Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science Volume 7, Number 2, August 2022, pp. 117-126
Journal Homepage: www.jitecs.ub.ac.id
Big Data Review of East Java Community Compliance Index Against the Recommendation of Stay At Home
During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Firman Afrianto*1, Annisa Dira Hariyanto2
1,2PT. Sagamartha Ultima Indonesia
,
Malang1[email protected], 2[email protected]
*Corresponding Author
Received 01 August 2022; accepted 26 August 2022
Abstract. The Covid-19 pandemic period provides a change in the framework of discovering community mobility patterns as the basis for determining policies to control the spread of the virus. Big Data then becomes one of the indicators in finding mobility patterns because, while doing their activities, the internet and social media users continuously carry out even when staying at home. The Indonesian government controls the spread by issuing the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy in 2020 and the Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities (PPKM) in 2021 and 2022. East Java Province is confirmed to have the highest level of COVID-19 spread in Indonesia, so it requires a pattern of proper handling to control its spread. This study provides information on the compliance index to the stay-at-home recommendations during the PSBB and PPKM periods. Wherefrom the Big Data analysis and Nighttime Light satellite imagery, the highest level of compliance occurred during PPKM in February 2022. Also, in general, the compliance index of the people of East Java is increased.
Keywords: compliance index, pandemic, big data, stay at home
1 Introduction
In December 2019, WHO reported a case of pneumonia of unknown etiology happened in the People's Republic of China. In January 2020, WHO named SARS CoV- 2, the new coronavirus, responsible for these cases and the acute respiratory syndrome caused by it. Still, in January, the WHO classified Covid-19 as a public health emergency of international concern. In March 2020, Covid-19 cases appeared on all continents, and WHO declared it a pandemic (Fibriana et al., 2021; Cavalcante da Silva et al., 2021; Zargari et al., 2022). Several countries have implemented or adopted policies that partially restrict or total restrictions on mobility (lockdown). Some of these policies are generally known as stay-at-home policies that make an ultimate impact on the public and private sectors that implement work-from-home policies (de Haas et al., 2020; Pietrabissa & Simpson, 2020; Hamidi & Zandiatashbar, 2021; Wellenius et al., 2021; Rafiq et al., 2022; Palma et al., 2022). It is in line with the statement of Abdullah et al. (2021) and Rafiq, Ahmed, et al. (2022) that there is a two-way relationship between the spread of Covid-19 and people's mobility because proper travel restrictions can reduce the spread of infectious diseases (Sabrin et al., 2021; Liu & Yamamoto, 2022).
Indonesia has the highest Covid-19 cases in Southeast Asia (UNICEF, 2021).
The first Covid-19 case in Indonesia was officially recorded on March 2, 2020 (Rokhmah et al., 2020; Fibriana et al., 2021; Schmitz & Ibrahim, 2021). Since then, the number of new Covid-19 cases has fluctuated until now (WHO Indonesia, 2021). In
118 Journal Volume 7, Number 2, August 2022, pp 117-126 order to deal with the surge in Covid-19 cases in Indonesia, the Government has implemented several policies. In the first period of the spike in Covid-19 cases, from April to June 2020, the Government imposed Large-Scale Social Restrictions I (PSBB I). Then in the second spike in cases, the Government issued a policy of Large-Scale Social Restrictions II (PSBB II), which lasted from September to November 2020.
Furthermore, in the third period of the case spike, the Government implemented the Enforcement of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM), starting in January 2021 (Khoirunurrofik et al., 2022). East Java is the confirmed province with the highest number of Covid-19 spreads (Eppang et al., 2021; Pasaribu et al., 2021) and the highest number of deaths due to Covid-19, especially in several districts/cities in a row, Surabaya, Blitar, Banyuwangi, Malang City and Sidoarjo (WHO Indonesia, 2021;
Fibriana et al., 2021). The Government and the public have a major influence in preventing the spread of Covid-19, namely by complying with health protocols.
