteewas decorated with a motif I’d never come across before.

1

The following table clarifies the semantic properties of the two materials:

ST –Sitje TT – Settee

+ medium-sized sofa + medium-sized sofa

+ having back + having back

(49)

It is clear that both materials share the same semantic properties. And it is a good decision by a translator to domesticatesitjeinto ‘settee’.

i.Ranjau Aceh-Acehnese Bamboo Trap

Without an extensive bicultural knowledge, it is hard to imagine that ranjau Aceh is translated into ‘Acehnese bamboo trap’. The domestication combined with description strategy is at work here. If the translator only denotes ranjau into ‘booby trap’, the target readers will have no idea what ‘Acehnese booby trap’ looks like. The decision to add description strategy here makes the translation more imaginable to the readers.

What is interesting here is that one of the respondents gives score 2, showing that she does not quite agree with the translator’s decision to choose ‘Acehnese bamboo trap’. However, the respondent does not give suggestion or reason why she gives score 2.

127/ST/DF T/59

..parang dan tombak, danranjau Aceh, takkan mampu menghadapi senapan dan meriam...

127/TT/DF T/61

..dagger, spear, and Acehnese bamboo trapwould not be able to face up to rifle and cannon.

1.3

The semantic features of both materials are as follows:

ST –Ranjau Aceh TT – Acehnese Bamboo Trap

+ typical Acehnese + typical Acehnese

+ weaponry + weaponry

(50)

Since this is typical Acehnese weapon, which is unique and non-existent target culture,ranjau Aceh and ‘Acehnese bamboo trap’ share the same semantic properties.

j.Gerbong-Carriage

It is interesting to note that in this novel, the translator has used the term ‘carriage’ to render many different materials, such as andong (5/ST/MT/31), kereta (7/ST/MT/31), and bendi (8/ST/MT/31a). This means that the word ‘carriage’ has one-to-many-correspondence characteristics. It is difficult for the translator, even for Indonesian natives, to see the nuance ofandong, kereta, and dokar because according to KBBI Daring, andong and bendi all mean “kereta beroda dua yg ditarik oleh seekor kuda”. Both words have the same meaning.

Therefore, one wonders why the translator opts ‘carriage’ as the replacement of gerbong. According to KBBI Daring, gerbong means “wagon kereta api (untuk orang atau barang)”. It is surprising to note that evenKBBIitself transliterates ‘wagon’ from English to describegerbong.

13/ST/MT/ 128

Gerbongitu sedikit saja penumpangnya.

13/TT/MT/ 119

There were just a few passengers in the carriage.

1.3

The following tabel highlights the semantic properties of those words.

ST –Gerbong TT – Carriage

+ to transport goods and human + to transport goods and human

+ wheeled vehicle + wheeled vehicle

(51)

From the table above, it can be seen that the main difference lies on the things that draw the vehicle. In Indonesian understanding, gerbong is always drawn by a locomotive, otherwise it is called other thangerbong, while in English ‘carriage’ is always drawn by a horse, not locomotive. That is why the respondents do not quite agree with the accuracy of the translations. Instead of giving a perfect score, a certain respondent is somewhat doubtful.

2. Quite accurate translations (38 data)

The numbers of data which are considered quite accurate is 38. In this discussion, three data are put in this chapter as they sufficiently represent the whole data. The three representative data are chosen from the irregularities found in the repondences’ answers.

a.Dokar-Buggy

The use of the word ‘buggy’ to render Indonesian dokar shows the translator’s inconsistency. In the previous section, he chooses to use the term ‘carriage’ in place of the source term dokar. The inconsistency here is possibly caused by his effort to avoid repetition and to show the difference between dokar and bendi. Although Bahasa Indonesia itself (at least seen from KBBI Daring’s definition) does not distinguish between dokar andbendi, the translator’s attempt to use the different terms should be appreciated.

(52)

3/ST/MT/8a Sebuahdokarmodel baru, karpèr, telah menunggu di pintu gerbang.

3/TT/MT/21a A new model buggywas waiting for us at the front gate.

2.3

The following table shows how ‘buggy’ and dokar is not quite similar. The difference lies on the number of wheels,dokaris two-wheeled vehicle, while ‘buggy’ might be two or more than two.

ST –Dokar TT – Buggy

+ pulled by a horse + pulled by a horse + two-wheeled vehicle +/- two-wheeled vehicle

+ to transport human and/or goods + to transport human and/or goods

b. Kobokan-Fingers Bowls

It is not problematic for the translator to convey the meaning of a source material into target material which is existent in the target culture. The term kobokan, for example, does not put the translator into a difficult situation. Kobokanis a term well-known in Indonesian culture, “mangkuk tempat air untuk mencuci jari tangan sebelum dan sesudah makan” (KBBI Daring). Meanwhile, its counter-part term is “finger bowl” which is defined by Merriam-Webster Online Dictionaryas “a small water bowl for rinsing the fingers at the table”.

109/ST/DT /25

Bahkan juga letak serbet dankobokan, serta letak gelas...

109/TT/DT /34

..even the position of the napkins and the finger bowlsand the position of the glasses...

1.6

(53)

course meal. It is typically served before the dessert course” (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_bowl).

