Introduction to E-Commerce and E-Business
___________________________________________________________________________________________Technical University Berlin
Foawziah Naseri Huma Yari
August 2012
1. Abstract
In this paper we tried to analyze the contribution of e-commerce and e-business in general. This paper holds valuable information that must be interesting for readers who are interested in terms e-commerce and e-business. Electronic commerce facilitates many way for consumers and businesses such as on-line shopping which applies e-commerce and easily can deliver the products to the markets unlike traditional commerce that is carried out physically with effort of a person to go and get products. In some cases e-commerce is secure and still there are challenges to improve the security and make the customers confident. The purpose of this research was to determine the current level of e-commerce in general and in some causes in developing countries.
This paper is written by two persons. Actually, we both worked and studied together, but all the introduction and type of e-commerce is written by Foawziah Naseri and the explanation of the other terminologies are written by Huma Yari.
2. Introduction
The world seeks to progress their governing and strategy environment to simplify e-commerce. At first, the information infrastructure should be improved. This includes improving access to telecommunications and Internet facilities at the cost, reliability and speed is needed for e-commerce.
E-commerce is a key factor in business to exchange information and maintaining business transaction via telecommunication network. E-commerce has a wide range of economic and other solicitations, like broadcasting and interchange of digital data, electronic payment and electronic supplies exchange activities. It affects to both the sale of things and service transport and development of digital goods and services. e-Business marks a company visions, strategy and operations. It is beyond the technology. Furthermost businesses have opened the procedure of transformation inside of e-business by financing in email, Intranet and a web presence.
3. What is e-business and e-commerce?
which are the e-Business, are committed, great with stockholders in the growth. These companies make losses are acceptable in e-business. e-Business indicates utilization of ICT to increase productivity in trade operations, with point to interior and exterior procedures. Simply e-business can deal to help business.
Electronic commerce is a new business and commerce is enhanced. e-Business and commerce both involve the on-line purchasing and selling goods. It is a business deal that proceeds via digital routes over a network. E-commerce allows technology and business objects to spread up the correctness and effectiveness of business management. Several organizations and entities are observing to the web as the complete foundation for information, marketing, services, business and communications. For instance, over the web application business handles the price of goods, tools and information switched over the Internet and growth each year. E-commerce is an application of present, information and communication technologies to handle trade. E-commerce contains accessible technologies like fax, land-line telephone, but ICT offers most possibility for small businesses, mobile phones, electronic mail and other Internet-based services. The following point gives some examples and explains, when an enterprise is doing e-business. [5]
• It is able to connect electronically associates, consumers and dealers through dealing .
• It has the ability to communicate automatically with other organizations to order products and facilities.
• Sells products and purchase using a website.
• Using web to find information, like costs and reviews of products. • Using the web for research, like latest manufacturing trends.
• To provide information about its products and services, it uses website. • Internet is used for on-line investment and for payment (billing). [5]
4. Type of E-commerce
E-commerce is the process of buying and selling of various products and services by businesses through the Internet. It deals various kind of business concern, from retail site of the consumer, which includes auction. The main focus is to concentrate on business substitutes involving goods and services between various corporations. Generally, e-commerce is fragmented into four principal categories: Business-to-Business (B2B), Business-to-Business-to-Consumer(B2C),to-Business-to-Business(C2B), Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C),Peer-to-Peer(P2P) and m-Commerce .
