Mekanisme
Kerja
Hormon
Blok 1.4
Hormone Action
• Efek primer pada sel ( ikatan hormon –
reseptor spesifik): hormone–receptor
complex
• H-R complex → effector system → signal
transducing mechanism → biochemical
The DNA sequences of several
Hormon:
Transmembrane Receptors– Enzyme coupled receptors: Signal activates
an enzyme activity of the receptor itself— tyrosine kinases, phospholipase C.
– G-protein coupled receptors: Signal
activates a G-protein that activates
downstream enzymes—makes second messenger(cAMP or Ca2).
– Ion-channel coupled receptors: Signal
Effector systems
•
Hormone–receptor complex:
meningkatkan
aktivitas
– enzim
– G-protein
–
ion channel
PROTEIN KINASES
1. Transmembrane receptor kinases :
tyrosine kinase
ATP : phosphorylate specific tyrosine enzymatic (amplification step).
2. serine/ threonine protein kinases
ATP to phosphorylate specific serine or threonine.
• phosphorylation cascades :
one kinase phosphorylates another → MAP kinase
kinase kinase. (mitogen-activated protein
kinase that phosphorylates MAP kinase
Hormon:
Membrane-bound phospholipase• Hydrolisa: phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2)
→ dua messenger ,
– inositol trisphosphate (IP3) – diacylglycerol (DAG)
Pengaturan Enzym & protein:
calcium atau calmodulin.
• Adenylyl cyclase
• Ca2+-dependent protein kinases • Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase
• Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase • Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
• Some cytoskeletal proteins
• Some ion channels (eg, L-type calcium channels) • Nitric oxide synthase
• Phosphorylase kinase
• Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2B
Gomplex activates G-protein
• H-R complex: activates G-protein →
activates a membrane-bound enzyme
(e.g. adenyl cyclase, which converts ATP
Cyclic GMP
• Cyclic GMP: berasal dari GTP dengan
Referensi
• MURRAY, R. K., BENDER, D. A., BOTHAM, K. M., J, P.,
KENNELLY, RODWELL, V. W. & WEIL, P. A. (2009) Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
• VOET, D., G.VOET, J. & PRATT, C. W. (2008) FUNDAMENTALS OF Biochemistry :LIFE AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Energi
Kontraksi
Otot
Blok 1.3
Protein
Otot
Rangka
• Myosin
• Actin
– Troponin C
– Troponin I
ATP
(adenosine
triphosphate)
•
Energi
kontraksi
otot
•
Pompa
Calcium
ke
sarcoplasmic
reticulum
pada
saat
relaksasi
•
Mempertahankan
membran
Sintesis
ATP
pada
Metabolisme
Aerob
•
Phosphocreatine.
•
Glycolysis
dari
Glycogen
atau
Glucosa.
•
Tricarboxylic
acid
cycle
(TCA
or
Krebs
cycle).
Metabolisme
Otot
Rangka
I
•
Kontraksi
otot
membutuhkan
ATP
yang
banyak
•
Bila
tidak
terjadi
resintesis
ATP
maka
sumber
ATP
yang
ada
hanya
dapat
berkontraksi
1
detik.
A. Energy metabolism in muscle fibers
• Red fibers (type I fibers): prolonged effort. Energi berasal dari metabolisme aerobic
tergantung pada suplay O2.
• White fibers (type II fibers: fast, strong contractions.
•
Red
fiber
ATP
:
– fatty acids: β‐oxidation
– tricarboxylic acid cycle
– respiratory chain
•
The
red
color
:
monomeric
heme
protein
myoglobin,
O2
cadangan
Anaerob
Piruvat As. Laktat (Otot)
Glycogen
Otot
Rangka
•
sarcoplasm
kaya
glycogen,
pada
granule
dekat
I band
.
•
Pembebasan
glucosa
glycogen
(glikogenolisis
diatur
oleh
muscle
glycogen
phosphorylase
,
melalui
Ca2+, epinephrine,
and AMP.
•
Ca2+
:
memulai
muscle
contraction
dan
Penyakit
Gangguan
Glikogenolisis
•
McArdle
disease:
glycogen
storage
diseases:
Muscle
glycogen
Phosphocreatine
(
creatine
phosphate
/
Pcr)
•
Cadangan
energi
otot
•
Creatine
:
sintesis
pada
liver
(Arg,
Gly,
Met),
dibawa
ke
sel
otot,
posporilasi
oleh
creatine
kinase
menjadi
creatine
phosphate.
Sintesis
Creatine
• Step I : kidneys dan Step II: liver
• Kidney: gugusan guanidino arginine ditransfer ke glycine membentuk guanidino acetate
• Liver: N‐methylation dari guanidino acetate
terbentuk creatine .
