THE INFLUENCE OF LASERPUNCTURE SEMI
CONDUCTOR SHOOTING TO
BROILER CHICKEN’S
BIOMETRY
BY :
LILIAN SOEKWANTO
061111123
VETERINARY FACULTY
AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY
SURABAYA
ENDORSEMENT FORM
THE INFLUENCE OF LASERPUNCTURE SEMI
CONDUCTOR SHOOTING
TO BROILER CHICKEN’S
BIOMETRY
Research Proposal
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
at
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya
By :
LILIAN SOEKWANTO 061111123
Approval of
Supervising Comittee
DECLARATION
Hereby I declare this thesis with title:
The Influence of Laserpuncture Semi Conductor Shooting to Broiler Chicken’s Biometry
there is no other work that had been submitted before to get the bachelor’s degree
in any University and as far as I know there is no other work or opinion that had
been written or submitted by other people, except the works that were quoted in
this work and mentioned in the references.
Surabaya, 9 August 2016
Had been graded in Research Result Seminar Date : 26 July 2016
RESEARCH RESULT GRADER COMMITTEE
Leader : Prof. Dr. R.T.S. Adikara, drh., M.S., M.Stot.AKP Secretary : Dr. Benjamin Chr. Tehupuring, drh., M.Si
Member : Dr. Kadek Rachmawati, drh., M.Kes Supervisor : Chairul Anwar, drh., M.S
Had been examined in Date : 8 August 2016
THESIS COMMITTEE EXAMINER
Leader : Prof. Dr. R.T.S. Adikara, drh., M.S., M.Stot.AKP Secretary : Dr. Benjamin Chr. Tehupuring, drh., M.Si
Member : Dr. Kadek Rachmawati, drh., M.Kes Supervisor : Chairul Anwar, drh., M.S
Co-Supervisor : Dr. Rimayanti, drh., M.Kes
Surabaya, 10 August 2016 Veterinary Medicine Faculty
Airlangga University Dean,
In Animal Enclosure of Veterinary Medicine Faculty Airlangga University
Lilian Soekwanto
ABSTRACT
This study aim was to observe the influence of laserpuncture semi conductor shooting to broiler chicken’s biometry that was conducted in Airlangga University Veterinary Medicine Faculty Animal Enclosure from March to April 2015. This research used 40 broiler chickens using body weight, breast, belly, thigh circumference, and length of back as the variable. The data were calculated with Randomized Group Analyze and Duncan Range Test. The result showed laserpuncture with 0.2 Joule dose had the highest result in body weight, breast circumference, and length of back. Laserpuncutre with 0.4 Joule dose had the highest result in belly circumference. Laserpuncture with 0.5 Joule dose had the highest result in thigh circumference.
FOREWORD
The utmost gratitude is for God Almighty for His abundance blessing and
guidance for the author to finish the research and write this thesis with title The Influence of Laserpuncture Semi Conductor Shooting to Broiler Chicken’s
Biometry.
In this opportunity, the author wanted to say thank you for
The Veterinary Faculty Dean, Prof. Dr. Pudji Srianto, drh., M.Kes for the opportunity to study in Veterinary Faculty Airlangga University Surabaya.
Chairul Anwar, drh., M.S as the author’s supervisor and Dr. Rimayanti, drh., M.Kes as the co-supervisor, for the advice, guidance, and knowledge during the writing process of this thesis.
Prof. Dr. R.T.S. Adikara, drh., M.S., M.Stot.AKP as the mentor of the research and the leader of the grading committee for the advice, guidance, also
support and knowledge especially during the research. Dr. Benjamin Chr. Tehupuring, drh., M.Si and Dr. Kadek Rachmawati, drh., M.Kes as the grader of the thesis and giving helpful advice during the seminars.
Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum, drh., M.Kes as the author’s lecturer
guardian for the support and advice during the author’s time studying in
Veterinary Medicine Faculty Airlangga University.
The author’s family, sir Boentaran Soekwanto, ma’am Welastri Asan, S.E for the financial support, prayers, attention, advice and energy, especially for Luke
The author’s cousin, Calvin A.P and Gracia H.W also friends, Monica Sally A, Clarissa I, Astrid W, Boginskaya L, Mikhail R.R, and Thoyib for the
support and encouragement when in need for the author to finish the research
along with the writing of this thesis. Anyone that their names couldn’t be written in here one by one but had been helping the author during her journey to finish the
study in Veterinary Faculty and the thesis. Words are never enough to convey the
gratitude for everything that had been done for supporting the author.
Finally, the author has realized this thesis is still far from perfect, therefore
the author appreciate any kind of critique and advice from the reader to refine this
thesis for the better. Last but not least, the author hope for the result in this thesis
can be helpful for anyone who read this. Thank you for reading and all the best.
Surabaya, 31 July 2016
3.4 Research Methods ... 21
3.4.1 Laserpuncture Procedure Treatment ... 22
3.4.2 Biometry Data ... 23
3.4.3 Treatment ... 25
3.5 Research Variable ... 25
3.5.1 Independent Variables ... 25
3.5.2 Dependent Variables ... 25
3.5.3 Control Variables ... 26
3.6 Operational Definition of Variables ... 26
3.7 Data Analysis ... 26
3.8 Research Scheme ... 27
CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH RESULT ... 28
CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION ... 38
CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 45
SUMMARY………. 46
REFERENCES ... 48
TABLES
Table Page
4.1 Table for Broiler Chicken’s Body Weight………. 28
4.2 Table for Broiler Chicken’s Breast Circumference………... 30
4.3 Table for Broiler Chicken’s Belly Circumference……… 32
4.4 Table for Broiler Chicken’s Thigh Circumference…………... 34
FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Broiler Chicken………. 7
2.2 Yin Yang Symbol………... 11
2.3 Five Elements……… 12
2.4 Laserpuncture Stimulation Mechanism……… 16
2.5 Power Supply………. 19
2.6 Laser Semi Conductor……… 19
2.7 Acupoints on Chicken……… 20
3.1 Illustrative view of Body Segments and Planes of Segmentation… 23
3.2 Research Operational Scheme……… 27
4.1 Graphic for Broiler Chicken’s Body Weight………. 29
4.2 Graphic for Broiler Chicken’s Breast Circumference………... 31
4.3 Graphic for Broiler Chicken’s Belly Circumference……… 33
4.4 Graphic for Broiler Chicken’s Thigh Circumference…………... 35
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLIC MEANING ≥ : greater than or equal to
cm : centimeter
DOC : Day Old Chick
E : energy
et al. : et alii
Hz : HERTZ (frequency)
Laser : light amplification stimulation emission by radiation
mW : mili Watt
mJoule : mili Joule
nm : nano meter
n : number of repetition
GRA : Group Randomized Analyze
t : number of treatment
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1Background
Most of culinary food in Indonesia consists of chicken meat, for example:
opor ayam, soto ayam Lamongan, ayam betutu Bali and many others. High nutrient in
affordable price is the main reason why chicken meat often used in many dish.
