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R u s i a 2 4 J u n i - 6 J u l i 2 0 1 2 , e n g g e u s n e t e p k e u n y e n s i s t e m i r i g a s i t r a d i -s i o n a l B a l i , s u b a k d i j a d i k e u n
w a r i s a n d u n i a , s a t u t a s 1 2 t a u n l i l a n a t e r u s d i p e r j u a n g k e u n . K u
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d i m u m u l e j e u n g d i j a g a u l a h n e p i k a t u m p u r d i B a l i . T a p i . j i g a n a m a h
d i n a j a m a n m o d e r n k i w a r i , p i k e u n n g a l e s t a r i k e u n s u b a k t e h m o a l
g a m p a n g . N a h a k u n a o n k i t u ? M a r g a l a n t a r a n a , s a g a l a r u p a
p a r o b a h a n e k o s i s t e m j e u n g s o s i a l e k o n o m i b u d a y a p a n g a r u h m o d e r n i s a s i b a k a l t e r u s n g a g e r u s k a n a e k s i s t e n s i n a s u b a k B a l i .
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-n a s i s t e m i r i g a s i t r a d i s i s i o n a l s u b a k t e h e n g g e u s k a w e n t a r t i b a h e u l a k e n e h , e n g g e u s d i k e n a l k i r a - k i r a
d i n a p e r t e n g a h a n a b a d k a 1 1 . N u -r u t k e u n r i w a y a t n a , m a s a r a k a t t a n i s a w a h d i B a l i e n g g e u s m a n g r e b u
-r e b u t a u n a l i l a n a , h a s i l t i n a w a r i s a n p a r a k a r u h u n , m a m p u n g a m a n g
-f a a t k e u n o r g a n i s a s i s u b a k p i k e u n n g a t u r c a i i r i g a s i n y a i a n s a w a h a n u k a c i d a e f i s i e n a , j e n g k a c i d a a m -p u h n a m i a r a l i n g k u n g a n d i B a l i .
D i n a s o a l n g o k o l a k e u n c a i j e u n g
l i n g k u n g a n a l a m n a , p a t a n i B a l i
d i n a n g a j a l a n k e u n s u b a k n a , a n u
s i f a t n a o t o n o m o m j e u n g
d e m o k r a t i s , b i a s a d u m a s a r k a n a e l m u p a n g a w e r u h e k o l o g i t r a d i
-s i o n a l a n u d i b u n g k u s k u k a p e r -c a y a a n a n u d i s e b u t H i r t a K a r a n a .
D u m a s a r t i n a p a p a g o n H i r t a K a r a n a , . n r a n g B a l i d i n a n g a l a k o k a n
h i r u p s a p o p o e n a k u d u n g a j a g a k a -s a i m b a n g a n a t a w a s a l i n g h o r m a t
a n t a r a s a s a m a j a l m a , k u d u h o r m a t k a l i n g k u n g a n a l a m ( e k o s i s t e m ) ,
j e u n g h o r m a t k a T u h a n M a h a P e n -c i p a . K u s a b a b k i t u h e n t e u m a t a k
h e r a n l a m u n s u b a k e n g g e u s b i s a n y i p t a k e u n s i s t e m a d a p t a s i p a t a n i
s a w a h d i B a l i j e u n g e k o s i s t e m n a s a c a r a k o m p l e k s ( c o m p l e x a d a p t i v e
s y s t e m ) j e u n g l e s t a r i . P a n g a r u h n a
s i s t e m a d a p t a s i i e u e n g g e u s b i s a n y i p t a k e u n h u b u n g a n a n u h a r m o
-n i s d i a n t a r a p a r a p a t a n i , k a t u t s a k a b e h w a r g a n a m i b a n d a s i f a t
k a a r i f a n l o k a l l u h u n g p i k e u n n g a l e s t a r i k e u n l i n g k u n g a n d i
w e w e n g k o n a . N u r u t k e u n b u d a y a U r a n g B a l i , s u m b e r d a y a a i r b i a s a d i p i a r a j e u n g d i p u s t i - p u s t i . H a l i e u d i a n t a r a n a k u s a b a b a y a n a k o n s e p
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b u d a y a B a l i a n u d i s e b u t h u l u - t e b e n ( s i r a h - s u k u ) , H a r t i n a , s e c a r a w e w e n g k o n D A S ( D a e r a h A l i r a n
S u n g a i ) , n u r u t k e u n a d a t B a l i b i a s a d i b e d a k a n j a d i 3 z o n a . N y a e t a z o n a k a h i j i , w e w e n g k o n p a g u n u n g a n
k a t u t l e u w e u n g n a d i p e r s e p s i k e u n s e c a r a b u d a y a s e b a g a i h u l u a t a w a k a j a , d i a n g g a p s u c i k u d u d i j a g a , d i
-r a w a t j e u n g d i p u s t i - p u s t i . Z o n a k a d u a , w e w n g k o n b a g i a n l a n
-d e u h n a a t a w a b a g i a n t e n g a h ( m a d y a ) , d i p e r s e p s i k e u n s e b a g a i b a d a n , w e w n g k o n n e t r a l , k u r a n g s u c i , b i s a d i o l a h a t a w a d i k e l o l a r a d a l o n g g a r , h e n t e u s a p e r t i w e w e n g k o n
g u n u n g j e u n g l e u w e u n g . L a j u , z o n a k a t i l u , w e w e n g k o n h i l i r n a ( n i s t a ) ,
m u a r a s u n g a i j e u n g l a u t a n , d i a n g -g a p n a b a g i a n s u k u , w i l a y a h k o t o i a t a w a h e n t e u s a k r a l .