Therefore, increasing community compliance in supporting the implementation of existing protocols is necessary (Fibriana et al., 2021). Based on this, the authors feels the need to conduct an evaluation on the level of compliance of the people of East Java during the PSBB policy in 2020 and PPKM from 2021 to March 2022.
The Covid-19 pandemic until the end of this research was still ongoing even though the global trend had decreased in April 2022. The urgency to find out the pattern of handling pandemics from various sectors continues to increase as learning material for handling pandemics in the future. Therefore, the authors consider it is important to know the pattern and character of each district and city in East Java Province in responding to government policies in the form of compliance with running the program that has been made.
Studies using mobility data have increased during the pandemic because mobility data usage can be an effective variable to assess the level of spread of Covid- 19 and the impact of the existence of mobility control policies during the pandemic (Zargari et al., 2022). However, one of the limitations is that mobility data is usually provided by the company on a locational or aggregated basis, such as data on the total number of visits to a tourist location, whereas during the Covid-19 pandemic, mobility data is needed individually, such as identifying the movement of each person daily in a period of time (Garett et al., 2022). Understanding people's mobility during a pandemic requires the availability of high-frequency data which may be difficult to obtain through conventional data sources (eg statistical surveys) (Khoirunurrofik et al., 2022). As an alternative, authors use real-time information with Big Data that can generate individual data. Facebook is one of the platforms that provide data to the public, especially related to people's mobility. The platform provides free aggregate and individual information about the movements of users of their online platform (Ilin et al., 2021), making it easier for researchers to access mobility data. In addition, Nighttime Lights satellite imagery using the results of the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) satellite imagery has been used for decades as a global data source to study various socio- economic factors including data on mobility (Dickinson et al., 2020).
In particular, the subject of this research analysis consists of regencies and cities in East Java Province. The purpose is to know the compliance index of several regions in East Java during the PSBB and PPKM by using mobility data. The level of mobility is identified from Change of Movement and Stay Put data by Facebook, and Nighttime Lights satellite imagery data by NASA Earth Science Data.
2 Method
This research uses a quantitative approach. It is systematic, planned, structured, clear from beginning to end, and produces measurable information. The purpose is to develop and use statistical tools and theories and/or hypotheses that is related to natural phenomena (Hardani et al., 2020). This research focuses on exploration to find answers to research questions.
Firman et al., Journal of Information Tecnology and Computer Science: ... 119 Table 1. Research Data
Type of Data Source of Data Data Retrieval
Facebook Movement Range Maps
Humanitarian Data Exchange downloaded from Source Url:
https://data.humdata.org/
Access Time: March 30, 2022, 7:10 am
Nighttime Light Imagery Harmonized of DMSP and VIIRS nighttime light data
downloaded from
https://figshare.com/articles/d ataset/Harmonization_of_DM SP_and_VIIRS_nighttime_lig ht_data_from_1992- 2018_at_the_global_scale/982 8827/7
Access Time: March 24, 2022, 9:10 am
Batas Wilayah Provinsi Jawa Timur
GADM.org, downloaded from https://gadm.org/download_co untry_v3.html
Access Time: March 24, 2022, 10:10 am
The mobility data was obtained from Movement Range Maps released by Facebook from March 1, 2020, to March 26, 2022. It was downloaded via the Humanitarian Data Exchange. VIIRS light radiance data (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) was obtained from NASA Earth Science Data dated 2020 and 2021.
The boundaries of the East Java Province are obtained on GDAM.org at level 3 with details at the regency/city level. Change of Movement in Movement Range Maps data is a relative displacement among Bing Tiles at level 16. The higher the Change of Movement value, the higher the mobility. While Stay Put is the opposite, its resulting number is the relative number of residents choosing to live in Bing Tile level 16 with an equivalence level of 600 x 600 m.
The compliance index is an aggregate of Change of Movement (CoM), Stay Put (SP), and Light Radiance data from the Nighttime Lights satellite imagery (HA) map.
The higher the compliance index indicates that an area has a low mobility rate, a high rate of silence, and a low human activity.
