An analysis of lexical and contextual meanings in Christina Perri’s song lyrics.

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AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL AND CONTEXTUAL MEANINGS IN CHRISTINA PERRI’S SONG LYRICS

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By: Vida Septiana Reg. Number: A83210107

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

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ABSTRACT

Septiana, Vida. 2017. “An Analysis of Lexical and Contextual Meanings in Christina Perri’s Song Lyrics”. English Department, Faculty of Art and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M. Ag.

Keywords : Semantic, song, lexical meaning, contextual meaning, Christina Perri, word.

Semantic is the branches of linguistics. This branch is the important one, and there are lexical meaning and contextual meaning. By listening to the songs, we can get knowledge about appreciates literature and the background of the song. Therefore, the writer was interested in analyzing the kinds of meaning used in Christina songs. The researcher dedicated to give the title of this research “An Analysis of Lexical and Contextual Meanings in Christina Perri’s Song Lyrics”.The problem of this study is: (1) what are the lexical meanings in the Christina Perri’s Song Lyrics? (2) What are the contextual meaning in the Christina Perri’s Song Lyrics?.

The writer takes five songs from different album. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method because the writer would analysis and interpret the research object of Christina Perri Song Lyrics. The step to obtain the data is by collecting sources of the data from Christina Perri’s Song Lyrics and from internet. After that she selects the songs which contain of semantic, reads and listens to the lyrics to understand the content of the songs conducts and analyzes the collected data and makes conclusion.

The result of this research is as follows: (1) related to the lexical meaning, while (2) related to the contextual meaning. The writer expects this research will be useful for the other researchers who are eager to know more about semantics. Moreover, semantic is an important branch of linguistics that is interesting to be studied, especially when it is applied to literary works, such us songs or poem etc.

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INTISARI

Septiana, Vida. 2017. “Analisa Makna Leksikal dan Kontekstual pada Lirik Lagu Christina Perri”. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M. Ag.

Kata Kunci : Semantic, lagu, makna leksikal, makna kontekstual, Christina perri, kata.

Semantic adalah cabang linguistik. Cabang ini adalah salah satu yang penting, dan ada makna leksikal dan makna kontekstual. Dengan mendengarkan lagu-lagu, kita bisa mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang menghargai sast dan latar belakang dari lagu tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penulis tertarik untuk menganalisis jenis makna yang digunakan dalam Lirik Lagu Chistina Perri. Penulis di dedikasikan untuk memberikan judul penelitian ini "Analisis Makna Leksikal dan Kontekstual pada Lirik Lagu Christina Perri". Masalah penelitian ini adalah: (1) Apa makna leksikal dalam Lirik Lagu Christina Perri? (2) Apa makna kontekstual dalam Lirik Lagu Christina Perri?.

Peneliti mengambil lima lagu dari album yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena peneliti akan analisis dan menginterpretasikan obyek penelitian Lirik Lagu Christina Perri. Langkah untuk mendapatkan data dengan mengumpulkan sumber data dari Lagu Christina Perri dan dari internet. Setelah itu dia memilih lagu-lagu yang berisi dari semantik, membaca dan mendengarkan lirik memahami isi dari lagu perilaku dan menganalisis data yang dikumpulkan dan membuat kesimpulan.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION...48

SUGGESTION…………...49

REFERENCES…………...51 APPENDIX

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This section included background of study, Statement of problem, Objective of the study, Significance of the study, Scope and limitation, and Definition of key term. Each of the items is discussed clearly as follow:

1.1 Background of study

A language has an important function in society. One can keep communicate in their daily life by using language. Language is also very important tools on establishing and preserving relationship among people. Communication is the basic thing to all human communities.It can be widely defined as the process with actions such as exchange information; making transaction, cooperating with others, and doing any other things that need language. Using language is the majors of communication through (verbal or non verbal language) people are able to express their thought and to communicate with other or even with themselves.

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spoken and written text. Generally, music embodies expresses, symbolizes or in some other way represented phenomenon that are important to human life.