It is clearly shown in the following table:

ST –Kobokan TT – Finger Bowl

+ used for rinsing fingers + used for rinsing fingers + used before and after eating - used before and after eating - used between courses in a multiple

course meal colourful

+ used between courses in a multiple course meal colourful

- served before the dessert course + served before the dessert course

3. Innacurate translation (10 data)

The innacurate translation found in this research is 10 data. Of 108 data, 10 data are considered innacurate which accounts for 9%. The following discussion only presents some data which are considered representative.

a.Gombak-collar

There is a question from a respondent what gombak is. It is an archaic word not familiar even to most Indonesia ears. The researcher has done a mini survey to find out how far the word gombak understandably by Indonesian readers. From 10 people questioned, only 2 people who are able to answer and describe correctly. The other 8 people have no idea. The survey depicts the situation faced by the respondents when they have to score the accuracy of the gombak-collar.

(54)

the word gombak has a different meaning intended by the writer. It comes as a surprise why the translator replaces gombak with ‘collar’. How did he arrive at a conclusion thatgombakis something to do with clothes.

62/ST/CovT/ 145

..dandananku Jawa tulen, melupakan semua unsur Eropa pada kemeja-dada, gombak, dasi...

62/TT/CovT/ 133

..”a true Javanese costume,” forgetting all the European elements in the shirt,collar, tie...

3

The semantic properties of the two terms can be seen as follows:

ST –Gombak TT – collar

+ usually done by men - usually done by men

+ hair-cut style - hair-cut style

It is clear that the rendering of ‘collar’ to convey the meaning ofgombakis not accurate at all.

b.Tambang Lawe-Cord

It is very difficult to find whattambang lawereally means. The term is not admitted in KBBI. To make matter worse, it is not found in Google. However, we can see from the context clue thattambang lawe is a kind of cord in which there are some tassels at the end.

(55)

143/ST/FT/ 44

Dari balik tabir pintu ia tarik seutastambang laweyang berujung pada segumpal jumbai-jumbai.

143/TT/FT/ 49

And behind the door she pulled acordthat ended in a bunch of tassels.

2.6

The semantic property of the terms is as follows:

ST –Tambang Lawe TT – Cord

+ long +/- long

+ used for decoration - used for decoration + having tassles at both end - having tassels at both end

From the semantic property table above, it can be seen that the two terms have only one thing in common, that is, length. Tambang lawe is used for decoration, especially as an ornament in a curtain, while ‘cord’ although possible for decoration, it is not something of its main function.

B. The Readabilty of the Domesticated Translation of the Terms Related to

‘Tool’

This part deals with the level of readability ofThis Earth of Mankind.The respondents are from various countries, such as Hong Kong, United States of America, and Japan. They are quite familiar with Indonesian.

(56)

1. Readable (92 data)

Ninety two readable data are found. In this analysis, not all data are put in the analysis. Some of them which are considered representative are discussed here.

a.Dokar-Buggy

The term ‘buggy’ is considered readable by the respondents. They agree that those terms can be understood and do not give any misunderstanding. This is one of the terms that is considerd accurate and readable. The term can be rendered accurately and understood completely.

3/ST/MT/8a Sebuahdokarmodel baru, karpèr, telah menunggu di pintu gerbang.

3/TT/MT/21a _{A new model}_buggy was waiting for us at

the front gate 1

All respondents can understand what ‘buggy’ is. It is a kind of a vehicle drawn by a horse. The are no misunderstanding and complication found by the respondents.

b.Kapal pengangkut-freighter

(57)

11/ST/MT/ 111

Di bawah kaca terdapat gambar besar sebuah kapal pengangkut Karibou berbendera Inggris.

11/TT/MT/ 104

Underneath the glass top was a big picture of afreighter, the Caribou, a ship flying the English flag

1

However, when checked to the foreigners whether the term ‘freighter’ is readable or not, all of them agree that it is readable. This is due to the fact that the respondents can understand completely because they do not pay careful attention to the context.

2. Quite readable (15)

Of the whole data of readability, only fifteen data are considered quite readable. The quite readable indicator rests on the respondents’ ability to understand the term partially. This happens because of some reasons, such as partial cultural substitution, lack of context, and inexistence of the material in the target culture.

a.Berkebaya berenda-a traditional lacedkabayablouse

(58)

Data ST Data TT Score 53/ST/CovT/39

b Dari tangga itu turun bidadari Annelies, berkain batik,berkebaya berenda

53/TT/CovT/44

b Down those stairs descended the angel Annelies, in a batik kain and atraditional laced kabaya blouse.

2.1

Seen from its accuracy, some respondents consider it quite accurate since it does not really convey whatkebayameans. This is one of the terms which is not domesticated by the translator. The result is quite readable, which means that the readers find it difficult to understand.

b.Blangkon-Batik blangkonheaddress

The term blangkon is not domesticated by the translator. He leaves it untranslated and adds it with the word “headdress” to show that the thing is used in the head, not in other parts of the body.

Although it is considered accurate, the term is not easily understood by the readers. The readers who have no idea about Indonesia will get trouble in comprehending what blangkon looks like. Therefore, the result is quite readable, as seen in the following page.

60/ST/CovT/14

4 Sebuahblangkon,

dengan gaya perpaduan antara Jawa Timur dan Madura...

60/TT/CovT/13

2 A batikblangkon

headdress, a mixture of East Javanese and Madurese styles...

2.1