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ELEKTIF INFEKSI

DEPARTMENT PARASITOLOGY

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HOW IS THE MECHANISME OF DISEASE?

HOW IS THE TREATMENT?

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Pathogenesis

Inflammation occurs when worms die, either drug-induced or

spontaneously.

Granulomas arise around those worms, characterized by macrophages which develop into giant cells: as plasma cells, eosinophils and neutrophils.

Clinical symptom is filarial fever starting when the worm death and leads to Clinical symptom is filarial fever starting when the worm death and leads to retrograde lymphangitis (painful with swelling), and lymphadenitis, which lasts for ± 1 week .

Lymph vessels dilation, not

obliteration

, is probably the early event

following antigenic stimulation, which spring larvae are being released. These larvae are degenerate and will be taken up by phagocytic cells.

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The enlarge lymph vessels become less efficient at transporting lymph from the periphery, which in the legs is always oriented against gravity, more vulnerable to exogenous microorganisms.

Insufficient fluid transport will lead to fluid extravasations, particularly in the lower limbs, and eventually to lymphedema.

L3 preferentially stimulate IL-4 and IK-13 release from basophils as well as histamine release (King 2001). In addition, basophils comprise

approximately 1% of cells in PBMC and their contribution to the

observed cytokine production can be substantial. Therefore mast cells and basophils may plan an important role in regulating the host

response to filarial infection by affecting T cell differentiation, local

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PENGOBATAN

• Dietyl Carbamazyn Citrat (DEC): 6 mg/Kg BB/ hari selama12 hari.

Pemberian dapat diberikan dibagi 3 dosis/hari: sesudah makan.

• Obat ini dapat membunuh mikrofilaria, cacing dewasa pada

pengobatan jangka panjang.

• Untuk membunuh mikrofilaria dapat menggunakan dosis di atas;

tetapi untuk membunuh cacing dewasa harus diulang beberapa

kali siklusnya.

kali siklusnya.

• Untuk program eliminasi filariasis melalui pengobatan masal di

daerah endemis (prevalensi 1%), menggunakan kombinasi DEC 6

mg/kgBB dan albendazole400mg yang diberikan setiap tahun

selama 5-10 tahun pada penduduk di atas 2 tahun

• Ivermectin : dosis tunggal 400µg/kgBB (setiap 6 bulan sekali)

atau kombinasi dengan DEC (1 thn sekali).

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• Pengobatan akan memberikan kesembuhan

pada penderita mikrofilaremia, stadium

akut, lymphedema std 1-2, chyluria dan std

dini elephantiasis.

• Bila sudah sampai stadium hydrochele dan

elephantiasis lanjut maka diperlukan

pembedahan.

• Pengobatan DEC pada filariasis akan

PROGNOSIS

4

• Pengobatan DEC pada filariasis akan

membunuh parasit sehingga keluar

Wolbachia (bakteri) menyebabkan efek

samping pengobatan.

• Sehingga menambahkan antibiotik

tetrasiklin dan doksisiklin dapat membunuh

Wolbachia.

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• Bersifat respons terhadap kematian parasit;

terdapat dua reaksi:

• Reaksi sistemik: demam, berupa sakit kepala,

sakit pada berbagai tubuh, sendi-sendi,

pusing, anoreksisa, lemah, hematuria

transien, reaksi alergi, muntah, serangan

asma; Hal ini terjadi beberapa jam setelah

pemberian DEC (< 3 hari).

EFEK SAMPING

PENGOBATAN4

pemberian DEC (< 3 hari).

• Reaksi Lokal: limfadenitis, abses, ulserasi,

transien, lymphedema, hidrokel, funikulitis

dan epididimitis.

• Efek samping bancroftian filariasis lebih ringan

daripada brugian filariasis; hal ini disebabkan

kemampuan DEC membunuh filaria lbh lambat

pada

W.bancrofti

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