REPOSISI PERBANKAN SYARIAH :
REVIEW DUA DEKADE PEMBANGUNAN PERBANKAN SYARIAH NASIONAL
Irfan Syauqi Beik, PhD
Center of Islamic Business and Economic Studies (CIBEST) IPB
Bandung, 2 Desember 2014 / 10 Safar 1436 H
OUTLINE
1. Institusi keuangan syariah pada periode klasik
2. Peran otoritas keuangan dalam perspektif sejarah Islam 3. Review praktek kontemporer perbankan syariah
4. Sinkronisasi model bisnis perbankan syariah dengan
maqashid syariah dan MEA 2015
I. INSTITUSI KEUANGAN SYARIAH PERIODE
KLASIK
TAHAP PERKEMBANGAN EKONOMI SYARIAH
Tahap I (600- 1500 M)
Tahap II (1500- 1950 M)
Tahap III (1950 – sekarang)
Periode Klasik Ekonomi Syariah
Periode Stagnasi Periode Kebangkitan
Kembali
• Institusi Amil Zakat
• Nadzir Wakaf
• Baytul Maal
• Ad Diwan
• Al-Hisbah
INSTITUSI KEUANGAN SYARIAH DALAM SEJARAH
Islamic Public Finance Islamic Social Finance
Nadzir Wakaf Uang menjalankan Islamic commercial
finance pada masa Turki Usmani
INSTITUSI YANG PALING DEKAT DENGAN PRAKTEK PERBANKAN SYARIAH ADALAH INSTITUSI WAKAF
UANG DI ZAMAN TURKI USMANI
WAKAF UANG DALAM SEJARAH (KHILAFAH TURKI USMANI)
• Pada prakteknya, penggunaan wakaf uang sebagai
instrumen ekonomi negara baru berjalan secara intensif di era Khilafah Turki Usmani
• Selama berabad-abad, wakaf uang menjadi mesin pertumbuhan ekonomi Turki dan dunia
• Riset Prof Murat Cizakca (2004) : meneliti institusi wakaf uang di Bursa, Turki periode 1555-1823, dengan
menganalisa dokumen tertulis 761 lembaga wakaf saat itu
• Riset tersebut membuktikan bahwa ada 148 lembaga wakaf
uang yang bertahan lebih dari 1 abad dan menunjukkan
kinerja yang baik
PRAKTEK DI ZAMAN TURKI
• Wakaf Uang : digunakan sebagai sumber pembiayaan usaha mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi Turki
• Akad yang digunakan : mayoritas murabahah (dengan marjin profit 10-11%), dan sebagian mudarabah
• Marjin profit ini lalu disalurkan untuk tujuan-tujuan sosial
keagamaan pokok wakafnya tetap tidak berubah
Wakaf Uang
Pembiayaan Sektor Riil
Memberi akses permodalan kepada para pebisnis kecil dan
besar
Keuntungan (profit) : disalurkan kepada
kaum dhuafa dan untuk tujuan sosial
Kesejahteraan masyarakat
meningkat
WAKAF UANG DI ZAMAN TURKI USMANI
II. PERAN OTORITAS/NEGARA DALAM SEJARAH
PERAN DAN FUNGSI OTORITAS
Peran Otoritas
• Ideological role
• Developmental role
• Welfare role
Fungsi Otoritas
• Fungsi alokasi
• Fungsi distribusi
• Fungsi stabilisasi dan
perlindungan
III. REVIEW PRAKTEK KONTEMPORER
PERBANKAN DAN KEUANGAN SYARIAH
Area
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Category
Institutions
Products
•Gulf / Middle East
•Commercial Islamic banks
•Commercial banking products
•Gulf / Middle East
•Asia Pacific
•Commercial Islamic
banks
•Takaful
•Islamic investment companies
•Commercial banking products
•Takaful products
•Gulf / Middle East
•Asia Pacific
•Commercial Islamic banks
•Takaful
•Islamic investment companies
•Asset management companies
•Brokers/Dealers
•Commercial banking products
•Takaful products
•Mutual funds/ unit trusts
•Domestic Islamic bonds
•Shariah compliant stocks
•Islamic stockbroking
•Islamic derivatives
•Gulf / Middle East
•Asia Pacific
•Europe / Americas
•Global Offshore Market
•Commercial Islamic banks
•Takaful
•Islamic investment companies
•Asset management companies
•Brokers/dealers
•Islamic investment banks
•E-Commerce
•Commercial banking products
•Takaful products
•Mutual funds/ unit trusts
•Domestic Islamic bonds
•Global Islamic bonds
•Islamic asset backed securities
•Shariah compliant stocks
•Islamic stockbroking
•Islamic structured products
•Islamic Hedge funds
•Private Equity & Islamic REITs
0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6
End-of-year, US$ trillion
• Since 2006, Islamic finance has been growing at a 20% average growth rate, and in 2012, its global assets reached $1.5 trillion
• OIC member countries are home to over 95% of the global shariah-compliant assets Global Assets of Islamic Finance
Source: The City UK, The Banker, Ernst & Young
≥20%
Average CAGR 2006-2012
≥95%
Share of OIC Countries
Islamic Finance … is coming of age
Source: Alpay (2014)
GCC 39,2%
Non-GCC MENA 38,6%
Asia 20,8%
Australia/Europe/America
4,3% SSA
0,8%
•
MENA accounts for almost four-fifths (77.8%) of global shariah-compliant assets whereas Asia has a one-fifth (20.8%) share
Source: The Banker
Regional distribution of sharia compliant assets, 2013
Islamic Finance Regional distribution of Islamic finance assets
Source: Alpay (2014)
• The growth in Islamic finance is mainly driven by the growth in MENA (with overall CAGRs of 18.5% and 17.4% in GCC- and Non-GCC-MENA since 2007, respectively).