4.1. Business to Business (B2B)
but does not manufacture all those products. In order to sell those products, they first have to purchase them from special businesses. Therefore B2B is the best way processes a recognized working association and it is a better solution to deliver. [2]
4.2. Business to Consumer (B2C)
As the name indicates, it is the standard which is involved with businesses and consumers. This is the best common e-commerce part. On-line trades are sold to single consumer. The fundamental idea behind this type is, that the on-line suppliers can sell their goods to the on-line customer by using clear documents, which is ready via several on-line selling tools. For instance, an on-line open source giving free software and selling some software to customer is following B2C model. [2]
4.3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
It enables the on-line business of properties or services between two people. Though there is no visible transitional between, the gatherings can not transmit the dealings without the stage, which is afforded by the on-line promote reason like amazon. [2]
4.4. Peer to Peer (P2P)
It is a technology which supports people to directly assign PC collections and computer supplies with any main web server. The necessary software should be installed so that to be able to communicate on the common program. This type of e-commerce has totally low income invention as from the foundation it has been tending to the open tradition, which it sometimes got entangled in cyber laws. [2]
4.5. Consumer to Business (C2B)
Consumers request certain goods or facilities from corresponding businesses by giving themselves as a customer group. Example of this type is communicating a visit and travel machinist through their website for buying a vacation bundle as well as such sites as CTB and SpeakOut.com. These sites require consumers with market strategies and also are used by businesses to improve understanding into customer desires. [2]
4.5. m
‐
Commerce
This is the use of mobile devices for managing the communications. The mobile device owners can communicate to each other and can manage the business. Similar the web company and development companies adjust the websites to be good design properly on mobile devices. As well, there are some other types of e-commerce business such as; Business-to-Employee (B2E), Business (G2B) and Government-to-Citizen (G2C). [2]
5. E-commerce Infrastructure
the world ,specially in developing countries. Some developing countries do not have any elements distributed between network access, network society, network professionals and network policy as area concern.The electronic commerce infrastructure in development authority of Singapore (IDA) has been described that key mechanisms of this infrastructure contains frame services, like network protocols, email, information exchange, source payment services and etc. e-Business is quiet young segment through rising tasks. Development in dissimilar fragments of the world is likely different; the essential mutual practices are not still defined.
6. Internet and The Digital Economy
The Internet or we can say a network of networks is the essential item of ICT in the economy. It is an affective element that people connect with each other, getting information, study, do business, and interrelate socially. The World Wide Web, a main factor of the Internet, has provided the graphical boundary and hypertext linking procedures to permit people to communicate via text, sound, and video conference. From 1990 until now there is million of sites that people can trade and make many transactions, buyers, visitors and sellers web site.
ICT, remarkably wireless telephony and the Internet, offer to the backward countries and poor people in those countries to use further incorporation into the world economy, how and in which way. Important is that ICT holds for entrepreneurs in developing countries and what do developing country governments essentially do to encourage its comprehension.
Allows extra coordinated practical working that enhances the property of life for a full host of individuals in association and allows people to work from home. Not just this even more provides easy hand and joyful environment and it also theoretically decreases conservation pollution, as less people have to go to work regularly.
In developing countries permits individuals and closed areas of experience and access product. It is a really inexpensive way to get information through a web site instead of buy a book. Enables supply of public services, for example, health service advantages able over the Internet such as on-line appointment with doctors or nurses, on-line studies, on-line payments and many more.
7. Components of a Typical E-commerce Transaction
Loop
Some people think that e-commerce means putting up a website for the purpose of selling goods to buyers over the Internet, in deed, to have successful e-commerce some technical as well as enabling issues have to be considered. That will be efficient for e-commerce for being competitive alternative to traditional commercial transactions and for a firm to maximizing the benefits of e-commerce. The following players and corresponding requisites will impel us to have successful typical e-commerce transaction loop. [3]
for processing the orders in a n efficient way, having a corporate Intranet is the best idea; and for maintaining the e-commerce system and managing the information flows , the employees should be IT-literate or IT experts. [3]
2. The components which are required for transaction partners such as; banking institutions that offer transaction clearing services; to enable the movement of physical goods, national for within the country and international for out side the country. There are some points that should be noted in the systems for example, for business-to-consumer transaction there should be a system to offer a means for cost-efficient transport of small packages ;and for the security and integrity of transactions, a trusted service is needed for authentication authority. [3]
3. A big critical mass of the population is formed in a business-to-consumer transaction with access to the Internet and disposable income enabling widespread use of credit cards by consumers; and possess a mindset for purchasing goods over the Internet rather than by physically inspecting items. [3]
4. To place and take orders over the Internet , firms/businesses in a B2B transaction are the major component that form a critical mass of companies with Internet access and the capability. [3]
5. Government is a phenomenal component which has the the role to establish a legal framework that should be included with electronic documents, signatures and some other needed terms to govern e-commerce transactions; and to impel the consumers to understand laws and regulations clearly and to protect them and the businesses from fraud, government should establish legal institutions and that would cause to enforce a legal framework. [3]
6. Without the Internet applying e-commerce is incomplete, so the terms which cause the Internet to be successful, are such as; the infrastructure of the Internet should be stable and reliable; and consumers will need to spend time on and buy goods over the Internet and there should be a pricing structure that does not penalize consumers and they do not be hesitant about the goods because of the the limited time. [3]
Some countries that have significant e-commerce figures, a positive feedback loop reinforces each of the factors which are explained above . Actually, for e-commerce to grow, the above requisites and factors have to be in place. If any of the factors above is not applied in the right way, it will be an impediment to the increased uptake of e-commerce as a whole. For instance, a country with an excellent Internet infrastructure will not have high e-commerce figures if banks do not offer support and fulfillment services to e-commerce transactions.
