M odu le 1 0 – ( L3 8 – L4 0 ) :
“
i
li
”
“W a t e r Con se r va t ion & Re cyclin g
”:
W a t e r Con se r va t ion , Pe r spe ct ive on r e cycle a n d
W
t
t
l
t i
r e u se , W a st e w a t e r r e cla m a t ion .
4 0
Wat er Reclam at ion & Reuse
L40
L40–
Wat er Reclam at ion & Reuse
L40
L40
Wat er Reclam at ion & Reuse
Topics Cove r e d
I nt roduct ion
I nt roduct ion –
– Reclaim ed Wat er
Reclaim ed Wat er
Re cla im e d w a t e r
or
r e cycle d w a t e r
- form er
wast ewat er
- t reat ed t o rem ove solids & cert ain
im purit ies, & used in
sust ainable landscaping irrigat ion
or t o recharge
groundwat er aquifers
.
Purpose -
sust ainabilit y
&
wat er conservat ion
rat her
Purpose
sust ainabilit y
&
wat er conservat ion
, rat her
t han discharging t reat ed wat er t o surface wat ers such as
rivers & oceans.
Reclaim ed wat er
- “ End product of wast ewat er
reclam at ion - m eet s wat er qualit y requirem ent s for
I nt roduct ion
t hrough int egrat ion of wat er using act ivit ies or processes) -it help a user t o t arget t he m inim um freshwat er Using reclaim ed wat er for non- pot able uses saves pot able
t f d i ki
w at er for drinking
Usage of wat er reclam at ion decreases t he pollut ion sent t o
sensit ive environm ent s
4 4
Reclaim ed Wat er
Reclaim ed Wat er -- Concerns
Concerns
Reclaim ed wat er - highly engineered for safet y & reliabilit y
so t hat t he qualit y of reclaim ed wat er is m ore predict able
t h i t i f & d t
t han m any exist ing surface & groundw at er sources.
Reclaim ed wat er - safe when appropriat ely used.
Reclaim ed wat er planned for use in recharging aquifers or Reclaim ed wat er planned for use in recharging aquifers or
augm ent ing surface wat er receives adequat e & reliable t reat m ent before m ixing wit h nat ural wat er & undergoing nat ural rest orat ion processes
nat ural rest orat ion processes.
Som e of t his wat er event ually becom es part of drinking
wat er supplies.
Reclaim ed wat er is oft en dist ribut ed wit h a dual piping
net work t hat keeps reclaim ed wat er pipes com plet ely separat e from pot able wat er pipes.
Reclam at ion Processes
Reclam at ion Processes
Pr e lim in a r y t r e a t m e n t – Ba r scr e e n - solids r e m ova l Pr im a r y Tr e a t m e n t - Se t t lin g Ta n k s - Readily set t able
and float able solids are rem oved from t he wast ewat er
Biologica l Tr e a t m e n t - uses m icroorganism s- bact eria
which digest t he sludge and reduce t he nut rient cont ent which digest t he sludge and reduce t he nut rient cont ent
Se con da r y Tr e a t m e n t - Se t t lin g Ta n k s
-m icroorganis-m s t o set t le t o t he bot t o-m - ot her s-m all
t i l d d i t h t i k d l i
part icles suspended in t he w at er are picked up, leaving behind clear wast ewat er.
Te r t ia r y Tr e a t m e n ty - Deep- bed, single- m edia, gravit y p , g , g y
sand filt ers receive wat er from t he secondary basins and filt er out t he rem aining solids.