N u r u t k e u n p e n g e l o l a a a n s u b a k s e c a r a b u d a y a , s a j a t i n a d i j a m a r
b a h e u l a , s u b a k e n g g e u s m a m p t n g a g e r a k e u n m o d a l s o s i a l p a t a n : s a w a h B a l i , s a p e r t i n y i p t a k e u r n o r m a - n o r m a s a l i n g p e r c a y a , s a l i n g g a w e b a b a r e n g a n , j e u n g m a m p u l n g a w a n g u n j a r i n g a n k e r j a s a m r
s a b i l u l u n g a n . K u s a b a b k i t u , s u b a l e n g g e u s k a w e n t a r m a m p u n g a b a g
c a i i r i g a s i k a p e t a k - p e t a k s a w a l p a t a n i k a l a w a n a d i l p i s a n , j e u n ]
m a m p u n u n t a s k e u n j e u n j
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r e g a n k o n f l i k d i a n t a r a p a r a p a t a n s a w a h , L a i n e t a w u n g k u l , s u b a k o g r
e n g g e u s m a m p u n y i p t a k e u n m i g a
w e m e l a k p a r e j e u n g m i g a w e p a n e l , p a r e b a r e n g j e u n g k o m p a k d i n .
s a a m p a r a n a s a w a h . P a n g a r u h n a
p a r a p a t a n i s a w a h m a m p i
n g a g u n a k e u n c a i i r i g a s i , h u s u s n : d i n a u s u m h a l o d o k a c i d a e f i s i e n a h e n t e u i e u h m a t a k w e r i t c a i , j e u n : o g e a r a n g a y a k a j a d i a n s e r a n g a i
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m u n g g a r a n t a u n 1 9 7 0 - a n , k u a y a n a p r o g r a m R e v o l u s i H i j a u , a n u l a n
-d a s a n a n g a g u n a k e u n p r o g r a m p o l a k a s a r a g a m a n n a s i o n a l , s i f a t
'top-d o w n ', j e u n g h e n t e u m i r o s e a a t a w an g a h a r g a a n e l m u p a n g a w e r u h e k o l o g i t r a d i s i o n a l p a t a n i , j e u n g
h e n t e u n g a h a r g a a n k a n a k a p e r -c a y a a n a t a w a n o r m a - n o r m a p a t a n i s a w a h d i B a l i . B a l u k a r n a , f u n g s i s u b a k p i k e u n n g a j a g a l i n g k u n g a n
k a t u t k a h a r m o n i s a n s o s i a l k a c i d a k a g a n g g u n a . S a j a t i n a p a r a p a t a n i
a n u b a h e u l a n a b i a s a n g a g a w e t a n i m a k e p r i n s i p n g a d a p t a s i k e u n
s a c a r a h a r m o m i s k a n a e k o s i s t e m l o k a l , d i b u n g k u s k u p a n g a w e r u h e k o l o g i l o k a l , j e u n g d i l a n d a s i b u -d a y a l o k a l , s a p e r t i k a p e r c a y a a n ,
n g a l a k s a n a k e u n b u d a y a t a n i
pro-l i n g k u n g a n a n u d i s e b u t s i s t e m t a n i o r g a n i k ( o r g a n i c f a r m i n g s y s t e m ) .C i r i h a s n a d i a n t a r a n a , p a r a p a t a n i s a w a h d i B a l i g u y u b n g a g u n a k e u n
s a g a l a a s u p a n t i l u a r a n u m i n i m p i s a n . T a p i g u y u b n a p a r a p a t a n i
n g a g u n a k e u n p u p u k o r g a n i k j e u n g p e s t i s i d a a l a m i a t a w a b i o p e s t i s i d a . T a p i , k u a y a n a p r o g r a m R e v o l u s i
H i j a u , u s a h a t a n i s a w a h t r a d i s i o n a l d i B a l i d i r o b a h d i m o d e r n k e u n j a d i p r o - k a p i t a l i s , - n y a e t a n g a g u n a k e u n