8. Key Principles of e-Business
infrastructures network is worldwide level, somewhere e-business is local. e-Business is instantaneously a chance. At the initiative company's market putting within the manufacturing, internal skills and policy normally affect to the result to use e-business. e-Business might have substantially special effects inside the governments. [5]
9. Forces to Fuel E-commerce
E-Commerce is fueled by many forces and the most huge once are economic forces, marketing and customer interaction forces and technology (in the area of multimedia convergence) forces . As these forces have more affects on e-commerce , each will be explained to you.
9.1. Economic Forces
There are many key factors such as; reduction in communications costs, low-cost technological infrastructure, speedier and more economic electronic transactions with suppliers, lower global information sharing and advertising costs, and cheaper customer service which cause to bring a very efficient affect on e-commerce. Economic is integrated externally or internally. All corporations, suppliers,customers are networked electronically and are communicating in a virtual environment , this is all in the category of external economic integration. The internal integration ,that allows critical business information to be stored in a digital form that can be retrieved immediately and transmitted electronically, refers to the networking of business operations and processes and also the various departments within a corporation. One eminent example is the SESAMI.NET (Linking Asian Markets through B2B Hubs). It exchanges and connects businesses virtually to trading partners, e-marketplaces and internal enterprise systems for all business operations and processes. [3]
9.2. Marketing and Customer Interaction
For more promotion and to walk inside the international markets, corporations should use e-commerce in marketing. In addition, for enhanced customer service and support using Internet is the best way. To have more consumers , companies are supposed to provide better description with more detailed product and service which all the information can be provided in a better and easy way using Internet. Brazil’s Submarino is a classic example of successful use of the Internet for improved customer service and support. [3]
9.3. Technology Forces:
10. E-commerce Affect on Labor Market
There is a standard and organizational culture between business and workers. The performance and behavior of businesses in the market specifies this culture. On the other hand communication styles vary and have some bearing on the success of trade relations between businesses. With E-Commerce and the Internet, a new digital culture and new forms of communication will be replaced with the existing organizational culture to conform to external norms. Businesses, especially small and medium ones , will have to adapt to this new culture and at the same time attempting to retain their own unique style and individuality. Businesses will also need to foster innovativeness by developing an organizational culture that encourages employees to be forward thinking and creative. Electronic Commerce will drive the creation of a new workforce and work ethic. Through the use of personal computers, fax machines and cellular phones, workers are already operating from their homes in “virtual offices”. Spatially, workers can become more flexible in the way they produce goods and services. They will function in a less rigid work environment and will not be confined to a desk or an office. Having more freedom to manage their work time, the workers of this environment working from “virtual offices” will decide whether they want to work at night or during the day while maintaining a part-time job. For those workers operating from corporate offices, the opportunity is provided for the implementation of a shift system or flexitime, making it easier for businesses to operate on a 24-hour basis. [3]
11. Impact of E-commerce on SMEs in Developing
Countries
E-commerce has the advantages of reduced information search costs and transaction for SMEs in developing countries. The most valuable information to SMEs are customers and markets, product design, process technology, and financing source and terms and to access to these information the Internet and other ICTs are great facilities. Most SMEs in developing countries have local markets, so they rely on the local information and content, that is why sometimes we can not say confidently that there is enough information on the web which is relevant and valuable to make investment in Internet feasible. The better way to be confident is to somehow increase the amount and quality of local content on the Internet . [9]
12. The Role of Government in The Development of e-
Commerce in Developing Countries
Generally, the lead role of development and use of e-commerce is taken by private sectors and the government role is to plays an efficient role in encouraging e-commerce improve through applying the following tasks as practical. [9]
• To create a great and reasonable policy environment for e-commerce.