Chicken broiler was introduced in Indonesia in 1953 by a community called GAPUSI
(Gabungan Penggemar Unggas Indonesia). The imported chicken species were
White Leghorn, Island Red, New Hampshire and Australop. The community
crossbred the imported chickens with the local chickens only as a hobby and
entertainment, not for commercial purpose.
In 1980 chicken broiler became popular since it was difficult to get ruminants
meat for consumption. Despite the struggles of getting ruminants meat, a lot of
farmers were interested in breeding chicken broiler for its rapid growth that only took
6-8 weeks to harvest. Indonesian poultry market was valued at Euro 4.76 billion
(US$6.46 billion), with broilers representing 73% and layers 27% of the market in
2012. It is not surprising that Indonesian broiler market is the second largest Asian
market, but the current consumption of poultry meat (7.36 kg/ each person in a year)
and eggs (74 pieces/ each person in a year) are relatively low compared to other
countries in South East Asia (Thailand: 20kg/160 pieces; Malaysia: 32kg/240 pieces)
As a growing agriculture country, despite the fact of the low rate of
consumption, it also shows that Indonesia has lots of good potential for poultry
industry to grow. Not forget to mention as the number of the citizens keep on
growing, the demand on fulfilling good nutrients will also increase along with it,
therefore in order to keep on maintaining the good quality supply of chicken meat and
satisfy the customers’ demand, farmers have to increase their productivity as well.
There are many ways to increase the productivity in poultry farm, feeding the chicken
by using a certain ratio of ingredients for its feed, adding additional nutrition in the
drink, and even doing special treatments on the chicken. One of the special treatments
is including laser puncture
Laserpuncture in livestock is a technique that use laser (Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) on acupoint as the biology receptor that is
connected to visceral organ, allowing the increase in organ’s efficiency and capacity
in form of the improvement of livestock biology (Adikara 2014). Laserpuncture had
been tested in farming especially for boosting cattle’s growth, enhancing goat’s
reproductive ability, increasing the productivity of chicken and duck also for
controlling diseases. (Syahrir and Syahriani, 2004).
Many researches had been done before to proof laserpuncture’s effectiveness
in fowl for example “Pengaruh Laserpunktur Terhadap Kualitas Telur Ayam Arab”
Helium Neon Terhadap Berat Badan dan Pertambahan Berat Badan Per Minggu Itik
Pejantan Madura” by Tutik Rosita Idayatih in 2015 and many more.
Based on this background, therefore a research about the influence of
laserpuncture semiconductor to broiler chicken’s biometry need to be conducted.
1.2Problems Statement
Will the laserpuncture stimulation increase the chicken’s biometry?
1.3Theoretical Base
Broiler chicken farms in Indonesia have been growing along with the
advancement of science. The people’s consciousness of the importance of eating
animal protein is the main reason why the business of broiler chicken keeps on
expanding. Usually broiler chicken is harvested when it reach 5-6 weeks or 35-42
days old. Biometry’s role hold important part in here since the chicken that will be
sell on market have to meet certain fixed criteria. Fulfilling the market demand is a
great task, thus some sort of technique or technology that capable to increase the
capacity and the biology efficiency on livestock is needed.
An acupoint is specifically designated location on the body surface.
According to Chinese medical concepts, the points are not isolated sites on the
surface of the body of humans and animals, but are linked with visceral organs. The
theory of acupuncture in the current era of science and technology is start to
biocellular, biomolecular, biophysics, manipulation of biology process and nuclear
theories. Stimulation on acupoint by using needle or other thing is proven to have the
effect of micro circulate regeneration, like vascular vasodilatation that affect on
lowering the blood pressure, controlling fat levels in blood, lipolisis stimulation,
reduce depression, lessening tension, lowering hyperactive state and skeletal muscle
relaxation (Adikara, 1998).
Biophysics research is the precise way to proof the existence of acupoint and
acupuncture meridian. Acupunctometer and pointer can tract the acupoint location
and the acupuncture meridian. It brings a hypothesis that the energy flow that through
the acupoint and the acupuncture meridian is an electromagnetic flow through body
liquid. The body cells that has the positive ion and the negative ion has the electric
trait that can transfer information between cells, if there is the frequency and the
resonance are the same, the communication between cell will occur and the flow of
the energy will continue until it reach an organ as the final target. The energy flow or
Qi-energy is the main ingredient for cell’s biology activity, therefore the metabolism
activity increase, resulting the optimal efficiency process, capacity, and productivity.
(Adikara, 2014)
One of the technologies that are currently under development in veterinary
world is laser technology. According to (Adikara, 2014) laserpuncture can be used for
manipulating biology process of livestock such as increasing the weight and the
chicken. The receptor is proven to have a connection with internal organs in livestock.
If the receptor is stimulated, the effect of the stimulation will be delivered inside the
body until it reach the target organ.
Increasing the growth of a chicken can be done by stimulating 3 acupoints.
The first acupoint is lung point, to increase the oxygen capacity of the body and
optimize the metabolism and the cellular respiration. The second acupoint is cardiac
point which is connected to the improvement of the capacity of the blood and food
circulation. The third acupoint is digestive point, for increasing gastric performance
in digesting and absorbing food. Addition stimulation will be given to immune point
to reinforce the immune system of the chicken (Adikara, 2014).
1.4Aim of The Study
The aim of the research is to find out the effectiveness of giving laserpuncture
semiconductor treatment to broiler chicken’s biometry.
