Conservation The Sea and Indonesia Indonesian Navy Is a Power of Maritime Indonesia
Introduction
Indonesia spans 17,480 islands and 81,000 kilometers of coastline, intimately linking it to the ocean. In addition to providing a steady stream of revenue to the government in the form of taxes and fees, marine resources are of vital importance for food, livelihoods, and traditional culture. More than 140 million Indonesians live in coastal areas and more than 2.62 million people are primarily employed in marine and inland capture fisheries in Indonesia. It is one of the most fish-dependent countries in the world yet also one of the most threatened; reefs in Indonesia face a myriad of threats, such as sedimentation from deforestation, coastal pollution, and thermal stress, but overfishing and destructive fishing are believed to be the most acute threats.
The urgency of improving marine resource management in Indonesia cannot be overstated. From an ecological perspective, Indonesia is located in the center of the Coral Triangle, which contains 76% of all coral species—the highest coral and coral reef fish diversity in the world. From an economics and livelihoods perspective, Indonesia is the world’s second largest producer of wild-capture fish, accounting for 6.5 million tons in 2011, 60% of which was from small-scale fishers. There are more than 2.62 million fishers in the marine and inland capture sector in Indonesia,1and the country is one of the most fish-dependent countries in the world. The average annual per capita fish consumption (including aquaculture products) reached 30.4 kilograms in 2007, accounting for 72% of total animal protein in human consumption nationwide.
If wealth in Indonesia sea can be managed properly then Indonesia can be a world maritime center. but many problems occurred in the Indonesian sea in terms of natural resources, including overfishing, damage to coral reefs. Another problem in terms of military defense in Indonesia.
Overfishing
become a medium for unifying the nation. Indonesia has an important position in the fishery sector. Fishery production growth reached 7 percent per year, placing Indonesia as the largest producer of fishery products in Southeast Asia. Generally, national fisheries production sector can be divided into two sub-sectors, namely fishing and aquaculture. At fishing sub-sector, Indonesia has the potential of marine fishery resources of 6.4 million tons of fish per year. As for inland water, areas that can be widely used for fishing effort are about 13.85 million hectares with the potential fishery resources of 3.03 million tons per year. Nevertheless, it can be found that some types of fish that have been experienced over-exploited, but there also several species of fish that have not been used optimally. For example, for the production of tuna, Indonesia ranks third in the world’s largest tuna producing countries. This is in line with the increasing fish production in Indonesia from year to year, which is still dominated by catch fisheries. Total fishery production in 2010 reached 10.83 million tons, up 10.29 percent compared to 2009 that was 9.82 million tons.
According to the Indonesian Constitution, natural resources can be exploited for the greatest benefit of all. There is much debate about the appropriate interpretation of this statement, but fisheries and marine resources, especially within 4 nautical miles (nm) of the coast, are generally treated as open access resources. Whereas Indonesia does have regulations and procedures to regulate spatial distribution of fishing effort, these regulations have not yet resulted in control of the overall level of effort, nor have they been effective in abating overfishing. Legislation exists to designate and manage MPAs, and the country is divided into Fisheries Management Areas to guide fisheries interventions (e.g., governance, licensing systems, and gear restrictions). However, there are few effective regulations to limit access beyond no-take zones within MPAs, and few catch limits or effort restrictions are used in nearshore waters. Customary fisheries and marine management systems exist in certain places, but there are no common or scalable models. The overall consensus appears to be that while an RBM approach to managing local marine resources is possible in certain cases, there are enough legal hurdles to make widespread adoption unlikely in the short term.
fishery resources in both marine fishery ansd freshwater fishery, where 76 percent of Indonesia’s surface area is sea-waters, in addition to the 5,500 rivers and lakes found throughout Indonesia.
Some may not be fully compatible with the goal of ensuring long-term sustainable access to fish and other marine resources for communities or to enhance food security. While it is often assumed that customary natural resource laws are based on sustainability principles, they are sometimes as much about social and political hierarchy as natural resource management. The variation in customary laws and their application means that using adatas a means to restrict outsider access to fishing grounds or to reduce fishing pressure is still very much a site-by-site strategy.