• The government itself should be a user of e-commerce and its applications and to encourage the huge use of commerce it should be a provider to citizens of e-government services. [9]
Now we come to the point to explain ,what can be a great and reasonable policy environment for e-commerce. There are some public policy issues in e-commerce that governments should count them important to focus on . Some of them are as below:
• Access to information networks should be promote in an inexpensive and easy way.
• Ensure that the e-commerce transactions are legal recognition. • Make consumer sure that he/she is protected from fraud. • There should be some privacy to protect consumers’ right.
• There should be legal protection to prevent people from cracking and use of unauthorized computer systems.
• Intellectual property which belongs to specified person should be protected. []9 The mentioned issues must be included in any country’s policy. To develop a national framework which be compatible with international norms on e-commerce and to promote confidence among e-commerce participants , each government should adopt policies, law and any incentives that readjust great and suitable environment for e-commerce.
12.1. How and in which ways can government use e-commerce?
Government can use e-commerce in many ways that some majors are, e-procurement, tax administration and customs clearance. Better to explain them briefly.
12.1.1. E-procurement
The agencies in a government should be able to trade electronically with each other and all suppliers. To have electronically trade the they can use some programs to enable agency and the supplier and information systems such as e-procurement. [9]
12.1.2. Customs Clearance
more precise information on clearing time and delivery shipments, and increased legitimate revenues. [9]
12.1.3. Tax Administration
It can be a system for processing and transmitting tax return information, on-line issuances of tax clearances, permits, and licenses, and also it can be an electronic process registration of businesses and new taxpayers among others.
The development and the use of e-commerce at the initiative of e-commerce in a government directly is related that whether or not the infrastructure supports commerce use by private firms. If the government is unable to engage in e-procurement, secure records on-line, or have customs fees remitted electronically, then the private sector will also have difficulties in e-commerce uptake. [9]
Now the question come that are existing legal systems sufficient to protect those engaged in e-commerce?
In most developing countries ,there are some existing legal systems which unfortunately, are not sufficient to protect those engaged in e-commerce. For instance, with respect to contracts, existing laws were conceived at a time when the word “writing,” “document” and “signature” referred to things in paper form. On the other hand, in today’s electronic business transactions paper is not used for record-keeping or entering into contracts. One other important legal issue which many developing countries face is uncertainty regarding whether the courts will accept electronic contracts, documents or electronic signatures as evidence. The issue of admissibility of electronically generated evidence will be resolved if only a law specifically referring to its past. [9]
12.2. Other Relevant Policy Issues
There are some other policy issues which concern basic prerequisites of infrastructure for successful e-commerce and they are mentioned below:
12.2.1. Telecoms Pricing and Performance
unless it will be adjusted according to the character of communications and the demands of the users. [9]
12.2.2. Speed of Distribution and Quality of Logistics
In developing countries still have a lot of problems in applying e-commerce and distributing the purchased goods, for instance, roads and bridges still form part of the e-commerce infrastructure. Despite there are some less goods (the exceptions are music and software) that are delivered over the information infrastructure or the Internet, most of the goods purchased over the Internet are still delivered the physical. That is why, poor roads and bridges, inefficient transport systems, coupled with the high cost of international parcel services and bureaucratic customs clearance processes, are major obstacles in the uptake of e-commerce in developing countries. Here the responsibility comes for government that should create a policy environment which contains two important concept; first ,encourage investments in the national physical and transport infrastructure and second, allow for more transparent, predictable and efficient customs operations and provide clearance processing to streamline the bureaucracy for electronic customs. Then it will help to reduce logistics' cost and distribution. [9]