In a mathematical formula, the compliance index (CI) is as follows:
CI = INV(CoM)+SP+INV(HA). (1)
INV(CoM) is the inversion number of the Change of Movement data, SP is the Stay Put number, and INV(HA) is the inverse number of the light radiance value.
The compliance index classification is then classified in five quartiles of classes with the following classification formula and explanation:
𝐾𝑖= 𝑏𝑏𝐾𝑖+ 1 4𝑛 − 𝑓𝑘𝑠
𝑓𝑄𝑖 . 𝑝
(2)
Ki : ith quartile
bbKi : lowest bound of the ith quartile class n : the amount of data
fks : cumulative frequency before the ith quartile class fQi : frequency ith quartile class
p : class length
The classification is divided into quartile 1 (very low), quartile 2 (low), quartile 3 (moderate), quartile 4 (high), quartile 5 (very high).
120 Journal Volume 7, Number 2, August 2022, pp 117-126
Figure 1. Research flow chart
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 People’s Mobility
The mobility rate of people of East Java Province, based on Change of Movement data from 2020 to 2021, has decreased by 23.71%. The mobility rate of people of East Java Province, based on Change of Movement data from 2020 to 2021, was decreased by 23.71%. The tendency to stay at home from 2020 to 2021 has increased by 13.50%, while human activity from 2020 to 2021 has increased by 5.79%.
The increase in mobility rate was the highest in the districts on Madura Island and the Tapal Kuda area. Meanwhile, a higher tendency to stay-at-home has happened in regencies/cities on the southern coast of Java Island. Also, a higher human activity rate centered in big cities in East Java, such as Surabaya City and its surroundings, Malang metropolitan area, and the Jember-Banyuwangi area.
Table 2. Change of Movement (COM), Stay Put (SP), and Human Activity (HA) Data 2020 – 2021
Regency/City CoM 2020
CoM 2021
SP 2020
SP 2021
HA 2020
HA 2021
Bangkalan -0,12 -0,12 0,21 0,23 1,56 1,84
Banyuwangi -0,13 -0,17 0,22 0,26 1,71 2,13
Blitar -0,14 -0,18 0,22 0,26 0,85 1,04
Bojonegoro -0,08 -0,13 0,20 0,24 1,16 1,34
Bondowoso -0,10 -0,12 0,21 0,24 0,56 0,68
Gresik -0,12 -0,16 0,20 0,22 3,32 3,60
Jember -0,12 -0,15 0,22 0,26 1,08 1,16
Jombang -0,10 -0,12 0,21 0,24 1,87 2,16
Kediri -0,10 -0,14 0,20 0,24 1,27 1,65
Kota Batu -0,17 -0,19 0,22 0,24 2,38 2,58
Kota Blitar -0,15 -0,15 0,21 0,24 6,28 6,59
Kota Kediri -0,15 -0,15 0,20 0,22 5,87 6,61
Kota Madiun -0,14 -0,18 0,19 0,22 10,38 9,31
Kota Malang -0,19 -0,19 0,25 0,27 10,95 11,24
Kota Mojokerto -0,10 -0,11 0,19 0,21 12,70 12,00
Kota Pasuruan -0,10 -0,12 0,21 0,22 7,83 8,51
Kota Probolinggo -0,11 -0,13 0,20 0,22 7,94 8,66
Kota Surabaya -0,21 -0,22 0,23 0,24 25,50 25,76
Lamongan -0,08 -0,11 0,21 0,24 1,33 1,49
Lumajang -0,09 -0,11 0,22 0,26 0,62 0,73
Madiun -0,13 -0,18 0,21 0,25 0,96 1,13
Magetan -0,11 -0,18 0,21 0,25 1,10 1,30
Firman et al., Journal of Information Tecnology and Computer Science: ... 121
Regency/City CoM 2020
CoM 2021
SP 2020
SP 2021
HA 2020
HA 2021
Malang -0,14 -0,20 0,23 0,27 1,08 1,23
Mojokerto -0,11 -0,15 0,18 0,21 4,63 4,46
Nganjuk -0,08 -0,13 0,22 0,25 0,91 1,22
Ngawi -0,13 -0,17 0,21 0,25 0,91 1,10
Pacitan -0,14 -0,16 0,22 0,25 0,38 0,49
Pamekasan -0,07 -0,09 0,17 0,19 2,41 3,02
Pasuruan -0,08 -0,12 0,20 0,23 2,05 2,35
Ponorogo -0,11 -0,15 0,23 0,27 0,73 0,89
Probolinggo -0,11 -0,12 0,21 0,23 1,02 1,24
Sampang -0,03 -0,03 0,20 0,22 1,64 2,09
Sidoarjo -0,16 -0,19 0,20 0,22 7,97 8,44
Situbondo -0,10 -0,11 0,20 0,23 0,69 0,87
Sumenep -0,06 -0,06 0,19 0,22 0,79 1,04
Trenggalek -0,10 -0,12 0,24 0,28 0,47 0,61
Tuban -0,11 -0,12 0,19 0,22 1,51 1,51
Tulungagung -0,11 -0,15 0,22 0,26 1,13 1,34
Average -0,11 -0,14 0,21 0,24 3,57 3,77