Coral reefs in Indonesia
The Benthic research, that carried out in 1984 along a west-east axis in the Java Sea and in the Strait of Madura, shows relatively poor benthic communities. The average densities of macro faunal organisms (>1 mm) did not exceed 250 specimens·m-2; the total biomass was below 1 g AFDW·m-2; small polychaetes and crustaceans were the dominant groups. A number of larger organisms have developed very remarkable adaptations to the muddy environment. Meiofaunal organisms (nematodes being the dominant group) numbered 0.06·106to 0.46·106specimens.m-2. In general there is a trend from west to east towards somewhatricher communities. The actual carbon demand of the benthic ecosystem in the area investigated is tentatively estimated at an average of 38 g C·m -2·y
-1 which amounts to about 40% of the primary production. Both the very soft fluid-mud bottoms in the central Java Sea and in Strait Madura, and the relatively low amount of energy available for growth, probably prevent the establishment of well developed benthic communities (de Wilde et. al., 1989).
species" in their ecosystem. There are, at least, two types of population groups in the Java Sea. The first one is the group of resident species that spend their whole life in the Java Sea and depend on the functioning of coastal waters. The species ofthis group are included in the coastal population group. The second one is the visitor species group, which,at the time being, plays the major part in pelagic fishery. These species stay in the Java Sea for a part of their life span, in the young age only, meaning that adult stages and their reproduction mainly take place outside Java Sea, in the eastern Seas of Indonesia. Indonesian Navy
As of 2015, the Navy managed to maintain its status as the strongest navy in Southeast Asia that carried since the middle of 1950. Despite budgetary constraints and a significant increase in the strength of the AL other countries. Navy has become the strongest Navy in Southeast Asia since the RTC (Round Table Conference) inaugurated the RIS (Republic of Indonesia) in December 1949, which then merges back into the Republic of Indonesia. Receive heritage assets NICA / Indies make the Navy became the strongest navy in Southeast Asia, even in the southern hemisphere. KRI Irian which operates year 1962 -1970 is a symbol of the heyday of the Navy as a Navy strongest in the southern hemisphere. At that time, the Air Force-was the strongest air force in the southern hemisphere, which makes the TNI (APRI / Armed Forces) as the strongest military in the southern hemisphere.
Conclusion
Small-scale fishers do not require a fishing business license, and the requirement for a fish catching license and vessel license is not systematically enforced for small fishers. Small-scale fishers are allowed to catch fish almost anywhere within Indonesia’s entire fishery management area, including all territorial waters and waters within the Indonesian EEZ. In an effort to increase prosecutorial effectiveness, Indonesia developed a network of fisheries tribunals under Law 31/2004, but these courts have only handled a scant proportion of cases, given that illegal fishing practices are believed to be widespread. The government is currently rolling out a comprehensive vessel monitoring program requiring all vessels over 60 GT to install tracking systems, and development of an on-board observer program is in its early stages. Nearshore fishing and coastal resources are an important component of subsistence and food security for the nearly 60% of Indonesians who live in coastal areas. Recognition of the need to ensure sustainability of these resources is growing, as evidenced through the declaration of some fisheries management and conservation-related laws and with a number of government and non-government entities establishing marine conservation projects throughout the country.
As mentioned above, Indonesia has many options to build military. First, Arms build-up program. That is a administrative aspects of military defense acquisitions that should be corrected. The main was a better acquisition planning. Better here are more integrated, well-planned, self-contained, and focuses on increasing combat capability. Second, One stunt acquisitions to maintain combat capability conducted by the Navy is extending the operational life of frigate Van Speijk and perform limited weapons modernization. Third, Arms maintenance program. The government does not need to increase military budget sharply. Hence there would be no political upheaval and economic decreasing. At last, internal threats would not increase.
References
BKPM. Fisheries Industry At AGlance.
Conservation and community investement forum. July 2013. Assesment of the enabling conditions for rights-based management coastal marine reseources. San Francisco.
Nagara, Atma Genia dkk. 2007. Introduction To Java Sea. University Of Stangaver
http://hankam.kompasiana.com/2014/09/22/tni-al-dalam-konstelasi-kekuatan-laut-asia-tenggara-2015-675692.html (accesed 23 may 2015)
Penulis
Nama : Nurhayati
Status : Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Semarang Jurusan Pendidikan Luar Sekolah Angkatan 2013
Alamat : Jl. Taman Siswa Gang Goda No. 3 Kel. Gunungpati Semarang Jawa Tengah
Cp : 085713179458