1.5Outcome of The Study
The result of this research will contribute scientific information about the
benefit of using laserpuncture in farming especially for poultry.
1.6Hypothesis
Hypothesis of this research is laserpuncture will increase broiler chicken’s
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Broiler chicken
Broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are a gallinaceous
domesticated fowl, bred and raised specifically for meat production (Figures 2.1).
Due to artificial selection for rapid early growth and the husbandry used to sustain
this, broilers are susceptible to several welfare concerns, particularly skeletal
malformation and dysfunction, skin and eye lesions, and congestive heart
conditions. They are a hybrid of the egg-laying chicken, both being a subspecies
of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Typical broilers have white feathers and
yellowish skin (Kruchten, 2002).
The taxonomy of broiler chicken (Hanifah, 2010):
Kingdom : Animalia
Filum : Chordata
Kelas : Aves
Subkelas : Neornithes
Ordo : Galliformis
Genus : Gallus
Figures 2.1 Broiler Chicken. Source: Private Documentation (2015) Based on (Kurniawan etc, 2012) recent genetic analysis has revealed that
at least the gene for yellow skin was incorporated into domestic birds through
hybridization with the grey junglefowl (G. sonneratii) while the broiler chicken’s
flexibility and adaptability are speculated to be inherited from the chicken's red
junglefowl ancestor that allows them to cope with the "unnatural and intense
conditions" of modern production. A flock of broiler chicken rooster and hen
intensively raised until 6-8 weeks old for the optimum meat production. The early
stage of broiler chicken’s life is when the most rapid growth occurs and
eventually stops at the development of body tissue.
Artificial selection has led to a great increase in the speed with which
broilers develop and reach slaughter-weight. The time required to reach 1.5 kg
live-weight decreased from 120 days to 30 days between 1925 and 2005.
support such growth, have led to various welfare problems in modern broiler
strains (Bessei, W. 2006).
2.2 Broiler chicken growth
Growing is a biology process as a trademark of living things and not
limited only to morphogenesis and differentiation but also the increased size of
the organism. Mostly growth occur in animal when the morphogenesis and the
differentiation is finished (John, 1992).
Livestock growth can be seen based on the body weight, body size,
composition of the body changes including the body components like muscles,
bones, visceral organs and chemistry components. Fowl growth commonly is not
different from other livestock. The body component of the fowl that has the
economic value is carcass, especially its meat (Adiwinarto, 2005).
Measuring growth usually based on the increment of body weight
periodically, stated as the average of the increment each day. The fast growing
livestock is more profitable for the farmers, in order to improve the growth many
strategies and treatments will be done to the livestock. The factors that need to be
concerned that will affect the growth increment are genetic, feed, sex, hormones,
environment, and management (Priyono, 2009)
One of the reasons behind broiler chickens’ rapid growth is because the
fast piling fat along with the increment of the body weight. The fast piling fat in
broiler chicken caused by the high appetite and the restrained movement thus the
not surprising why broiler chickens have a large body size in short of time
(Praktikno, 2010).
2.3 Biometry
Biometry is from Greek bios that means life and metron that means
measure so in general biometry is a study about biology characteristic that can be
measured. Physiologic characteristic is connected with body weight, body size
and body shape. The application of mathematical and statistical methods to the
collection, analysis, and interpretation of biological data also called as biometrics
(Mien.A.Rifa'i, 2004).
Quantitative trait is important in farming sector. The appearances of
quantitative traits are affected by genetic and environment also the interaction
between genetic and environment (Warwick et al. 1983). The increment of body
size determined by the size of body organs, muscles and the growth of bone (Hutt,
2003)
2.4 Acupuncture
Literally acupuncture comes from Acus that means needle and puncture,
by those words acupuncture means a treatment by puncturing with a needle
(Filshie, 1998). Acupuncture is a form of holistic medicine and a key component
of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Holistic medicine sees body as a
complex system, in body there are power, spirit and dynamic. Holistic medicine
looks for the root of the problem and aims to reach the optimum health (Adikara,
Holistic medicine is the treatment of disease with the understanding of yin
and yang. Put another way, it is the treatment of disease with the understanding
that everything in the body is in relationship to everything else in and around the
body. Holistic medicine understands that one cannot treat the head, for example,
without it affecting the rest of the body (Mike, 2009)
The theory of yin and yang is the most fundamental concept of Traditional
Chinese medicine. Yin and Yang are the two interrelated forces which together
with the concept of Qi form the foundation of eastern medicine. Yin and Yang are
mutually exclusive and together form a whole which in balance constitutes a state
of harmony and health and when out of balance indicates illness. These forces are
opposite and yet complementary, and share an interdependent relationship -
without yin, there would be no yang, and without yang, there would be no yin.
(Leon, 2012)
Yang is generally associated with items or concepts that are bright, warm,
and in motion. Yin is generally associated with objects or ideas that are dark, still
and cold. Any given frame of reference can be divided into opposite factors, a yin
side and a yang side. A body can be divided into exterior and interior sections, the
temperature can be divided into hot or cold, time can be divided into day or night,
living beings can be divided into hot-blooded or cold-blooded, and many others.
Figures 2.2 Yin Yang Symbol. Source: Wikipedia (2013)
The yin-yang symbol is a representation of the philosophy of traditional
Chinese medicine. The symbol consists of a circle, divided by a curved line into a
black (yin) and white (yang) side (Figures 2.2). The curve symbolizes the constant
change of balance between yin and yang. Each side contains a small circle of the
opposite color. This demonstrates the belief that nothing is never really all yin or
all yang; there is some of yang in yin, and vice-versa (Mike, 2009).
Five elements theory is one of the major systems of thought within
Chinese medicine. From a historical perspective it is an important underpinning of
medical theory and serves as one of the major diagnostic and treatment protocols.