D isin fe ct ion - Ch lor in e Con t a ct Ta n k s
6 6
D isin fe ct ion - Ch lor in e Con t a ct Ta n k s
Con ce pt of Re u se of W a t e r
Reuse
is m ost applicable – w here large volum es of
w at er
are
reused
&
wast es
are
not
t oo
cont am inat ed
Locat ion of t reat m ent plant and possible t ransport
of renovat ed wat er –
I m port ant considerat ions
of renovat ed wat er
I m port ant considerat ions
Treat m ent Processes
–
Efficient and econom ical
when flow is st eady
Generally in urban areas – I rregular flow
Wast ewat er Reclam at ion
:
Treat m ent or processing
wast e wat er t o m ake it reusable
wast e wat er t o m ake it reusable
Con ce pt of Re u se of W a t e r
Direct wast ewat er reuse: requires pipes or ot her
conveyance facilit ies for delivering reclaim ed wat er
I ndirect use: Discharge of an effluent t o receiving
wat er for assim ilat ion and wit hdrawals downst ream
Pulp & Paper I ndust ry- Wat er reuse - Predom inant ly Pulp & Paper I ndust ry Wat er reuse Predom inant ly
pract iced
Dom est ic reuse: Best recycle opport unit y but am ount
f t l d f ll h t f t h t t l t f
of w at er recycled falls short of t he t ot al am ount of wat er reused
W a r m dr y a r e a sy – Suit able for dom est ic reuse where
t here is a large difference bet ween supplied wat er and wast e wat er due t o losses
8 8
Con ce pt of Re u se of W a t e r
Less risk – Low energy
preferred opt ion
requirem ent
High risk – High energy
Least
preferred opt ion
g gy
requirem ent
Re u se of W a t e r
W a t e r for d i k i
dr in k in g
Unpollut ed wat er
10 10
W a t e r Re cla m a t ion & Re u se
Wat er t reat m ent for drinking w at er
– m eet s
st andards for drinking w at er
l &
d
l
d
d
h
Municipal & indust rial uses degrade t he w at er
qualit y
Wast ewat er t reat m ent :
Treat m ent is carried out
Wast ewat er t reat m ent :
Treat m ent is carried out
t o t he point r equired by regulat ory agencies for
prot ect ion of ot her beneficial uses
Dashed
line
in
figure
represent s
increased
qualit y
for reuse
C
t
f
l
t i
d
ill
ft
W a t e r Re cla m a t ion & Re u se
Repurified Wat er:
Generat ed by furt her advanced wast ewat er
reclam at ion t echnologies
Carbon adsorpt ion, Advanced oxidat ion & reverse
osm osis osm osis
Generat e m uch higher qualit y t han convent ional
drinking wat er
Charact er of wast ewat er ent ering in renovat ed plant –
I m port ant and especially indust rial wast e w at er
EX: Ordinary salt brines, undesirable for if t he
EX: Ordinary salt brines, undesirable for if t he
renovat ed t o be dem ineralized
12 12
W a t e r Re u se Sch e m e s
Reuse from various sources – Rainwat er, Drainage syst em s,
sewer syst em s et c.
S h d d i t d d
Schem e depends on int ended reuse
Reuse of w ast e wat er
Source of wast ewat er
Source of wast ewat er
Survey of t he sewer syst em- for finding w ast ewat er
availabilit y for reuse
Highly cont am inat ed w it h m et als or cont aining a high t ot al
concent rat ion of dissolved solids- unaccept able
Delibe at e se of t eat ed ast e at e in planned a is
Deliberat e use of t reat ed w ast e w at er in planned w ay is
W a t e r Re u se Sch e m e s
Main Even flow t o plant Sludge ret urned sew er
Wast e wat er
Treat m ent Plant Wat er for reuse
Sludge ret urned
e o t o p a t
Schem e for Reuse from various sources.
14 14
Wat er Reuse
– Planned - developed wit h t he goal of beneficially reusing a recycled wat er supply
recycled wat er supply.
The wat er reuse m ay be for
– Agricult ural purposes-Agricult ural purposes for agricult ural reuse- prelim inary, for agricult ural reuse prelim inary, prim ary and secondary t reat m ent st eps - fit for discharge t o t he environm ent .
I ndust rial or dom est ic purposes m ay be t ert iary t reat m ent – I ndust rial or dom est ic purposes- m ay be t ert iary t reat m ent required t o rem ove t he m ore residual pollut ant s, especially t he dissolved and refract ory subst ances & m icro- organism s
d di h l d
Type s of W a st e w a t e r Re u se
Reuse of urban w ast ew at er
in agricult ure and
hort icult ure from sewered areas.
R
f
b
t
t
f
ll t d ll h
Reuse of urban wast ew at er
from pollut ed nallahs
draining unsew ered areas.
Reuse in indust rial and com m ercial est ablishm ent s
t o
Reuse in indust rial and com m ercial est ablishm ent s
t o
m eet t he w at er short age.
Reuse in indust ry
t o m eet various ot her obj ect ives
besides relief from w at er short age such as ‘zero
discharge’.
Reuse for m aj or urban & com m unit y developm ent
Reuse for m aj or urban & com m unit y developm ent
purposes; eg. t o augm ent public w at er supplies.
16 16
Reuse in I ndust ries
Typical st rat egy follow ed by m ost of t he indust ries is
as follow s:
– First ly, pract ice as m uch conservat ion of w at er as
possible.