Sumber
ATP
pada
Olah
ragawan
•
Sprinter:
Creatine
Phosphate
&
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
:
sumber
ATP.
–
100
‐
m
sprint
:
creatine
phosphate
(first
4–5
seconds)
dilanjutkan
anaerobic
glycolysis,
melalui
glycogen
otot
Sumber
ATP..
•
Marathon
Runner
:
Oxidative Phosphorylation–
Sumber
utama
glukosa
:
• blood glucose
• free fatty acids, lipolisis (triacylglycerols
Smooth
muscle
• Smooth muscles: blood vessel walls dan walls of the intestines tidak seperti serat otot
rangka
• spindle‐shaped, contractile proteins less
regular pattern dari striated muscle.
Smooth..
• Ca2+ (Ca2+‐calmodulin) mengaktifkan kontraksi smooth muscle; tidak melalui troponin tetapi melalui troponin, tetapi
protein kinase sehingga mengaktifkan
myosin’s ATPase activity.
• Hormones such as epinephrine dan
Referensi
• MURRAY, R. K., BENDER, D. A., BOTHAM, K. M., J, P., KENNELLY, RODWELL, V. W. & WEIL, P. A. (2009) Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, The McGraw‐Hill Companies, Inc
Pengantar
Blok
1.5
UROGENITAL
Blok 1.5 Koordinator
TUJUAN
BLOK
•
Mahasiswa
mampu
menjelaskan
struktur
dan
fungsi
sistem
urogenital,
keseimbangan
asam
basa
dan
elektrolit,
peranannya
dalam
homeostasis
serta
korelasi
klinisnya
AREA
KOMPETENSI
• Komunikasi efektif
• Landasan ilmiah ilmu kedokteran
• Pengelolaan informasi
• Mawas diri dan pengembangan diri
• Etika, Moral, Medikolegal dan
professionalisme serta keselamatan pasien
BAGIAN
TERINTEGRASI
• Anatomi • Biologi • Histologi • Biokimia • Fisiologi • IPD
• IKA • PK
• Obgyn
Kidney
Anatomy
Kidney
Histology
Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine Formation
Biokimia
&
Kelainan
Urine
• Komposisi dan kelainan
• BJ, pH
• Sendimen urin
Ureters
Urinary
Bladder
Micturition
Electrolyte,
and
Acid
‐
Base
Balance
The
Reproductive
System
• Wanita
• Laki‐laki
• Kelainan kongenital]
• Kelainan Klinis
REFERENSI
• Atlas anatomi
• Anatomi Snell
• Atlas Histologi
• Biokimia Harper
• Fisiologi Guyton, Ganonng, Tortora
• Etc?
TUTORIAL
• SKENARIO 1 :
• SKENARIO 2 :
• SKENARIO 3 :
• SKENARIO 4 :
• SKENARIO 5 :
• SKENARIO 6 :
Skills
Lab
Praktikum
• Anatomi
• Histology
• Biokimia
• Biology
• Clinical phtology
Evaluasi
• Tutorial
• Skills lab
• Ujian akhir Blok
Biokimia
Hormon
Blok 1.4
Hormon
• Hormon: senyawa kimia yang disekresikan oleh specific glands atau cell dan
berperan sebagai chemical messenger
atau signal molecule
Hormones Reproduction
Reproduction Growth &Growth & DevelopmentDevelopment
Maintenance of
internal environment
Energy production,
Energy production,
utilization & storage
utilization & storage
Fungsi Hormon
GAS MOLECULE
Receptor
Receptor: specific membrane protein, dapat mengenal dan berikatan dengan
corresponding ligand molecules, aktiv, dan
transduce signal ke next signaling molecules:
A. Membran
B. Intra Sel
Hormon
-
Receptor
•
highly specificity
•
highly affinity
•
saturation
•
reversible binding
Pengaturan
receptor
• Phosphorylation atau
dephosphorylation dari Receptor
• Phospholipid membran
• Enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis
(1) Recognize the special ligand
(2) Binding to special ligand
(3) Signal transduction
biological effect
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Thyrotropin ACTH Somatotropin LH FSH Prolactin Vasopressin Oxytocin Thyroid Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Pancreas Ovary Testis
Struktur
Kimia Hormon
1. Derived from amino acids (Hydrophilic)
Amino acid derivatives thyroxine
Histamine, serotonin, melatonin, and the catecholamines, dopa, dopamine,
norepinephrine, and epinephrine are known as “biogenic amines.”