In 2020 and 2021, the areas with the highest levels of mobility are Sampang Regency, Sumenep Regency, and Pamekasan Regency. These three districts are districts located on the island of Madura.
For the tendency to stay at home, in 2020, the highest were Malang City, Surabaya City, and Ponorogo Regency. As for 2021, the highest were Malang City, Malang Regency, and Ponorogo Regency.
The level of Human activity from Nighttime lights satellite imagery data in 2020, the highest were Surabaya City, Mojokerto City, and Malang City. Meanwhile, in 2021, the highest was in the same city as the previous year.
Figure 2. Change of Movement (CoM), Stay put (SP), and Human Activity (HA) Data Visualization 2020-2021
3.2 Stay at Home Policy
The policy to limit mobility is in the form of Large-Scale Social Restrictions
122 Journal Volume 7, Number 2, August 2022, pp 117-126 (PSBB), which began on March 31, 2020, when the President of Indonesia issued Government Regulation No. 21 of 2020, regarding large-scale social restrictions and the first Policy to Implement Restrictions on Community Activities (PPKM). It was enforced by the Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs (Mendagri) Number 1 of 2021 on January 11 and was renewed until 2022.
During the implementation of PSBB in 2020, the lowest level of mobility occurred in March 2020, while the highest level of the tendency to remain silent was in the last week of April 2020. During the PPKM period from 2021 to March 2022, the lowest level of mobility occurred in early February 2022, while the highest level of the tendency to stay at home was during February 2022.
If it is calculated in aggregate during the implementation of PSBB and PPKM, the lowest level of mobility and the tendency to remain silent is in February 2022. The number of improvements in health facilities, awareness, and the vaccination process is estimated to be the main contributing factors.
Figure 3. Graph of Change of Movement (CoM) and Stay Put (SP) data fluctuations, Regency/City in the range 2020 – March 2022
Chronologically, important events that occurred as a trigger for the high tendency to remain silent are presented as follows:
April - May 2020 was the first of PSBB implementation. Restrictions were on the education sector (school from home), work from home, and restrictions on transportation modes and public activities.
In July 2021, the implementation of an emergency PPKM, during which time there will be blockages at the entrances of regencies/cities, and also at the terminals for land, sea, and air transportation modes.
February 2022 was the third wave of soaring Covid-19 cases which prompted people to stay at home.
3.3 Complience Index
The compliance index was calculated based on Change of Movement (CoM), Stay put (SP), and light radiance data from the Nighttime lights satellite imagery (HA) map. The higher the compliance index number indicates that cumulatively an area has a low mobility rate, a high number of silence and low human activity.In general, the level of East Java Community Compliance with the Stay At Home Policy increased from an average of -8.92 in 2020 during the PSBB implementation period to -7.07 in 2021 to March 2022 during the implementation of PPKM. This increase in the level of compliance may be influenced by many factors, for example, the increasingly intensive vaccination process which causes communal immunity to be created in various areas
Firman et al., Journal of Information Tecnology and Computer Science: ... 123 so that people start to carry out their usual activities. Likewise, the enforcement of health protocols is better, and the treatment of covid is getting more advanced.