The science to analyze kinds of language is linguistics, linguistics is a scientific study of language or of particular languages, according to Wikipedia linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. Scientific of linguistics such as semantics is study of meaning, morphology, syntax, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics and so on. The writer used sociolinguistics as a theory to analyze her research.

Language has flexible and dynamic characteristics which may create new possibility in communication, so it is impossible that language can stop in one word and one meaning because language can change as fast as the growing of human (Fromkin and Robert in Aditia, 2011:1). It means that language can be used not only to do something good, but also it is possible for people to convey something bad to other using language. Thus, the meaning in a word can be good or bad. It depends on each individual, because we live in the society where diversity can be seen as the difference these days. The example of bad thing in language is when people get annoyed by the others, and they utter swear words instead of warn them nicely. It is a little indication that those people are bad in expressing emotion. Moreover, language helps human to do everything.

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optimize the use of language itself. Communication is important for all human being. They do not normally live in isolation without having any contact with other people (Rohmah, 2006:1). It clearly describes that human being cannot live properly without using a language. Even though, mute people can still use sign language, but as a matter fact they will not be able to get any better life easily. Language is the place where actual and all possible forms of social organization. Yet it is also the place where our sense of ourselves, our subjectivity, is constructed (Aditia, 2011 in Talbot 2003:1), which it means that language can perform its feature to change people’s behavior in the society.

The action such as sing a song, body’s gesture, and facial expression are the way people express their feelings to their community and family. According Trudgill (1983:14), people from different social and geographical backgrounds use different kind of languages. Because of the two factors which are mentioned by Trudgill, there are many kind of languages produce in the world. Although in a certain language use its own language, it is does not means that there is the best language.

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sense of complex and abstract thought, to learn to communication with other, to fulfill our wants and needs.

Actually, communication is basically a social process. It is not only spoken and written language to communication, but also with wide variety action. Communication is the action or process of communicating. Oxford (1995:230). When all people speak in a communication is a process. And then, there must be both sender and receiver. Sometimes, all people only talk interaction not only directly interact with Communicator alone, but it can communication through songs, poems etc. Communication mainly through song means something more meaningful.

Language as a symbol of language symbolizes something. Language symbolizes a sense, a concept, an idea, or a thought that is delivered in the form of sound. Muhammad (2011:48). Because the symbol refers to a concept, idea, thought, it can be said that the language has a meaning. It is the meaning of language.

Beside the language as a meaningful, language is also a sound system. Sound is an impression the nerve center of the eardrum vibration as a result of reacting due to changes in air pressure. Kridalaksana, in Muhammad (1983:27, 2011:47). Its means that, sounds in language or a language includes of language symbol is sound produced by human organs vocal.

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Charles W. Kreidler (1998:3). The writer expects this study is useful for the other researcher who wish to know about semantics. Moreover, semantics as an important branch of linguistics is interesting to be studies especially when it is applied to literary work such as song, poem and prose.

Language is a speech sound system that is arbitrary or abusive, (Subroto, in Muhammad 2007:12, 2011:40). Based on this concept, the substance of thelanguage is the sound produced by humans. The sound was a marker than the language of the subject. Language described by Subroto as a fusion form, meaning, and even the situation. Language was a series of sounds. Therefore, many aspects of language support that could be studied, such as raw material language sounds as language materials, subject as meaning that the sound outside, referent, usability, and the use of language.

According Mansoer Pateda (2001:96) kind of meaning include a cognitive meaning, ideational meaning, denotasional meaning, proposional meaning, while Sipley Ed (1962:261-262) in mansoer pateda book (1990:16) kind of meaning include emotive meaning, cognitif meaning, descriptive meaning, referential meaning, pictorial meaning, dictionary meaning, fringe meaning, core meaning. According to Verhaar (1983:124) ) in Mansoer Pateda book (1990:16) kind of meaning include of gramatical meaning and lexical meaning. According to Boomfield (1933:151) in Mansoer Pateda book (1990:16-17) narrowed meaning and widened meaning.