Secondly recycle t he fract ion of w ast e w at er w hich
– Secondly, recycle t he fract ion of w ast e w at er w hich
is in relat ively good condit ion & can be recycled back
wit h lit t le or no t reat m ent .
– Thirdly, arrange m ore ‘reuse’ aft er som e t reat m ent
t o m ake t he indust ry’s ow n w ast ew at er fit for reuse.
L
l
if
i
d d
h
l
Wat er Reuse in I ndia – Exam ple 1
M a dr a s Re fin e r ie s & M a dr a s Fe r t iliz e r s Lt d., Ch e n n a i:
Madras Refineries is producing 12 Mld of reusable
wat er and Madras Fert ilizer is producing 16 Mld of wat er and Madras Fert ilizer is producing 16 Mld of reusable wat er since 1991.
Here t he Chennai Met ro Wat er Board supplies
d d ( h b / )
secondary t reat ed sewage ( w it h about 120 m g/ L BOD) and t he I ndust ries provide t he furt her required
t reat m ent depending on t heir end- use.
Secondary Treat ed Wast ewat er - > Addit ional Secondary Biological Treat m ent - > Chem ically Aided Set t ling + Pressure Filt rat ion + Am m onia St ripping Carbonat ion Pressure Filt rat ion + Am m onia St ripping, Carbonat ion, Clarificat ion, Pressure Filt rat ion- > Chlorinat ion - >
Sodium Bisulfit e Dosing - > Mult im edia Filt rat ion - > Cart ridge Filt rat ion > Reverse Osm osis > Perm eat e
18 18
Wat er Reuse in I ndia – Exam ple 2
V a doda r a Pilot Pla n t , Gu j a r a t :
This plant uses highly pollut ed wast ewat er from a
“ effluent disposal channel” int o which several indust ries effluent disposal channel int o which several indust ries ( such as refineries, fert ilizers, pet rochem icals)
discharge t heir raw wast es wit h a capacit y of 3 Mld freshwat er
freshwat er.
The plant shows t hat at least 75% of wast ewat er could
be m ade reusable at an operat ing cost of Rs. 36/ 1000 lit res. The flow sheet adopt ed in t he plant include:
Wast ewat er - > Chem - feeds ( Lim e, Polyelec, Soda Ash) - >
Clarificat ion- > HCl - > Pressure Filt rat ion - > Sodium Biosulfit e Clarificat ion > HCl > Pressure Filt rat ion > Sodium Biosulfit e - > Cart ridge Filt ers - > Reverse Osm osis - > Degasser t o
Fu t u r e of W a t e r Re u se
Due t o w at er scarcit y -
Wat er reuse increasing
Reuse
– t hrough recycling/ reclam at ion found t o
b ff
t i
d
f l
be effect ive and successful.
Prim arily - Nonpot able reuse
- widely accept ed
pract ice t hat w ill cont inue t o grow
pract ice t hat w ill cont inue t o grow.
More advances t echnologies in recycling/
reclam at ion
I ndirect pot able reuse.
More energy efficient
Sust ainable w at er m anagem ent / w at ershed
m anagem ent
P bli pa t i ipat ion & a a eness im po t ant
20 20
Public part icipat ion & awareness im port ant
.
Re fe r e n ce s
Reuse for I rrigat ion” , CRC Press, London.
Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion !.?.
St udy and com pare various case st udies
available on reuse and evaluat e t he
available on reuse and evaluat e t he
benefit s/ cost s.
Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!.
Describe t he im port ance of reuse of recycled/
reclaim ed wat er
reclaim ed wat er.
What are t he im port ant reclam at ion
?
processes?
I llust rat e t he “ w at er reuse schem es” .
Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?.
g
Q
What are t he m ain concerns about t he
What are t he m ain concerns about t he
reclaim ed wat er?.
I llust rat e t he concept of “ reuse” of w at er
I llust rat e t he concept of reuse of w at er.
Describe t he t ypes of “ w ast e w at er reuse” .
Whi h
t h l
h
i
Which are t he places where reuse is
possible?.
24 24 24 24
Sum m ary– Course on
“ Wat ershed Managem ent ”
I nt roduce
“ Wat ershed Managem ent ”
& est ablish
it s relevance & concept s.
Present
t he fundam ent al principles, Theories,
Modeling, Analyses & applicat ions
D
t
t h
t h
d i t h fi ld f
Dem onst rat e how t hese are used in t he field of
“ Wat ershed Managem ent ” .