Source: The Banker
Regional growth in global assets of Islamic finance (2007-2013)
18,5% 17,4% 17,9%
16,6%
12,2%
0,8%
16,0%
22,7%
0,5%
10,6%
-3,4%
19,2%
-60,3%
8,7%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
CAGR 2007-2013 Last year (2012-2013)
Islamic Finance Regional growth dynamics
Source: Alpay (2014)
Iran 37,6%
Saudi Arabia 17,9%
Malaysia 15,5%
UAE 6,9%
Kuwait 5,7%
Bahrain 4,5%
Qatar 4,2%
Indonesia
1,5% Bangladesh
1,3%
Turkey 1,0%
Other 4,0%
•
Iran, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, UAE and Kuwait remain the top 5 largest markets for Islamic finance – holding more than four-fifths (83.6%) of total sharia- compliant assets worldwide in 2013.
Source: The Banker
Country-level
decomposition of sharia compliant assets, 2013
Islamic Finance Countries by size of Islamic finance assets
Source: Alpay (2014)
PERKEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KEUANGAN SYARIAH NASIONAL
Jenis 2010 2011 2012 2013 Q1 2014 Jul-14
MARKET SHARE (Juli 2014) Per Industri
Perbankan Syariah
(Rp trilyun) 97,52 145,47 195,02 242,28 240,93 252,40 4,93%
Asuransi Syariah
(Rp trilyun) 6,97 9,15 13,1 16,66 18,41 19,26T*) 4,25%
(2013) Pembiayaan Syariah
(Rp trilyun) 2,36 3,62 22,66 24,64 24,24 23,49T**) 5,51%
(2013) Saham Syariah
(Rp trilyun) n.a 1.968,10 2.451,33 2.557,85 2.860,66 2.955,79 58,63%
Sukuk Korporasi
(Rp trilyun) 7,82 7,92 9,79 7,55 7,19 6,96 3,17%
Reksa Dana Syariah
(Rp trilyun) 5,23 5,56 8,05 9,43 9,23 9,51 4,43%
Sukuk Negara
(Rp trilyun) 44,34 77,73 124,36 169,29 178,83 179,10 9,83%
Sumber : Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (2014)
Socio-economic Development Imperative
Business/Profit Imperative
■ Market discipline
■ Equitable & efficient distribution of credit
■ Efficiency gains
■ Transparency and fairness in business
■ Sharing of risk & reward
■ Moral constraints (values)
■ Linkage with real economic activity
■ Socio-economic justice
■ Strong prudential advantages
■ Overall development and well-being
ZONE OF SUSTAINABILITY
■ Inclusion
■ Stability ISLAMIC
FINANCE
Avoidance of:
- Riba (Interest) - Gharar (Uncertainty) - Maysir (Gambling)
Islamic Finance Inherent strengths that would help avoid crises
Source: Alpay (2014)
IV. SINKRONISASI MODEL BISNIS PERBANKAN SYARIAH
DENGAN MAQASHID SYARIAH DAN MEA 2015
Maqashid Syariah :
- Proteksi agama - Proteksi jiwa - Proteksi akal
- Proteksi keturunan - Proteksi harta
Maqashid-oriented business memiliki unsur :
1. Tahdib al fard (edukasi individu) 2. Al-’Adl (keadilan)
3. Al-maslahah al-’ammah (kemaslahatan publik) Model Bisnis Bank
Syariah
ASEAN COMMUNITY : Pertumbuhan ekonomi rata-rata ASEAN 6,6%
dalam kurun waktu satu dekade terakhir
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
ASEAN Political Security Community
(APSC) ASEAN Cultural Community
(ASCC)
ASEAN Community
Source: ASEAN Secretariat (2013)
12 SEKTOR PRIORITAS INTEGRASI MEA
1. Agriculture and forestry 2. Air transportation
3. Automotive 4. e-ASEAN
5. IT and electronic 6. Fisheries
7. Medical services 8. Rubber product
9. Textiles and clothes 10. Tourism
11. Wood products (carpentry) 12. Logistics
Bagaimana
mendorong peran
perbankan syariah
dalam membiayai 12
sektor prioritas ini?
Internal Bank Syariah
Dukungan Pemerintah Faktor
Pendukung
Tantangan Bank Asing
Pesaing
Isu Strategis
Independensi DSN dan
shariah compliance
contract
Jumlah Penduduk
Kualitas
SDM Sistem IT
Profit vs Maqashid
oriented
Kemampuan Linkage dengan
LKS Non Bank
Penempatan Dana Haji dan
aset BUMN
Sosialisasi dan Edukasi Publik Penempatan
dana APBN di bank syariah Modal Foreign
Banks yang lebih besar International
Experience Variasi Produk
Dukungan Pemerintah Negara Lain
IT dan SDM Foreign Banks yang lebih kuat