13. How relevant is the Internet to e-commerce?
The Internet is a very easy, reliable and inexpensive way of connecting people from all over the world. If we think technically the infrastructure of Internet is a global collection of networks which are connected and share information using a common set of protocols. Or generally as a vast we can say a network of people and information. The Internet is an important tool for e-commerce that allows businesses to showcase and sell their products and services on-line and gives potential customers, prospects, and business partners access to information about these businesses and their products and services that would lead to purchase. At the beginning the early form of e-commerce companies used private networks such as; the EDI or Electronic Data Interchange to transact business with each other, on that time the Internet was not utilized for commercial purposes. With the Internet, e-commerce spread rapidly because of the lower costs involved. Because the Internet is based on open standards, however, installing and maintaining private networks was very expensive, most company start to use it rapidly and got benefits out of having access to the Internet. [4; page # 27]
14. Impact of E-commerce on Women Sector
emulate. For instance Tortasperú which is a business in Perú and it is cakes marketing which is run and maintained by women in several Peruvian cities and this is the web site (http://www.tortasperu.com.pe); Ethiogift is another women business which belongs to Ethiopians that they can buy sheep and other gifts over the Internet to deliver to their families in other parts of the country, in this way they dispense with the physical delivery of goods abroad and the web site is: (http://www.ethiogift.com) ; and also there is a women Association which is called Rural Women’s Association of the Northern Province of South Africa. This association uses the web to advertise its chickens to rich people in Petersburg and in this way the women try to be involved in e-commerce. They can begin to penetrate B2B or B2G markets as well if they continue as they are in progress. On the other, the other businessmen should encourage them that they also have the ability to manage commerce,so they will have a rapid progress in e-commerce areas. [9]
15. Interconnection of Customers, Workers, Suppliers,
Distributors and Competitors by E-commerce
For well and more effectively addressing of customer demands, the e-commerce facilitates organization networks. In this networks small firms depend on other firms for supplies and product distribution. On the other hand, it will be a chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors, and even competitors. Now, the need is an integrated or extended supply chain management solution to manage the chain and keep stable the connection between them. What is a SCM? It stands for Supply Chain Management and is defined as the supervision of materials, information, and finances as they move from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. The coordination and integration of these flows both within and among companies is involved in SCM. The provision of goods/services to the next link in the chain and the reduction of inventory within each link, is one of the major aim of any effective SCM. The three main flows in SCM are mentioned briefly here: The product flow, which includes the movement of goods from a supplier to a customer, as well as any customer returns or service needs;The information flow, which involves the transmission of orders and the update of the status of delivery; and The finances flow, which consists of credit terms, payment schedules, and consignment and title ownership arrangements. [6]
16. E-commerce 2.0 Concepts
There are three terms which indicates e-commerce 2.0 concepts and they are such as Crowd-sourcing, Mass Customization, and the Long Tail that each of them are explained briefly.
16.1. Crowd-sourcing
between organizations and community members, the Internet is used as a medium. There are five categories of crowd-sourcing which are differentiated by the level user involvement. Wikipedia is the most prominent example that the pages are being generated by a countless number of authors without any payment. The platform spreadshirt.de is also a typical example which produces user-designed t-shirts. Some other companies that have well known brands, try to involve customers and users into product development. For instance, Tchibo Ideas (www.tchibo-ideas.de), My Starbucks Idea (mystarbucksidea.force.com), or Dell IdeaStorm (www.ideastorm.com). In fact companies as a result learn about their customers' ideas and needs and at the same time customer loyalty may rise. These approaches can be view as a kind of outsourced market research. In the meantime some functionalities of crowd-sourcing are offerd by some professional platforms and the companies are allowed to use them. The commercial examples are such as; atizo.ch or Bonspin and the non commercial example is the cooperation of the Library of Congress with Flickr. Google as a huge search engine also utilizes the crowd-sourcing approach. To increase the search quality of google, users can tag images using this approach. [1; page #6]
16.2. Mass Customization
The basic idea of this approach is to combine individualization of products with efficiencies of mass products. This approach allows users/customers to create individual products such as books (e.g., www.pegastar.com), watches (e.g., www.121time.com) or sport shoes. [1; page #6]
16.3. The Long Tail
Actually the concept of e-commerce 2.0 refers to term The Long Tail. Some products which are not relevant to mass market and are only relevant to a small group of people , may also get visible to other customers. Therefore ,the long tail means the revaluation of niche products in niche markets. In order to use the concept of the long tail social networks are absolutely needed. The spreadshirt.de platform is one example for the long tail concept that allows every user to market his or her design globally. [1; page #6]