Tripeptides TRH
Small peptides VP (ADH), somatostatin
Intermediate-size peptides
insulin, parathyroid hormone
Complex polypeptides and glycoproteins
2. lipid precursors
Cholesterol derivatives cortisol, testosterone, vitamin D ,
estradiol
Fatty acid derivatives prostaglandins, leukotrienes
3. Derived from other chemicals (mediator)
Purines adenosine
Klasifikasi: Mekanisme Kerja
• Hormones : bind to intracellular receptors
• Hormones : bind to cell surface receptors
– second messenger : cAMP
– second messenger : cGMP
• second messenger : calcium atau phosphatidylinositols (or both)
• second messenger : a kinase atau
I. Hormones : intracellular receptors
• Androgens
• Calcitriol (1,25[OH]2-D3)
• Estrogens
• Glucocorticoids
• Mineralocorticoids
• Progestins
• Retinoic acid
II. Hormones : cell surface receptors
A. The second messenger is cAMP:
• α2-Adrenergic catecholamines
• β-Adrenergic catecholamines
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone
• Antidiuretic hormone
• Calcitonin
• Chorionic gonadotropin, human
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone
• Follicle-stimulating hormone
• Glucagon
• Lipotropin
• Luteinizing hormone
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
• Parathyroid hormone
• Somatostatin
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B. The second messenger is cGMP:
• Atrial natriuretic factor
II. Hormones …..
C. The second messenger is calcium or
phosphatidylinositols (or both):
• Acetylcholine (muscarinic)
• α1-Adrenergic catecholamines
• Angiotensin II
• Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) • Cholecystokinin • Gastrin • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone • Oxytocin
• Platelet-derived growth factor
• Substance P
• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
D. The second messenger is a kinase or phosphatase cascade:
• Chorionic somatomammotropin
• Epidermal growth factor
• Erythropoietin
• Fibroblast growth factor
• Growth hormone
• Insulin
• Insulin-like growth factors I and II
• Nerve growth factor
• Platelet-derived growth factor
Referensi
• MURRAY, R. K., BENDER, D. A., BOTHAM, K. M., J, P.,
KENNELLY, RODWELL, V. W. & WEIL, P. A. (2009) Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
• VOET, D., G.VOET, J. & PRATT, C. W. (2008) FUNDAMENTALS OF Biochemistry :LIFE AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• KOOLMAN, J. & ROEHM, K.-H. (2005) Color Atlas of Biochemistry, New York, Thieme.
Posforilasi Oksidasi – Respirasi Sel
Blok 1.2
Respirasi
Sel
• Reaksi kimia pada sel hidup antara atom
C, H dengan O2 menghasilkan CO2, H2O
dan ENERGI
• C,H : makanan, O2 : udara / air
• Energi berguna: reaksi kimia pada sel
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2 O + energy
sugar (glucose)
oxygen carbon dioxide
Pencernaan - Pernapasan – Metabolisme - Respirasi Sel
PULMO ARTERI
VENA
SEL
C6H12O6+ O2
Proses
Pemindahan
Electron
• Biologi oxidasi: Oksidasi senyawa
makromolekul pada sel dengan bantuan
enzim intrasel.
• Transport Electron : Electron dibawa oleh
reduced coenzymes (NADH atau FADH2)
melalui suatu rantai pada membran dalam
mitokondria atau electron transport chain
Proses…
• Oxidative Phosphorylation: Coupling
elektron (e- ) yang dibawa ke membran
dalam mitokondria dengan O2),
pembentukan ATP (Phosphorylation) .
• Sumber posfat in-organik pada
metabolisme aerob
• Enzim: Oxidoreductase pada respirasi
– oxidase acceptor H : O2
Oksidasi
• Oxidation: pelepasan electron dari subsrat
dan reduksi pada penerima elektron
• Enzim: oxidase, dehydrogenase,
Oksidase
• oxidase : oxygen sebagai hydrogen acceptor
• Produk: H2O atau H2O2 .
• Cytochrome oxidase (cyt a3):
– Hb, mioglobin – Cu
– Comp IV ETC
• Flavoprotein enzymes
Dehidrogenase
• Acceptor e-: NAD dan FAD
• NAD-linked dehydrogenase : satu atom hydrogen
dibebaskan dari substrat sebagai hydrogen dengan two
electrons (hydride ion, H– )
– Glikolisis, TCA, B-oksidasi
– succinate dehydrogenase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase,
and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
• Ribovlavin-linked dehydrogenase: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
Hydroperoxidase
• Peroxidase
– Substrat H2O2
– Acceptor :ascorbate, quinone, cytochrome c.