Discussed various aspect s of wat ershed & it s
Discussed various aspect s of wat ershed & it s
m anagem ent –
I nt egrat ed Wat ershed
Managem ent Approach
.
Managem ent Approach
.
Sum m ary – Course on
“ Wat ershed Managem ent ”
Course
- discussed various aspect s of
wat ershed
developm ent and m anagem ent .
Wat ershed resources –
Land, w at er, Forest s,
Agricult ure, Flora & Fauna.
W t
h d M
t
t
h
l
i
l
i l
Wat ershed Managem ent
: t echnological, social,
ecological, environm ent al, sust ainable issues.
Course Focus
t echnical aspect s of WM;
Course Focus
- t echnical aspect s of WM;
perspect ives on land & w at er m anagem ent ;
analyze com plex issues in wat er m anagem ent and
analyze com plex issues in wat er m anagem ent and
on specific know ledge on issues of WM;
Use of
Modern t echniques in Wat ershed Managem ent
.
26 26
Sum m ary – Course on
“ Wat ershed Managem ent ”
Course Modules - 10 ( 40L)
1) I nt roduct ion and Basic Concept s - 3
2) Sust ainable Wat ershed Approach & Wat ershed
Managem ent Pract ices - 4
3) I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent - 4
3) I nt egrat ed Wat ershed Managem ent 4
4) Wat ershed Modeling - 7
5) Social Aspect s of Wat ershed Managem ent - 3) p g
6) Use of m odern t echniques in wat ershed m anagem ent - 5
7) Managem ent of Wat er Qualit y - 4
8) St orm Wat er and Flood Managem ent - 4
9) Drought Managem ent - 3
10) W t C t i d R li 3
Con clu din g Re m a r k s
I m port ance of
“ Wat ershed Managem ent ”
“ Holist ic approach”
– needed
Wat ershed Managem ent - Different
aspect s &
approaches
C
ll t
f
“ W t
h d”
& l t d
i
Course - all aspect s of
“ Wat ershed”
& relat ed issues
Theoret ical aspect s covered in t he best possible w ay
Num ber of case st udies
from various sources given
Num ber of case st udies
from various sources given
Tut orial, self evaluat ion, assignm ent & unsolved
quest ions provided
quest ions provided
Video course w ill be useful for syst em at ic st udy of
‘Wat ershed Managem ent ”
28 28
g
Con clu din g Re m a r k s
Course w ill be useful t o st udent s -
“ Bachelor,
Mast ers & Ph.D.”
Levels – Civil, Agricult ure,
G
h
G
l
R
E
i
t l
Geography, Geology, Resources, Environm ent al
Engineering, Hum anit ies, Managem ent et c.
C
ill
b l
f l
t
“ T
h
”
Course will be also useful t o
“ Teachers”
–
t eaching “ Wat ershed & Wat er Managem ent ”
relat ed t opics
relat ed t opics.
Also useful -
“ NGOs, Field Engineers,
Pract it ioners Scient ist s Policy & Decision
Pract it ioners, Scient ist s, Policy & Decision
Makers, Gov. agencies & for all w orking in t he
area of Wat ershed Managem ent ” .
Ack n ow le dge m e n t s
Prof. S.G. Joshi, Prof. Anupam K. Singh, Prof.
V.R. Desai & Dr. A. Vinodkum ar –
review of t he
C
Vid
Slid
& M t
i l
Course Videos, Slides & Mat erials
Mr. Harsh V. Nunna, Ms. Vardhini V., Dr. M.
Meenal Mr Anand Kulkarni All M Tech & form er
Meenal, Mr. Anand Kulkarni, All M.Tech. & form er
Ph.D. st udent s ( Dr. Venkat Reddy, Dr.
Shahapure S.S., Dr. Geet ha, Dr. R.K. Sahu, Dr.
h
id
i &
h
)
f
Slid
i
&
Reshm idevi &ot hers) –
for Slide preparat ions &
m at erials used in t he present at ion
CDEEP St aff I I T Bom bay –
Video Recording &
CDEEP St aff, I I T Bom bay –
Video Recording &
Edit ing
Fam ily – Wife ( Dr. Manj ush) & Kids ( I ype & Basil)
y
(
j
)
( yp
)
– for t he m oral support .
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, pp gg gg
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in
Email:
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.ineldho@iitb.ac.in
Phone: (022)