s a g a l a r u p a a s u p a n p i k e u n u s a h a t a n i a n u h a m p i r s a g e m l e n g n a
n g a n d e l k e u n t i l u a r , s a p e r t i b i n i h p a r e u n g g u l h a s i l r e k a y a s a g e n e t i k d i l a b o r a t o r i u m t i I R R I ( I n t e r n a l -t i o n a l R i c e R i s e -t I n s -t i -t u -t e ) , F i l i p i n a ,
p u p u k a n o r g a n i k j e u n g p e s t i s i d a p a b r i k a n , h a s i l i n d u s t r i . B a l u k a r n a ,
s a n a j a n p r o d u k s i p a r e g a b a h s e c a r a
m a k r o n i n g k a t , t a p i t i n g k a t
e k o n o m i p a r a p a t a n i s a w a h t e t e p k u r a n g n y u g e m a k e u n . P r o g r a m
R e v o l u s i H i j a u e n g g e u s g a g a l n g a n g k a t h a r k a t m a r t a b a t p a t a n i
t r a d i s i o n a l . S a l i a n t i e t a , t i m b u l g a n g g u a n m a s a l a h l i n g k u n g a n , s a p e r t i s e r i n g k a j a d i a n w e r i t c a i d i m u s i m m o r e k a t p a r e d i u s u m
h a l o d o , j e u n g p a r e n a s e r i n g d i g a s a k
h a m a w e r e n g c o k l a t ( N i l a p a r v a t a
Mangle 2390
l u g e n s ) a n u s a a c a n R e v o l u s i H u j a u
h e n t e u p e r n a h d i k e n a l k u p a r a p a t a n i s a w a h ( a o s s e r a t a n L a n s i n g ,
1 9 9 1 ) . B a l u k a r n a , h e k t a r a n p a r e
s a w a h g a g a l d i p a n e n k u p a r a p a t a n i a l i a s p u s o . N a o n a t u h m a r g a l a n -t a r a n a ? . H a l i e u d i a n t a r a n a
d i a k i b a t k e u n k u a y a n a i n t r o d u k s i b i n i h p a r e u n g g u l a n y a r , p o l a t a n a m p a d i p a t a n i j a d i a c a k - a c a k a n .
C o n t o n a , d i n a s a h a m p a r a n l a h a n s a w a h , p a t a n i a y a a n u m a s i h m a c u l ,
a y a o g e a n u e n g g e u s t a n d u r , m a s i h p a n e n , j e u n g s a j a b a n a . P o n k i t u
d e u i b e r e s p a n e n p a r e , h e n t e u a y a m a s a b e r a / b e r o , k u s a b a b m e l a k p a r e t e r u s - t e r u s a n h e n t e u a y a i s t i -r a h a t n a d i n a t i a p t a u n a . B a l u k a r n a , d a u r h i r u p n a s e r a n g g a h a m a h e n
-t e u a y a p u t u s - p u t u s n a d i l a h a n s a w a h . L a i n e t a w u n g k u l , p a r a
p a t a n i j a d i n g a b u d a y a , g u m a n t u n g p i s a n k a n a p e s t i s i d a p a b r i k a n p i k e u n n g a b a s m a h a m a p a r e . A k i
-b a t n a , c a i i r i g a s i , k a t u t c a i s a w a h j e u n g t a n e u h s a w a h p i n u h k u r a c u n
p e s t i s i d a . A t u h b a l u k a r n a s a g a l a j e n i s - j e n i s l a u k , b e l u t , m a n u k , j e u n g s a j a b a n a t u m p e s d i e k o s i s t e m
s a w a h . P o n k i t u d e u i s a g a l a m u s u h a l a m i h a m a w e r e n g d i s a w a h ,
s a p e r t i r u p a - r u p a l a n c a h p a r a e h d i s a w a h . K u s a b a b k i t u , h e n t e u m a t a k
h e r a n l a m u n w e r e n g j a d i n g a g a l a k -s a k d i s a w a h , k u s a b h e n t e u b o g a
m u s u h a l a m i n a d e u i d i e k o s i s t e m s a w a h .