The Five Element theory is based on the observation of the natural cycles and
interrelationships in both our environment and within ourselves. The foundation
of the theory rests in the correspondences of each element to a variety of
Figures 2.3 Five Elements. Source: Healingwaysresearch.blogspot.com (2010) There are four main relationships or ways in which the elements interact
(Figures 2.3). The first of these is the generating (sheng, mother-child) cycle. This
cycle describes the ways in which each element, serving as a mother, promotes
cycle are the Wood element providing the generative force for Fire, Fire providing
the generative force for Earth, etc. This relationship provides the foundation for
understanding five elements theory and consequently where imbalances may arise
within the cycle. If Earth is weakened from a poor diet and overwork, more
nourishment is requested from the Fire element to nourish Earth. Additionally, if
Earth is weakened the Metal element may also be affected. Looking from the
clinical perspective, people develop digestive issues from irregular eating,
excessive worry and overwork which leads to a proliferation of dampness which
then affects the Metal element, in this case a combination of bloating, gas and
poor energy with the development of Metal (Lung) symptoms such as sinusitis or
phlegm-type asthma can be seen (Yin Yang House, 2010).
The controlling (grandparent-grandchild) cycle provides for a check and
balance system among all of the elements. This cycle Earth, for example, provides
a control for Water and is controlled by Wood. An example of this relationship
within the body is in cases of anxiety (Fire) which are related to LV Qi Stagnation
(Wood) where, over time, more Kidney (Water) related signs as the Water
element attempts to control the overactive Fire (Yin Yang House, 2010).
The overacting cycle (cheng) is an imbalance within the controlling cycle
where the grandmother element provides too much control over the grandchild
and weakens the element. In nature, Water putting out Fire, Earth soaking up
Water. A clinical example of this relationship would be Liver (Wood) overacting
on the Spleen (Earth). In this case an overactive Wood element over controlling
The insulting cycle is also an imbalance within the controlling cycle where
the grandchild insults or returns the controlling force generated by the
grandmother. Using examples from nature Fire burning up Water and Water
washing away Earth. Clinically in this cases where people have long-term
psychological problems (Fire) which eventually effect the Kidneys (Water) as
seen in the development of more Yin (Water) deficiency signs (Yin Yang House,
2010).
The flow of bioenergy inside body is called Qi, in acupuncture the
treatment by puncturing the acupuncture needle on certain spot in body to affect
or to correct the flow of the Qi. The Qi movement connecting the internal organ to
body surface and will react to a stimulation from outside or inside the body also
transmitting Qixue, controlling the Yin Yang harmony to reach the dynamic
balance. This matter causing acupuncture treatment has to be right on the acupoint
for the effect to appear (Adikara, 2014).
Meridian is the Qi pathway inside body. Similar to blood that has veins for
its path and nerve that has its own nerves system, Qi also has its own pathway that
is called meridian. The difference between meridian and any other pathways
inside body is meridian could not be seen like veins and nerve system but
meridian is real and exist (Isa, 2006)
The main premise of the Traditional Chinese Medicine was that a
harmonious and uninterrupted distribution of energy throughout to maintain
health. Disease, pain, or dysfunction were considered to result when energy was
main external pathogenic factors that could disrupt energy distribution were
mostly related to environmental conditions while internal factors were mostly
related to emotions. Lifestyle and diet were also important considerations
(Kendall, 1989)
2.4.1 Veterinary Acupuncture Development
Acupuncture can be used to reduce pain or treating diseases. Acupuncture
in animals usually called veterinary acupuncture, it is not different than in
humans, the basic concepts are the same like Yin – Yang, the balance philosophy
and the importance of the treatment. These days, a breakthrough to use the
acupuncture technique as a production alternative to boost growth, increasing
productivity of meat, egg, milk and also improving the reproductive ability,
therefore proofing the result is needed (Adikara, 1991). Veterinary acupuncture is
a way for humans to keep their livestock (Aris, 1996). Acupoint is different from
non acupoint. Acupoint has lower resistance and higher potential of electricity and
it has a connection with autonomic nerve (Hendromartono and Saputra, 1993).
According to (Adikara, 2001) laserpuncture is an under development
acupuncture method in the medicine world. Laserpuncture utilizes exactly the
same principles and laws as traditional acupuncture, but has some positive
Figure 2.4 Laserpuncture Stimulation Mechanism. Source : Adikara (2015)
Digestive Respiration Cardiovascular Gonad
Biochemistry Changing :
-Increase of appetite -Increase of feed digesting -Increase of feed absorption
-Increase of hormones and enzyme
Physiological Changing :
-Increase of cardiac output -Increase of oxygen intake -Increase of cell respiration
Laserpuncture treatment for livestock is meant for creating a balance
biological condition to optimize the organs capacity, resulting better production
and improving reproductive ability in livestock (Adikara, 2014).
The percentage of the achievement depends on the human resources,
management, and many other technical matters. Laser technology is the most
suitable technique for stimulating livestock biologically to improve the egg, milk,
and meat productivity by using laserpuncture (Adikara, 2000)
2.4.2 Laserpuncture
Laserpuncture is a technique that use laser (Light Amplification
Stimulation Emission by Radiation). The laser that was used for biology field for
stimulation was used in low intensity between 600-1300 nm. The patient will no
longer feel any pain caused by needle with this technology. Laserpuncture
treatment needed shorter time to stimulate or sedating the acupoint with accurate
dose, unlike traditional acupuncture that needed longer time to bring the effect
and the dose cannot be measured accurately. (Saputra, 2000)
The laser stimulation on tissue is the first cell that hit the membrane cell
area and absorb the energy, changing the energy level with ion levels especially
intra cation and extra cellular through chemical messenger to open the ion gate
(patch clamp technique). The change in intra cation level and extra cellular also
affecting the cellular tension also energy process inside cell, causing the
stimulated cell to have a higher tension than its surrounding. The acupoint and the
non acupoint could be detected by using special software that measured the
There are 3 types of lasers soft, medium and hard. Soft laser was used for
stimulating tissue or biostimulation while medium laser for cutting tissue in
surgery and destroying abnormal tissue, while hard laser was used for cutting
steel. The laser that will be used for this research is a soft laser semiconductor.
Semiconductor laser diode is the most common type of laser produced
with a wide range of uses that include fiber optic communications, barcode
readers, laser pointers, CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc reading and recording, laser
printing, laser scanning and increasingly directional lighting sources (Larry
Coldren et al., 2012). Unlike the HeNe laser that needs fuel and it is expensive to
refill when the fuel is depleted, semiconductor laser does not need special fuel and
much safer to use than HeNe laser that needs higher voltage for activation. (A. D.
