TRANSLATION METHODS APPLIED ON UNUD WEBSITE Ni Ketut Sri Rahayuni, Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati
ketutsrirahayuni@gmail.com, mas.indrawati@yahoo.com
English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture Udayana University
Several researches have been done in terms of translation methods. The purpose of this study was to show methods used by translator in translating the text about history of Faculty of Letter and Culture in Udayana University website. Udayana University is a state university in Province of Bali. To deliver the information to public or community, this university established its website with address unud.ac.id This website contains complete information including its faculties. One of the faculties in Udayana University is Faculty of Letter and Culture. In this website, people can also read the history of Faculty of Letter and Culture. The text of this faculty’s history becomes the data of this study.
Translation method is the basic principle of our way in translating the text, and leads the translators to the type of translations. Selection of the method will guide them to produce the type of translation. The purpose of the application of the method is making the translation process more efficiently and effectively. In practice, the translators choose one method that is appropriate for whom and for what purpose the translation is done.
There are 8 translation methods proposed by Newmark ( Newmark 1988: 45-48 ) .
In general, those 8 methods can be divided into 2 groups based on the emphasis of the text:
4 methods emphasize on the source language (SL)
4 methods emphasize on the target language (TL)
A. Methods Emphasize on the Source Language (SL)
This method is applied by translating word for word and sentence structure as it is in the SL. Generally, this method is used at the early stage of translating. This is usually done in a very difficult text translation between two languages. This method can also be done for systems and structures that are very far apart .This word-for-word translation makes SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Data 1.
‘Setelah rampungnya segala persiapan maka ditetapkanlah hari pembukaannya, yaitu pada tanggal 29 September 1958. Nama yang diberikan adalah Fakultas Sastra Udayana. Namun rencana nama semula adalah Udayana Fakultas Sastra dan Budaya. Kata Budaya kemudian dihilangkan atas anjuran Prof. Dr. Prijono, karena dengan kata Sastra saja sudah terkandung arti Budaya. Jadi, istilah sastra mengandung arti yang sangat luas.’
‘After the completion of the preparations then set its opening day, ie on September 29, 1958. The name given is the Faculty of Letters Udayana. However, the original name of the plan is Udayana Faculty of Letters and Culture. Said Cultures were then removed at the instigation of Prof. Dr. Prijono, because the word Literature alone is contained the meaning of culture. Thus, the term literature contains a very broad sense.’
In this data, the translator translates it in very early stage of translation. The word kata in bahasa
Indonesia is translated said instead of word. When we see from the context of sentences, this text wants to explain about the meaning of word culture in general, both in spoken and in written.
When the translator wants to explain it specifically about culture spoken by someone, he/she can consider it as said culture. But in this text, the purpose of the text is to explain the word culture in general. For this reason, the word culture is more appropriate than said culture.
Data 2.
‘With themed decoration terpampangnya Mandara Giri playback on kuri bight decoration in front of a multi-story building lobby, with the establishment of the statue of Goddess Saraswati in the lobby area, and with a graceful attached two inscriptions establishment of the faculty is expected all of this can be a more stable source of inspiration towards increasingly resounding success, that success because there is a strong willingness to understand the continuity of the past with the present to the future is brighter.’
From this data, the translator translates the text in word-for-word method. The words in Bahasa Indonesia are fully translated word per word, and even the structure of the sentence in English is translated as it is in Bahasa Indonesia. The data shows that menuju masa depan yang makin cerah is translated into to the future is brighter. This text can actually be translated into to the brighter future. The translator can actually translate it into noun phrase form, but she/he keeps the structure as it is in the source language. This makes the type of translation is still an early stage or type of translation. By adjusting the structure of text into structure of target language (English) and make it a noun phrase, the result of the translation will be more acceptable and can be understood easily by the readers.
2. Literal translation
In this method, the translator has changed the structure of SL into the structure of the TL. However, the words and style of language in the source text (ST) is retained in the target text (TT) .
Usually this method is also used in the early stages of translation. This method of Literal translation makes the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL
equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context.
Data 3.
‘Standing on the initiative of the Faculty of Literature Foundation of Faculties Nusa Tenggara, which is known by Lt. Col. Minggoe and Vice Chairman of I, Governor of the Lesser Sunda, Teuku Mochamad Daoedsjah.’