17. From E-commerce to E-commerce 2.0
18. Advantages of E-commerce
The invention of faster Internet connectivity and powerful on-line tools has resulted in a new commerce arena . E-commerce offered many advantages to companies and customers that some common ones are explained here briefly:
18.1. Lower Cost
One of the most important reason of doing e-business is, lower cost; logical problems are reduced by e-commerce and it puts a small business on a par with giants such as amazon.com. Electronically process of every financial transaction cause the lower cost. [7]
18.2. Economy
There is no physical store space, insurance or infrastructure investment in e-commerce. E-commerce is more economic because just an idea, a unique product, and a well-designed web storefront are needed to reach your customers and a partner to do fulfillment. [7]
18.3. Higher Margins
Businesses can gain more control and flexibility and are able to save time when manual transactions are done electronically. For instance, if you book an airline ticket in a travel agency, it will cost you £5 and if you book it on-line, it costs £1. [7]
18.4. Better Customer Service
On-line customer service makes customers happier, that is why e-commerce refers to better customer service. There will be on-line directions to customers on the web through their accounts and there is no need of calling the company on the phone. This saves time and money. [7]
18.5. Quick Comparison Shopping
E–commerce lets consumers to comparison shops. Automated on-line shopping assistants called hopbots scour on-line stores and find deals on everything from apples to printer ribbons. [7]
18.6. Teamwork
Collaborating through e-mail to exchange information and work on solutions, is one example of e-commerce. More interactions means better results. It has transformed the way organizations interact with suppliers, vendors, business partners, and customers.[7]
18.7. Knowledge Markets
DaimlerChrysler has created small teams. A Silicon Valley team is doing consumer research on electric cars and advising car designers. [7]
18.8. Information Sharing, Convenience And Control
Information sharing between merchants and customers and promoting quick, just–in– time deliveries, are improved by electronic marketplaces. Various industries are differentiated by creating convenience for their consumers and each tries to attract more consumers by making more convenience. There much more facilities for both customers and merchants for instance, saving money; being on-line 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; facing no traffic jams, no crowds, and carrying no heavy things. [7]
19. Barrier of e commerce
Generally, everything has disadvantages besides its advantages. There are some barriers in e-commerce too that we are going to explain a few major ones below:
19.1. Infrastructural barriers
The acknowledged listed infrastructure barriers delaying the acceptance of e-commerce. Some of the barriers include lack of credit cards and suitable payment means, poor delivery logistics, lack of expert, trustworthy on-line traders of reasonable size, insufficient legal system, and lack of large scale telecommunication broadcast ability, Internet security, problems in returning products, and selection. [7]
19.2. Security
However, network security professional are trying to work more on security of web sites , still for some people security continues to be a problem for on-line businesses. Customers have to feel confident about the integrity of the payment process before they commit to the purchase. [7]
19.3. Technology
There are helpful infrastructure interferences in the world. We acknowledge various infrastructural appearances as barriers of e-commerce implementation. Between the most persistent infrastructure restraints are access to technology (computers, Internet connection, and access to Internet), narrow bandwidth that decrease the size to handle audio and graphic data. [7]
19.4. Transaction Trust
The movement of e-commerce experiments, many of the basic guess is about trust. The most important element for electronic business is Confidence and trust. The issue of trust is even extra noticeable in the computer-generated world than in the real world. The physical place of buyers and sellers, often joined with absence of real-time visual or oral communication, creates a barrier to e-commerce implementation in the world.
foundation of trust, which supports e-commerce in the world, the legal institutions are immature. Businesses discover themselves at a disadvantage as not sure about security. Maximum consumers in developing countries are not ready to keep subtle financial information over the web. And there are many other barriers in developing countries like obstacle on personal contact, shopping as a social place, language, socioeconomic barriers and etc. [7]
20. Conclusion
Electronic commerce was a new form of marketing with a predicted explosive growth a few years ago. Now, it really have growth explosively and rapidly. The technology underlying the market is quite complex, and will become more so as new payment methods and web technologies come on stream. The marketing approach has also getting better day by day even in developing countries. The key to success more than now is to find innovative ways to use new technology to attract customers and build business.
This paper is intended to give a general overview of the most important concepts in electronic commerce in the world. Now is a good time to enter this market at a relatively low cost, to learn how the market works, and be ready to take advantage of new opportunities as they arise.
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