White, 2011).
Laserpuncture semi conductor is also much safer compared to HeNe laser
or any other laser that use gas as its fuel. The gas from the laser system like
bromine, fluorine, hydrogen cyanide that was produced from the laser system
itself or from side effect of the laser reaction could harm the user. (Saputra, 2000).
The laserpuncture semi conductor had the capacity of 50 Hz with electric
power 220 volt, 50 watt and the power supply is 20 mW (Figures 2.4). The laser
semiconductor wavelength is 830 nm. Transmission cable that was used, was a
specific cable coated with high voltage resistant material 1.5 to 2 meters long
Figures 2.5 Power Supply. Source: Private Documentation (2015)
Figures 2.6 Laser Semi Conductor. Source : Private Documentation (2015)
2.4.3 Acupoints for Broiler Chicken’s Growth
The laser treatment will be done on several acupoints on chicken (Figures
2.6). The dexter and siniter side for Hu Men, Bei Ji, and Gou Hu point, unlike the
Wei Gen point that only exists in one place. The location for Hu Men point in
ST-4 is on the corner caudo - ventral lateral part of the chicken’s beak. Stimulating on
this acupoint will increase the appetite and the digestive system activity. Bei Ji
points in HT-1, BL-13, and BL-15 located on the base of the axilla. Stimulating
consumption along with better blood circulation. Gou Hou point in BL-64, located
on the posterior side of the leg, around volar from the tarsi and metatarsi joints.
Stimulating on this acupoint will increase growth in general through hormonal
system. Wei Gen point in GV-2, located near cloaca. Stimulating on this acupoint
will improve the chicken’s immune system (Adikara, 2001).
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Research Time and Location
The research was conducted in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universitas Airlangga animal enclosure Surabaya from March to April 2015
3.2 Research Materials
The animals that were used for this research are forty day old chicks of
broiler chicken strain Cobb. The feed for feeding the chicken was commercial
feed BR I for the starter period and BR II for the finisher period. There were two
types of cage that were used, nursery cage in rectangle shaped made by woods
and wires 60 cm x 60 cm x 120 cm, and the stage cage. The day old chicks was in
the nursery cage for a week, bulbs 100 watt used for the warmer, while husks and
newspaper for the base of the cage. The stage cage made from bamboos and
woods, the size is 2,0 meters x 1,2 meters x 1,0 meter. The cage was split into four
squares and in each square will be given a place for the feed and drink.
3.3 Research Equipments
The equipments for this research were scales, measure tape, laserpuncture
semiconductor, nursery cages, stage cages, then feed and drink containers.
3.4 Research Methods
One week before the research, the cages were fumigated by using
formalin. The cages were covered with a curtain before the fumigation and during
the fumigation the cage was covered tightly for 15-30 minutes.
Hundred of Day Old Chick (DOC) strain Cobb was quarantined for six
chickens with their weights were around the same was separated into groups.
Forty chickens that were used for this research was picked randomly by using a
lottery. The chickens were divided into four groups T0, T1, T2, and T3. Each
group consisted of 10 chickens, the effective energy dose for the laserpuncture is
suggested around 0,1 – 0,5 Joule. T1 got 0,2 Joule laser treatment, T2 got 0,4
Joule and lastly T3 got 0,5 Joule. All of the chickens got ad libitum feed and
drink, commercial feed was used for feeding the chickens.
3.4.1 Laserpuncture Procedure Treatment
Laser with 20 mW capacity is enough for stimulate growth and meat
production in fowl. Before performing the laser treatment, the broiler chicken was
restrained its movement to make the treatment process easier. Based on the
acupuncture theories, there are three acupoint for growth which are Hu Men, Bei
Ji, and Gou Hou while the last acupoint for immune system is Wei Gen. The laser
treatment was done on the dexter and siniter side for Hu Men, Bei Ji, and Gou
Hu point, unlike the Wei Gen point that only exists in one place. The laser
stimulation on growth acupoints was done once in every seven days.
According to Saputra (2000), the effective dose in acupuncture is the
energy that goes through the acupuncture point. The formula for the dose is
energy (Joule) = power (watt) x time (second). The recommended dose for
stimulating process in laserpuncture is 0,1 – 0,5 Joule for the optimum result,
bigger dose than 0.5 Joule is more suited for sedation treatment. The treatment
interval was once in seven days. Hereby is the calculation dose for each treatment
1) E (joule) T1= mW.T (detik) E (joule) T1= 20 mW. 10 detik
= 200 mjoule = 0,2 joule
2) E (joule) T2= mW.T (detik) E (joule) T2= 20 mW. 20 detik
= 400 mjoule = 0,4 joule
3) E (joule) T3= mW.T (detik) E (joule) T3= 20 mW. 25 detik
= 500 mjoule = 0,5 Joule
3.4.2 Biometry Data
Thorax plane, a simple transverse plane that originates at the 10th rib
midspine landmark and passes horizontally through the torso. Abdominal plane, a
simple transverse plane originating at the higher of the two illica crest landmarks
and continuing horizontally through the torso. Thigh flap plane, a simple plane
originating at the gluteal furrow landmark and passing horizontally through the
thigh. NASA (1995)
Based on how to measure human body size above (Figure 3.1), the
chickens at the age of seventh days were measured for its weight and body sizes
before the laser treatment. The body sizes that were measured are breast, belly,
and thigh circumferences, while the last measurement was the length of back.
Measuring the breast circumference was done by using measuring tape around its
body right after the posterior of os humerus including the sternum. Belly
circumference was measured by surrounding the measuring tape from the
posterior of os femur including the os ilium. Thigh circumference was measured
by surrounding the measuring tape around the chicken’s thigh including the os
femur. Measuring the length of back was by stretching the measuring tape on the
joints between processus transverses and clavicula to the caudal vertebrae before
the pygostyle. The laser treatment and the measurement were repeated for the next
3.4.3 Treatment
The treatment was conducted in four treatments. The repetition was based
on Federer formula (1963) as the following bellow:
t = number of treatment n = number of repetition t ( n – 1 ) ≥ 15
treatment. The treatments in this research are:
T0 : Control without any laserpuncture treatment
T1 : Laserpuncture with treatment dose 0,2 Joule
T2 : Laserpuncture with treatment dose 0,4 Joule
T3 : Laserpuncture with treatment dose 0,5 Joule
3.5 Research Variables
The variables of this research are: Independent variables, dependent
variable and control variable.