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(1998:41) the dimensions of meaning include reference and denotation, connotation, sense relations, lexical and grammatical meaning, morphemes, homonymy, polysemy, lexical ambiguity, sentence and meaning. Beside that, according to Abdul Chaer (2007:289) kind of meaning include a lexical, grammatical and contextual meaning, referential and non referential meaning, denotative and connotative meaning, conceptual and associative meaning, and lexeme. According to Jos Daniel Parera (1990:16) kind of meaning include a theoretical of referential or correspondence, theoretical of contextual, the theory of mentalism or conceptual, and theoretical formalism.

Semantics is a sub discipline of linguistics which focuses on the study of meaning. The present study analyzes about semantic analysis especially on the lexical meaning and contextual meaning, “An Analysis of Lexical and Contextual Meanings in Christina Perri’s Song Lyrics”. The lexical meaning is to be interpreted as the meaning of lexemes depending on the meaning of sentences in which they occur. Lexical meaning concerned with the relationship between words and meanings. Related to lexical meaning involves denotation, connotation, synonymy, antonym, hyponymy, homonymy, homophone, polysemy, and figurative language.

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Song is a piece of music with word that is sung or music for the voice. Oxford (1995:1133). Its means that, the producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular is speech by the uses of both tonality and rhythm. And then, sings was called a singer or vocalist. Singers perform music that could be sing either with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in a group of other musicians.

The writer chosen “Christina’s” song because her song is very interesting to examine and researched in more detail. Beside that, the writer have a some reason to be analysis this research. First of all, this song tells about love story. And then, the writer takes five songs in different album. The five songs are about love story that have same story with the researcher in the daily fact. This love story is introduction for the reader and listener that if we wants to make a good relation with our partner, we must to be know about all of the physical, characteristic, and about inherit of family. Besides that, this song give a lexical meaning and contextual meaning and then gave a massage for someone who loves their partner until the end of life.

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Perri also gained recognition for writing and recording "A Thousand Years", the love theme for the film The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012), which appears on the accompanying soundtrack. The song went on to sell over 4 million copies in the United States, being certified 4× platinum. She later released her second extended play, A Very Merry Perri Christmas (2012), followed by her second studio album, Head or Heart (2014).

1.2 Statement of problem

Based on background of the study, there are problems related to the study, which leads to the following research question:

1. What are the lexical meanings in the lyrics of Christina Perri’s song?

2. What are the contextual meanings in the lyrics of Christina Perri’s song?

1.3 Objective of the study

1. To explain the lexical meanings in the lyrics of “Christina Perri’s”song for reader.

2. To explain the contextual meanings in the lyrics of “Christina Perri’s” song for reader.

1.4 Significance of the study

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1.5 Scope and limitation

In this research, the writer focuses and analyzes on five lyrics of “Christina Perri’s” songs in different album. The titles of the song are “A Thousand Years”, “Jar of Heart”, “I Believe”, “The Lonely”, “Bluebird”.

1.6 Definition of key term

The writer gives some the definition of key term to make clear and to avoid misunderstanding.

1. Semantic is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantic is the study of how language organize and express meanings. (Charles W. Kreidler.03)

2. Lyric is an expression of the writer’s feelings or commposed for singing. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995:703)

3. Meaning is intended to communicate, that is not directly expressed. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995:726)

4. Song is a piece of music with word that is sung or music for the voice; singing. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (1995:1133)

5. “Christina Perri” has a complete name “Christina Judith Perri” (born August 19, 1986). She is an American singer and songwriter from Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of many important aspect. They are, the main theory

of the study, and related study which was about the author’s research as the

supporting theory and some reference books and reliable sources that support the

theory applied in this research.

2.1 Semantic

Linguistic semantics is the topic of this book, but we need to limit to

ourselves to the expression of meanings in a single language, English. Charles

(1998:03). The researcher thinks that semantic was a part of linguistics. On the

other word, semantics was one of the branched of linguistics studying about the

meaning of language.