This data shows that the grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest English equivalents, but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context. This can be analyzed from the words Berdiri atas prakarsa… translated into Standing on the initiative…The translator already change the structure of the translation into the English structure. The word prakarsa in Bahasa Indonesia are translated into the initiative. This means the noun in source language are translated into noun phrase in target language. The additional the makes the English structure is
better or even complete to be shown in the website.
3. Faithful translation
The translation is done by maintaining as far as possible aspect format ( in the text of the law) or aspects of form ( in the text of the poem ) so we are still in full fidelity to look at in terms of its shape . This type of translation method has an attempt to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. This method is more free than a literal translation, but it still feels stiff because they are very faithful to the intent and purpose of source language.
Related to that basic theory of faithful translation method, we cannot find any data that uses this type of method. When the format in law text or form of poem is still used in this type of method, we cannot find any format or form of this shown in UNUD website. The format of the text is just the format of common writing with no specific opening, content, and closing format as it is shown in law text.
Translators emphasize on the use of terms, keyword, or phrase that should be presented in translation. This means that semantic translation is more flexible when compared to a faithful translation. The things of semantic translation which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
As it is in faithful translation, we also cannot find any data in the website showing the method of semantic translation. There are no specific terms, keyword, or phrase that should be presented in target language for aesthetic value consideration.
B. Methods Emphasize on Target Language
1. Adaptations
This method is the most free form of translation and closest to the target language. Adaptation methods emphasize the message content, while the shape is tailored to the needs of reader’s target language. Typically, characters, backgrounds, and social context adapted to the culture of the target language. This method of translation is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
Since the data is the text from a website, and it is not in the form of plays (comedies) and poetry, there is no method of adaptations in this data. There is no adaptation of the culture of the target language. All data in the website is translated as it is in the source language.
2. Free translation
Free translation gives more emphasis on the transfer of messages, while the target text disclosure made in accordance with the needs of prospective readers. In free translation, the translator did not adjust the culture. This method can form a paraphrasing that can be longer or shorter than the original. Free translation produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original.
3. Idiomatic translation
Promote the invention equivalent terms, phrases, and idioms of what is available in the target language. Idiomatic translation reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Data 4.
‘Berdiri atas prakarsa Yayasan Fakultas-Fakultas Nusa Tenggara, yang diketahui oleh Letkol Minggoe dan Wakil Ketua I, Gubernur Sunda Kecil, Teuku Mochamad Daoedsjah.’
‘Standing on the initiative of the Faculty of Literature Foundation of Faculties Nusa Tenggara, which is known by Lt. Col. Minggoe and Vice Chairman of I, Governor of the Lesser Sunda, Teuku Mochamad Daoedsjah.’
Sunda Kecil in this data is translated into the Lesser Sunda. The word lesser means a smaller degree than other people or things of the same kind. The translator uses word lesser instead of small, because she/he wants to emphasize the smaller size of the island which is suitable to use word lesser.
4. Communicative translation
Done if the translation is overlooked is the message , but without having to translate it freely . This method of observing the principles of communication , the purpose of translation and the readers . Through this translation method allows a BSU version translated into several versions in Bsa .
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in
such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).
‘Orang-orang ini, selain mempersiapkan hal yang berkenaan dengan segi fisik, bergerak juga sebagai penghubung, untuk mendapatkan orang-orang yang akan dijadikan dosen (tenaga pengajar), terutama orang yang akan dijadikan pimpinan pada fakultas yang akan dibentuk.’ ‘These people, in addition to preparing the things pertaining to the physical, as well as a liaison move, to get people who will be the lecturer (lecturers), especially those that will be the leaders on the faculty which will be formed’.
The word penghubung in this data is translated into a liaison move
These data translated based on the contextual meaning. The translator translates tenaga pengajar as lecturers instead of teaching staff or teachers because she/he wants to emphasize or give the contextual meaning of the teaching staff in a university, which is usually called a lecturer.
CONCLUSION
Frome the analysis above, it can be concluded that:
1. The translator only used method of word-for-word translation, literal translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation to translate the text in UNUD website.
2. The translator did not use method of faithful translation, semantic translation, and free translation.
3. Some translation in the website do not change the grammatical structure of the source language which makes the target language is so stiff to be read and understood.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Britain : Oxford University
Newmark, P. 1988: A textbook of translation, London: Prentice Hall International.
Nida, E. A.. 1974. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Vinay, Jean-Paul and Jean Darbelnet. 2000. A Methodology for Translation. in L. Venuti (ed.) The
Translation Studies Reader. 2nd edition. London and New York: Routledge.