3.5.1 Independent Variable
Laserpuncure treatment with 0,2 Joule, 0,4 Joule, and 0,5 Joule using
power output 20 mW.
3.5.2 Dependent Variable
Body weight, biometry of the chickens that are the length of back, breast,
3.5.3 Control Variable
Age, strain, feed and drink for the chickens, cages and the nursery of the
chickens.
3.6 Operational Definition of Variables
Laserpuncture shooting is an acupuncture technique by using laser that
was shot on acupoints on broiler chickens that are hu men, bei ji, gou hou, and wei
gen.
Biometry was measured based on chickens’ the length of the back, breast,
belly, and thigh circumference in certain time.
3.7 Data Analysis
The data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 23. The
differences between the treatments are analyzed by GRA (Group Randomized
3.8 Research Scheme
Figures 3.2 Research Operational Scheme. 100 DOC (Day Old Chick) adapted for 6 days
100 DOC were scaled and 40 DOC around the same weight were chosen
10 broiler
Scaled and biometry measured a day before the laser treatment
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH RESULT
The table following here is the graphic and the standard deviation for
biometry of the chickens’ body weight, breast circumference, belly circumference,
thigh circumference, and length of back.
Table 4.1 The Mean and Standart Deviation Broiler Chickens’ Body Weight Treatment Broiler Chickens’ Body Weight
(X±SD) T0 259.00c ± 15.34
T1 496.25a ± 17.86
T2 493.50a ± 25.65
T3 377.75b ± 37.56
Description:
The different superscripts in the same column indicate there were significant differences (p < 0.05)
T0 = Control
T1 = Treatment 0.2 Joule T2 = Treatment 0.4 Joule T3 = Treatment 0.5 Joule
Table 4.1 above shows T0 has significant differences to T1, T2 and T3 (p
< 0.05). T1 doesn’t have significant differences against T2 (p > 0.05) but has
significant differences toward T0 and T3 (p < 0.05). T2 has significant differences
to T0 and T3 but doesn’t have significant differences to T1 (p > 0.05). T3 has
Figures 4.1 Graphic for Broiler Chickens’ Body Weight
Based from graphic 4.1, T1 result is the highest among the other
Table 4.2 The Mean and Standart Deviation Broiler Chicken’s Breast Circumference
Treatment Broiler Chicken’s Breast Circumference (X±SD)
T0 5.61ab ± 0.57
T1 6.50a ± 0.68
T2 5.58ab ± 1.06
T3 4.88b ± 0.15
Description:
The different superscripts in the same column indicate there were significant differences (p < 0.05)
T0 = Control
T1 = Treatment 0.2 Joule T2 = Treatment 0.4 Joule T3 = Treatment 0.5 Joule
Table 4.2 above shows T0 doesn’t have significant differences against T1,
T2, and T3 (p > 0.05). T1 has significant differences to T3 (p < 0.05) but doesn’t
have significant against T0 and T2 (p > 0.05). T2 doesn’t have significant
differences to T0, T1, and T3 (p > 0.05). T3 has significant differences to T1 (p <
Figures 4.2 Graphic for Broiler Chickens’ Breast Circumference
Based from graphic 4.2, T1 shows the highest result then T0 as the second
Table 4.3 The Mean and Standart Deviation Broiler Chickens’ Belly Circumference
Treatment Broiler Chickens’ Belly Circumference (X±SD)
T0 5.67ab ± 0.29
T1 5.94a ± 0.78
T2 6.16a ± 0.35
T3 4.93b ± 0.38
Description:
The different superscripts in the same column indicate there were significant differences (p < 0.05)
T0 = Control
T1 = Treatment 0.2 Joule T2 = Treatment 0.4 Joule T3 = Treatment 0.5 Joule
Table 4.3 above shows T0 doesn’t have significant differences to T1, T2,
and T3 (p > 0.05). T1 has significant differences to T3 (p < 0.05) but doesn’t have
significant differences to T0 and T2 (p > 0.05). T2 doesn’t have significant
differences to T0 and T1 (p > 0.05) but has significant differences to T3 (p <
0.05). T3 has significant differences to T1 and T2 (p < 0.05) but doesn’t have
Figures 4.3 Graphic for Broiler Chickens’ Belly Circumference
Based from graphic 4.3, T2 result is the highest among the other
Table 4.4 The Mean and Standart Deviation Broiler Chickens’ Thigh Circumference
Treatment Broiler Chickens’ Thigh Circumference (X±SD)
T0 2.10c ± 0.27
T1 2.97b ± 0.37
T2 2.57bc ± 0.53
T3 4.94a ± 0.17
Description:
The different superscripts in the same column indicate there were significant differences (p < 0.05)
T0 = Control
T1 = Treatment 0.2 Joule T2 = Treatment 0.4 Joule T3 = Treatment 0.5 Joule
Table 4.4 above shows T0 has significant differences to T1 and T3 (p <
0.05) but doesn’t have significant differences to T2 (p > 0.05). T1 doesn’t have
significant differences to T2 (p > 0.05) but has significant differences to T0 and
T3 (p < 0.05). T2 has significant differences to T3 (p < 0.05) but doesn’t have
significant differences to T0 and T1 (p > 0.05). T3 has significant differences
Figures 4.4 Graphic for Broiler Chickens’ Thigh Circumference
Based from graphic 4.4, T3 shows the highest result then T1 as the second
Table 4.5 The Mean and Standart Deviation Broiler Chickens’ Length of Back Treatment Broiler Chickens’ Length of Back
(X±SD) T0 4.37a ± 0.44
T1 4.62a ± 0.42
T2 1.837c ± 0.76
T3 2.95b ± 0.25
Description:
The different superscripts in the same column indicate there were significant differences (p < 0.05)
T0 = Control
T1 = Treatment 0.2 Joule T2 = Treatment 0.4 Joule T3 = Treatment 0.5 Joule
Table 4.5 above shows T0 doesn’t have significant differences to T1 (p >
0.05) but has significant differences to T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). T1 has significant
differences to T2 and T3 (p < 0.05) but doesn’t have significant differences to T0
(p > 0.05). T2 has significant differences to T0, T1, and T3 (p < 0.05). T3 has
Figures 4.5 Graphic for Broiler Chickens’ Length of Back
Based from graphic 4.5, T1 shows the highest result then T0 as the second
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
The acupuncture technology development in veterinary that has been
utilized to increase livestock productivity is an acupuncture technology that use
laser light as the stimulation method called laserpuncture technology. This
technology used to give stimulation through acupoint that can affect the organ to
become more active allowing the capacity increment and efficiency that bring
higher achievement for the living biology (Adikara, 1998).