Table 3. East Java Community Compliance Index to Stay at Home Policy
Regency/City in East Java Compliance
Index 2020 Compliance
Index 2021 Note
Bangkalan -7,82 -7,77 increasing
Banyuwangi -6,90 -5,19 increasing
Blitar -6,00 -4,30 increasing
Bojonegoro -11,92 -6,83 increasing
Bondowoso -8,01 -6,41 increasing
Gresik -7,52 -5,87 increasing
Jember -7,25 -5,63 increasing
Jombang -9,21 -7,70 increasing
Kediri -9,52 -6,15 increasing
Batu -5,32 -4,53 increasing
Kota Blitar -6,29 -6,19 increasing
Kota Kediri -6,34 -6,21 increasing
Kota Madiun -7,03 -5,35 increasing
Kota Malang -5,03 -4,80 increasing
Kota Mojokerto -9,81 -8,97 increasing
Kota Pasuruan -9,75 -8,35 increasing
Kota Probolinggo -8,55 -7,13 increasing
Surabaya -4,44 -4,21 increasing
Lamongan -10,86 -7,86 increasing
Lumajang -9,52 -7,38 increasing
Madiun -6,55 -4,33 increasing
Magetan -7,63 -4,51 increasing
Malang -5,78 -3,97 increasing
Mojokerto -8,98 -6,23 increasing
Nganjuk -11,12 -6,93 increasing
Ngawi -6,25 -4,58 increasing
Pacitan -4,08 -4,00 increasing
Pamekasan -14,71 -10,59 increasing
Pasuruan -12,54 -7,68 increasing
Ponorogo -7,86 -5,23 increasing
Probolinggo -8,16 -7,36 increasing
Sampang -35,96 -28,71 increasing
Sidoarjo -5,97 -5,04 increasing
Situbondo -8,34 -7,39 increasing
Sumenep -14,47 -15,49 decreasing
Trenggalek -7,38 -6,48 increasing
Tuban -8,18 -7,60 increasing
Tulungagung -8,09 -5,57 increasing
Average -8,92 -7,07 increasing
124 Journal Volume 7, Number 2, August 2022, pp 117-126 Figure 4. East Java Community Compliance Index to Stay at Home Policy
The level of compliance was increasing in almost all regencies/cities in East Java Province. If the compliance index is classified, then the classification of the level of compliance in East Java Province is obtained. In the 2020 PSBB, the regencies/cities with the lowest levels of compliance were Pamekasan Regency, Sampang Regency, Sumenep Regency, Pasuruan Regency, Lamongan Regency, Bojonegoro Regency, and Nganjuk Regency. While the highest were Surabaya City, Sidoarjo Regency, Malang Regency, Malang City, Batu City, Blitar Regency, Ngawi Regency, and Pacitan Regency. In the 2021 PPKM, the regencies/cities with the lowest levels of compliance were Pamekasan Regency, Sampang Regency, and Sumenep Regency. It is in line with the implementation of the PPKM level at the end of March 2022, where the three districts on Madura Island were still at level 3 while the other regencies/cities were already at level 1.
4 Conclusion
Facebook movement range maps and VIIRS Nighttime lights satellite imagery can be used as proxies to assess the level of community compliance with the Stay at Home policy. Utilization of Facebook movement range maps and VIIRS Nighttime lights satellite imagery data can be used as sensors for information on population movements over a certain period of time. Overview of East Java Province during the implementation of PSBB and PPKM, the index value of community compliance with the Stay at Home policy increased from an average of -8.92 in 2020 during the PSBB implementation period to -7.07 in 2021 to March 2022 during the implementation of PPKM .
The level of public compliance towards the Stay at Home policy using these two Big Data indicators, can also be taken into consideration for the future PPKM level policy instrument.
Acknowledgments. The author would like to thank PT. Sagamartha Ultima Indonesia team for the moral and material encouragement to the completion of this research.
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