L a j u , r e n g s e j a m a n R e v o l u s i H i j a u , k i w a r i t a n t a n g a n a n u t u m i
-b a k a s i s t e m s u b a k l a i n n g u r a n g a n ,
m a l a h j i g a n a b e u k i b e u r a t p i s a n . H a l i e u k u s a b a b k i w a r i s e r i n g p i s a n t i m b u l a n o m a l i i k l i m , s a p e r t i
h a l o d o p a n j a n g a t a w a l o b a p i s a n h u j a n , a k i b a t p e m a n a s a n g l o b a l , p a n g a r u h t i n a p e n c e m a r a n g a s
r u m a h k a c a , u t a m a n a e m i s i C 0 2 .
P a n g a r u h n a , d a t a n g h a m a w e r e n g , b a l u k a r t i n a c u a c a a n u . p i k a
-b e t a h e u n h i r u p h a m a w e r e n g d i s a w a h . S a b a l i k n a , i l m u p a n g a w e
-r u h e k o l o g i t r a d i s i o n a l p a r a p a t a n i
s a w a h l o b a a n u k a g u s u r k u m o d e r
-n i s a s i . K u s a b a b k i t u , r i s i k o u s a h a t a n i . s a w a h j e u n g s i s t i m s u b a k k a -h a r e u p n a b a k a l l e u w i h b e u r a t .
L a i n e t a w u n g k u l , s a m a l a h k i w a
-r i p i k e u n n g a l e s t a r i k e u n s u b a k k a -b a n d u n g a n a n a b e u k i g a t i j a s a .
N a o n m a r g a l a n t a r a n a ? S a l a h s a h i j i f a k t o r n a , a l i h f u n g s i l a h a n s a w a h p i k e u n k a p e r l u a n i n d u s t r i
w i s a t a , s a p e r t i p a n g a w a n g u n a n
h o t e l , g u e s t h o u s e , j e u n g s a j a b a n a b e u k i c e u y a h d i B a l i . B a l u k a r n a ,
l e g a n a s a w a h d i s a b a b a r a h a w e w e n g k o n B a l i b e u k i n g u r a n g a n n y i r o r o t p i s a n . C o n t o n a , n u r u t k e u n
s t a t i t i k D i n a s P e r t a n i a n T a n a m a n P a n g a n d a n H o r t i k u l t u r a P r o v i r i s i
B a l i ( 2 0 1 0 ) , s a l i l a p e r i o d e 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 9 , t o t a l l e g a n a l a h a n s a w a h n g u
-r a n g a n s e k i t a r 5 . 3 3 2 h a , n y e t a t i n a
8 5 . 7 7 6 h a n g u r a n g a n j a d i 7 7 . 5 3 8 h a a t a w a n g u r a n g a n r a t a - r a t a s e k i t a r
9 1 5 , 2 6 h a / t a h u n . K u n a o n a t u h l o b a p a t a n i a n u n g a j a r u a l a n l a h a n - l a h a n s a w a h n a ? H a l i e u d i a n t a r a n a
n y a e t a l a m u n d i w e w e n g k o n s a w a h e n g g e u s d i w a n g u n . h o t e l a t a w a
g u e s t h o u s e . B a l u k a r n a , n i l a i p a j a k l a h a n s a w a h d i w e w e n g k o n e t a k a c i d a n g a r o n j a t n a . K u s a b a b k i t u ,
h e n t e u m a t a k h e r a n p a t a n i a n u h e n t e u m a m p u h d e u i m a y a r p a j a k ,
a h i r n a m a h l a h a n s a w a h
m a r a n e h n a h a s i l w a r i s a n t u t u r u
-n a -n , e n g g e u s j a d i s u m b e r k a h i r u -p a n k a l a w a r g a , j e u n g e n g g e u s n g a h i j i j e u n g b u d a y a t i k a r u h u n a
d i j u a l k a p i h a k l u a r . K u s a b a b k i t u , n a h a s u b a k b a k a l d i l e s t a r i k e u n d i
B a l i ? A n u p a s t i m a h s a j a r a h a n u b a k a l n y a t e t s o a l n a s i b s u b a k
p i k e u n k a h a r e u p n a .
Johan Iskandar
dosen
etnobi-ologijeung
Panalungtik
Lingkungan
Unpad.