Laser that was used as acupuncture needle substitute was shot to growth
acupoints on chickens hu men, bei ji, wei gen, and gou hou. Acupoint commonly
on the surface of living being and had a specific electricity trait like high potential
and low tension therefore acupoint very sensitive toward small electric stimuli
even biophysics stimulation such as light, physical, electromagnet wave and laser.
Biophysics stimulation would produce energy that flowed through body’s
meridian system and the other system. Laserpuncture is similar to acupuncture by
shooting the laser to acupoints in broiler chicken would affect the stimulation area
and even the place that is far from the stimulation point through nerves (central
nerves and peripheral nerves), neurohumoral, and meridian. (Adikara, 2014)
The acupoints were located by using acupuncture pointer. The pointer can
locate acupoint therefore the energy that was emanated by the laser could go in
well and hit the target organ. The pointer will turn off for few seconds when the
tool is detecting an acupoint. The acupuncture technology that was used in this
chicken’s biometry by giving 3 different doses 0.2 joule, 0.4 joule, and 0.5 joule
to three chicken groups (T1, T2, T3). The laserpuncture were shot toward the
chicken’s growth acupoints then the chicken’s biometry was measured and
compared with the control group (T0) chicken’s biometry. The doses that were
used were doses for stimulating production while the common dose for treatment
is higher than 0.5 joule.
The result data was calculated statistically by using GRA (Group
Randomized Analyze) in table 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 showed varieties results.
It proved with different laserpuncture doses, the effects could be different to body.
Based from result of thigh circumference with 0.5 Joule dose, the treatment
stimulate better for growth in chicken since the size of the chicken’s thigh had
more improvement compared to the other treatments. Based from 0.2 Joule
treatment body weight, breast circumference, belly circumference, and length of
back data result, the laserpuncture treatment with 0,2 Joule dose is proven to
stabilize and improve the chicken’s growth in lateral way.
There are two factors that are affecting animals’ growth, internal factor
and external factor. The internal factors are genetic and hormones while external
factors are nutrient, temperature, light, water, and humidity. Livestock growth is
depending on the management system, the feed nutrients, health and weather.
Laser treatment for fowl is used to increase the eggs productivity and meat. The
percentage and the capacity to succeed depend from other few factors such as
Broiler chicken strain Cobb has its own unique excess and characteristic.
The genetic in broiler chicken is leaning to breast meat development and feed
conversion ratio improvement (Mulyadi, 2014). Based from the result of
laserpuncture treatment 0.2 Joule dose that has the highest result in data body
weight, breast circumference, and length of back. It proved the laserpuncture
treatment 0.2 Joule dose is the best for improving broiler chicken’s genetic ability
in body development especially the breast meat from Bei Ji acupoint stimulation
that increase the cor and lung capacity for better blood circulation and oxygen
intake that were affecting on the muscle growth in chicken.
Laserpuncture treatment 0.4 Joule dose had the highest result for belly
circumference with laserpuncture treatment 0.2 Joule dose following quite close
behind. It proved that with laserpuncture treatment, the chicken’s appetite and the
digestive system activity are increased from the stimulation from Hu Men
acupoint.
Muscle growth is further influenced by type of exercise, nutritional intake,
and hormonal status. The type of exercise and hormonal status influence nutrient
partitioning, in other words the muscle increase is depend on the kind of activity
and the hormonal environment, which will tell the body where to allocate the
nutrients from food. These are hormones that modulate muscle growth: growth
hormone, testosterone, IGF-1, cortisol, beta-endorphin, and thyroid hormone.
(Ryan, 2011)
Growth hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is an anabolic
other tissues grow, in the muscle GH stimulated protein synthesis as well as fat
metabolism. GH recruited fatty acids from storage and told the body to use fatty
acids for energy. Interestingly, as GH limit the storage of fats and mobilized them
for energy, blood sugar levels concurrently increase. GH kept carbohydrates from
breakdown, and the level of sugar in the blood increasing. GH encouraged growth
indirectly by stimulating the release of growth factor from the liver and muscle
which was IGF-1 (Ryan, 2011).
IGF-1 considered as the key to growth hormone’s anabolic effects, and
GH release promoted its synthesis in the liver. The liver synthesized IGF-1 and
packaged it with the binding proteins for transport into the blood, two variants of
IGF-1 were produced in muscle, one of them called mechano growth factor, play a
major role in muscle gains. The hormones spur the activity of other proteins that
was involved in muscle protein synthesis and encouraged the activity of muscle
stem cells, called satellite cells, which repair damaged muscle. The primary role
of IGF-1, though, was not to transport glucose into cells, as in the case of insulin.
Instead, it fostered cellular division and growth (Jerry, 2010)
Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group that had
anabolic effect in both males and females. Testosterone is the most important
androgen in humans, and regulates libido, energy, immune function, muscle
development and bone health. One of testosterone’s major roles is to control
muscle growth. Androgen exposure throughout early development determines the
number and size of motor units. Number, size, and physiological characteristics of
thus intrauterine androgen exposure may determine muscles’ ability to
hypertrophy (Ryan, 2010).