According to Charles W. Kreidler (1998:3) semantic is the systematic

study of meaning and linguistic semantic is the study of how languages organize

and express meanings. Its means that, meaning in linguistic semantic was very

needed for us to limit ourselves to the expression of meanings in a single

language. Charles said there were three disciplines were concerned with the

systematic study of meaning, in itself: psychology, philosophy and linguistics. It

means that, psychologist were interest in how individual humans learn, how they

retain, recall or loss information. Philosophies of language were concerned with

how we know, how any particular fact that we know or accept as true was related

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to other possible facts. And than, the last systematic study of meaning is about

linguistic, linguistics want to understand how language works.

The writer understands that the meaning of a word is fully reflected by it

context. Here, the meaning of the word is constituted by its contextual relations.

Therefore, a distinction between of participation as well as modes of participation

was made. In order to, accomplish this distinction any part of a sentence that bears

a meaning and combines with the meanings of other constituents. Meaning could

be concluded that are idea or concepts that could be transferred from the mind of

the speaker to the mind the hearer by embodying them, as it were, in the form of

one language or another.

2. 2 Kind of Meanings

The study of linguistic meanings of morphemes, word, phrases, and

sentence is called semantics. Semantic is considered with aspect of meaning in

language. Dealing with the meaning, it could be categorized into some reference.

According to Charles W. Kreidler (1998:41) the dimensions of meaning include

reference and denotation, connotation, sense relations, lexical and grammatical

meaning, morphemes, homonymy, polysemy, lexical ambiguity, sentence and

meaning.

According Mansoer Pateda (2001:96) kind of meaning include a cognitive

meaning, ideational meaning, denotasional meaning, proposional meaning, while

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meaning, pictorial meaning, dictionary meaning, fringe meaning, core meaning.

According to Verhaar (1983:124) ) in Mansoer Pateda book (1990:16) kind of

meaning include of gramatical meaning and lexical meaning. According to

Boomfield (1933:151) in Mansoer Pateda book (1990:16-17) narrowed meaning

and widened meaning.

According to Abdul Chaer (2007:289) kind of meaning include a lexical,

grammatical and contextual meaning, referential and non referential meaning,

denotative and connotative meaning, conceptual and associative meaning, and

lexeme. According to Jos Daniel Parera (2004:) kind of meaning include a

theoretical of referential or correspondence, theoretical of contextual, the theory

of mentalism or conceptual, and theoretical formalism.

All of the kind of meaning with diffrent reference, the writer take a focus

in lexical meaning and contextual meaning from Charles W. Kreidler and Daniel

Josh Parera book. So that, the writer explained about kind of meaning from the

two book. Because in this research, the writer analyzed of “Christina Perri” song.

2.2.1 Lexical meaning

Lexical meaning is the smallest meaning unit in the meaning system of

language that could be distinguished from other similar units. A lexeme is an

abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms of actual spoken or written

sentences. It is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected. According to

Harimurti (1982:103) in Mansoer Pateda book said that lexical meaning is the

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lexeme affixes whose meaning more or less fixed, as can be read in a particular

language dictionary.

Lexical meaning is also smallest meaning unit in the meaning system of

language that could be distinguished from other similar units. A lexeme is an

abstract unit. It can be occurring in many different forms of actual spoken or

wrote sentences, and regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected.

Lexical meaning refers to the real meaning, meaning that proper with our

sense of observation, or granted meaning. It has been known that a language has

amount of lexical system by which the semantic with structure could be based its

meaning on paradigmatic and systematical. The researcher said that lexical

meaning could be defined as a meaning which has a characteristic of lexicon,

lexeme and word. It also has a meaning as it reference, meaning which is result of

our observation through our sense, or the reality in our life. Not all lexeme were

word-lexeme or lexeme whose forms are words forms. Many of them would be

phrasal lexeme whose forms were phrases.