– Milk, leukocytes, platelets, metabolit eicosanoid – Erytrosit : glutathione peroxidase, selenium as a
prosthetic group
• Protector membran lipid dan erytrosit dari oksidasi peroksida
• Catalase
– H2O2 : substrat atau acceptor
Elektron
• Sumber : metabolisme senyawa
makromolekul pada sitoplasma dan
mitokhondria melalui proses oksidasi dan
reduksi (REDOK)
– Glikolisis
– Siklus Krebs
– B-oksidasi asam lemak
• Acceptor elektron :
NAD
+& FAD
• electron carrier
• nucleotide coenzyme
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
• flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
• Transfer hydride ion (H- ; a proton with two electrons) • Enzim: Dehidrogenase
FAD + 2 H+ + 2 e- FADH2
NAD+ + H+ + 2 e- NADH + H+
FAD
H3C
H3C N N
N O
O N
CH2 CH CH CH CH2 OH OH OH
O P O P O OH O
OH O
CH2 O
OH OH N N NH2 N N
Sumber
NADH dan
FADH
• Glikolisis aerob : 2 NADH
• Piruvat Acetil CoA: 2NADH
(skeletal muscle & brain)
•(liver, kidney and heart)
Electron Transport chain
(respiratory chain)
• inner mitochondrial membrane
• Empat protein complex (I, II, III, IV).
• Coenzyme (Q) larut dalam lemak dan
protein (cyt c)larut dalam air ( shuttle
between protein complexes)
• Electrons transfer:
Comp I
Comp II
Comp III Comp IV
ETC….
• Complex I dan II menerima electron dari
sumber yang berbeda
– NADH : Comp. I
– FADH2: Comp.II
• Carier e- dari Comp I & II ke Comp III: CoQ (ubiquinon)
– Complex III: Cyt b dan c
– Complex IV:
Complex I
• Menerima e- dari NADH
• NADH–coenzyme Q oxidoreductase
• (FMN)Flavin mononucleotide
– iron–sulfur clusters : [2Fe–2S] dan [4Fe–
4S] clusters
• e- dibawa ke Co Q (ubiquinon)
• Tranlokasi 4 proton (H+) dari matrix ke
Complex II
• succinate–coenzyme Q oxidoreductase
– succinate dehydrogenase
– Membawa e- dari succinat (FADH2) ke Co Q
– Membawa e- dari glycerophosphate shuttle
• Redox Cofactor
– Cytochromes : CybL , CybS
• protoporphyrin IX : Hb dan mioglobin
Complex III
• coenzyme Q–cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome bc1)
• 2 Cyt.b, 1 cyt.c1 dan 1 [2Fe–2S] cluster
Cytochrome : electron carrier, tdd heme
Heme: cytochrome (a, b, c) perbedaan pada porphyrin ring.
Cytochrome c : small, water-soluble protein.
Cytochrome
N
N N
N
C H 3 HC
C H 3
S C H 2
C H 3
C H S C H 2
C H 3
C H 2 C H 2 C O O −
C H 3 H 3C
C H 2 C H 2
−O O C
p r o t e i n
p r o t e i n
Fe
Complex IV
• acceptor ion H adalah O2
• Cytochrome c oxidase
• 4 redok center : cytochrome a, cytochrome
a3, CuB dan CuA
• Ion H intermembrane space masuk ke
matrix :
Inhibitor ETC
• Complex I : Rotenon, Amytal dan Piericidin A
• Complex III : Actimicyn A
• Complex IV: Cyanida, Carbon monoxide
– ion Cyanide berkompetisi dengan O2 untuk berikatan dengan cytochrome c oxidase pada oxygen-binding site.
– ATP synthase : Oligomycin
Pembentukan ATP
• 2 electron (NADH) melewati Complex I, III,
IV menghasilkan 10 proton (H+) pada
intermembran space: enghasilkan 3 ATP
• 2 electron FADH2 melewati complex
II,III,IV menghasilkan 6 proton pada
intermembrane space : 2 ATP
• Energi bebas yang dibutuhkan untuk
sintesis satu ATP: 40-50 kJ/mol
Referensi
• C.TOY, E., WILLIAM E. SEIFERT, J., STROBEL, H. W. & HARMS,
K. P. (2008 ) Case Files™ Biochemistry.
• MURRAY, R. K., BENDER, D. A., BOTHAM, K. M., J, P.,
KENNELLY, RODWELL, V. W. & WEIL, P. A. (2009) Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
• VOET, D., G.VOET, J. & PRATT, C. W. (2008) FUNDAMENTALS
OF Biochemistry :LIFE AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• KOOLMAN, J. & ROEHM, K.-H. (2005) Color Atlas of Biochemistry,
New York, Thieme.
• JAIN, J. L., JAIN, S. & JAIN, N. (2005) FUNDAMENTALS OF