Cortisol is a hormone that belonged to a family of steroid hormones
known as glucocorticoids. Corticol is secreted by the adrenal cortex, which
located in your adrenal glands that sit atop on kidneys. Cortisol is the main
glucocorticoid in humans. Glucocorticoids affecting every cell in the body and
released in the body send feedback to the brain and influence the release of CRH
(corticotropin-releasing hormone) and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol accelerate the
breakdown of proteins into amino acids except in liver cells. These amino acids
move out of the tissues into the blood and to liver cells, where they are changed to
glucose in a process called gluconeogenesis. This is bad from a muscle breakdown
perspective, however body simply trying to preserve carbohydrate store and
deliver energy when needed, by raising plasma glucose levels, cortisol provided
the body with the energy it required to combat stress from trauma, illness, fright,
infection, bleeding, and many others. Cortisol acutely mobilized fatty acids from
fat cells and even help to maintain blood pressure (Ryan, 2010).
Beta-Endorphin and a C-terminal analogue have been shown to decrease
muscle fatigue and increase glucose uptake in muscles. Beta-Endorphin and the
C-terminal analogue reduced fatigue in normal muscles of males but not females.
Beta-Endorphin reduced fatigue and increased deoxyglucose uptake in dystrophic
muscles. The effect on fatigue was not due to increased glucose uptake, as the
Acupuncture excites receptors or nerve fibres in the stimulated tissue
which are also physiologically activated by strong muscle contractions and the
effects on certain organ functions are similar to those obtained by protracted
exercise. Both exercise and acupuncture produce rhythmic discharges in nerve
fibres, and cause the release of endogenous opioids and oxytocin essential to the
induction of functional changes in different organ systems. Beta-endorphin levels,
important in pain control as well as in the regulation of blood pressure and body
temperature, have been observed to rise in the brain tissue of animals after both
acupuncture and strong exercise (Anderson and Lundeberg, 1995)
Beta-endorphins may also be involved in the release of an anabolic
substance called growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone is closely involved with
muscle cell growth by increasing protein synthesis. Based from a study by Dr.
Borer and associates, by using hamstersa discovery was made that the muscle
growth induced by exercise was associated with the increased amount of GH
released. Borer and associates concluded that it was the beta-endorphins that
mediated the increases in GH. (Jeffrey, 2006)
Thyroid gland produces two hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
These hormones play a vital role in regulating growth and metabolism. The
hypothalamus released TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone), which stimulate the
release of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) from the pituitary gland. TSH made
its way to the thyroid and promotes its growth and development. The release of
triiodothyronine and thyroxine was controlled by TSH. Thyroid hormones
tissue differentiation, and reproductive function. Thyroid hormones could
potentially interact with any cell in the body. Thyroid hormones were necessary
for protein anabolism and promoted it when ample carbohydrates and fats were
available. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine may then promote protein breakdown
when the amount of thyroid hormones is excessive or when energy from food is
deficient. (Ryan, 2011)
The highest result for thigh circumference held by laserpuncture treatment
0.5 Joule dose. The other laserpuncture treatment results did not show a high
result as much as laserpuncture treatment 0.5 Joule dose. Gou Hou acupoint is
located on the posterior side of the limb (around volar from the tarsi and
metatarsi joints) that could increase growth in general through hormonal system,
the hormone that modulate muscle growth that was affected by the laserpuncture
stimulation was growth hormone.
The combination from Hu Men acupoint and Bei Ji acupoint stimulation
was the main answer how the biometry in broiler chicken increase, with better
appetite and more active digestive system helped the chicken with laserpuncture
treatment to absorb the feed nutrients better than the chicken without the
laserpuncture treatment. The increase of blood circulation and oxygen intake also
held a part in muscle growth. The blood supplied the feed nutrients faster into the
muscle for growth and with better metabolism caused by the laserpuncture
stimulation the broiler chicken burned more calories and built more muscle inside
its body from the feed with the feed nutrients as its main fuel for the muscle
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
6.1 Conclusion
The conclusion from this research is the laserpuncture shooting in HU
MENn BEI JIn WEI GEN and GOU HOU acupoints on broiler chicken had variety
results toward the chicken’s biometry. The analysis result showed laserpuncture
with 0.2 Joule dose had the highest result in body weight, breast circumference,
and length of back. Laserpuncutre with 0.4 Joule dose had the highest result in
belly circumference. Laserpuncture with 0.5 Joule dose had the highest result in
thigh circumference.
6.2 Suggestion
It is suggested for the future laserpuncture research to explore more about
laserpuncture influence on body growth by adding more acupoint that stimulates
SUMMARY
Lilian Soekwanto. The Influence of Laserpuncture Semi Conductor Shooting to Broiler Chicken’s Biometry was in guiding by Chairul Anwar,
M.S.,drh as the supervisor, Dr.Rimayanti, M.Kes.,drh as the co-supervisor and
Prof. Dr. R.T.S. Adikara, drh., MS., M.Stot.AKP., as the mentor for this research.
Fowl industries hold a big role in Indonesia especially in economic role.
The self-sufficiency of chicken’s meat and egg also help to improve the society
health and intelligence rate by helping to fulfill the nutrients needs from animal
protein. The increasing demand for chicken’s meat from the society is the main
reason for businessmen in fowl industry to improve the broiler chicken
productivity either by technology or any other methods. The under development
technology in veterinary world is acupuncture technology by using laser as the
needle substitute called laserpuncture.
Laserpuncture in livestock is an acupuncture technique that use laser
(Light Amplificated Stimulated Emission by Radiation) that is shoot on chicken
acupoints as the biology receptor that has connection with visceral organ therefore
the capacity improvement and organ efficiency are pictured in form of livestock
biology achievement.
This research purpose was to see the influence of laserpuncture shooting to
broiler chicken’s biometry with the shooting interval once in every 7 days for 4
weeks with 0.2 Joule dose, 0.4 Joule dose, and 0.5 Joule dose on acupoints in
pointfor increase the appetite and the digestive system activity. BEI JI point, to
improve cor and lungs capacity, increasing oxygen consumption along with better
blood circulation. OU OU point, for increase growth in general through
hormonal system, to be more specific the acupoint can increase the growth
hormone. WEIEN point, to improve the chicken’s immune system
The data from this research was calculated by using MANOVA test to see
the differences between control group and the treatment groups and the results
were varies and showed real difference (p < 0.05) with T1 as the highest in body
weight, breast circumference, and length of back mean data, T2 the highest in
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