Therefore, many people who say that the lexical meaning is the meaning

in the dictionary or that of the lexeme meaning even without any contexts. For

example, “horses” have similar lexical meaning ordinary a quadruped ridden. This

example, the lexical meaning is the exact meaning or meanings that accord with

the observation of our senses. In the dictionary, usually contains only lexical

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2.2.2 Contextual meaning

Contextual meaning is the meaning according to the context. According to

Abdul Chaer (2007:290), Contextual meaning is the meaning of a lexeme or word

inside a context. A contextual definition is also a definition in which the term is

used by embedding it in a larger expression containing its explanation. According

to J.R. Firth in 1930 in Daniel Josh Parera book (1990:17), said:

If we regard language as ‘expressive’ or ‘communicative’ we imply that it is an instrument of inner mental states. And as we know so little of inner mental states, even by the most careful introspection the language problem, become more mysterious the more we try to explain it by referring it to inner mental happenings which are not observable. By regarding word as acts, events, habits, we limit our inquiry to what is objective in the group life of our fellows. (Meetham,1969, 499-500)

In the view of Firth, it could inherit the context of thinking about the

situation in the analysis of meaning. Theory contextual has the meaning of a word

tied to the cultural and ecological environment to use that particular language.

This theory also indicates that a word or symbol utterances have no meaning if it

regardless of context.

According to Abdul Chaer (2007:290) contextual meaning is the meaning

of a lexeme or word inside a context. However, the contextual meaning could be

regarded to the situation, where the time, the language usage environment.

According Mansoer Petada (116-2001), Contextual meaning could be

regarded as a situational meaning. It arised as a result of the relationship between

speech and context. It took the form of a lot of things. There are some contexts in

here is the first context organs, including those relating to gender, position the

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the listener. The second context of the situation, such a situation is safe or noisy

situations. The third context purposes, such as asking or expecting something. The

fourth context of whether or not a formal conversation. The fifth context of the

speaker or the listener’s mood such as afraid, excited, upset or angry. The sixth

time context, for example, night or day. Context seventh place, for example where

at school, at home, in the field, etc. Eighth object context, mean what the focus of

the conversation. Ninth context fittings speak or hear the speaker or the listener.

Tenth linguistic context that does meet the rules of the language used by both

sides. Eleventh context of language, meaning the language used.

2.2.3 Grammatical Meaning

Grammatical meaning is the meaning of the phrase that is enclosed. This

means the grammatical meaning of each language is limited and could not be

changed or replaced in a long time’s. Grammatical meaning of a language could

be interpreted. It is fixed in accordance with the language user community.

Grammatical meaning also could be regarded as a structural or functional

meaning, or internal meaning. According to Mansoer Pateda (2001:103)

grammatical meaning is the meaning that arises as a result of the functioning of

words in a sentence. It mean that, every language has a grammatical system and

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2.2.4 Conceptual Meaning

Conceptual meaning is essential in the language. According to Mansoer

Pateda (2001:114) conceptual meaning could be known after we connect or

compare the level of language. So, conceptual meaning regarded as a major factor

in every language.

2.2.5 Denotative Meaning

Denotative meaning is the meaning of what it was. Denotative meaning is

also referred to as a word or group of words which based on straightly relationship

between the unit and form language beyond language unit was treated

appropriately. According to Harimurti (1982:32) in Mansoer Pateda book

(2001:98) based on the denotative meaning is straightly designation on something

outside the language or that are based on certain conventions.

A denotation identifies the central aspect of word meaning. Meaning is

more than denotation. Thus, the denotation is reasonable meaning, the original,

which appeared first, the first known, meaning it is appropriate and in accordance

with the meaning of reality.

2.2.6 Connotative Meaning

Connotative meaning is the communicative value of the expression to the

targets, exceed the contents above are purely conceptual. Thus, it opens like a

connotative meaning only our knowledge and belief of nature that also is opened.

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meaning, the emotional association that the word aroused. Connotation of

individuals have common experience, some people has a shared word

connotations.

Connotations have the right to live and need to be talked about, discussed,

and controlled by the user language. However, the used of language usage and

connotations has limits, which not used in report language, the language of

scientific papers, magazines, etc, were formalized.

Connotation Refers to the personal aspect of meaning, the emotional

association that the word arouses. Connotation is stimulating and evocative

senses, feelings, attitudes, judgments, and beliefs as well as certain purposes. It

can be individually and collectively. JD. Parera (2004:99 ) .

Connotations can arise between the meanings of synonyms and

connotations also can appear in a word. Therefore, the connotation and there

appears to be done on a historical significance and descriptive. According to JD.

Parera (2004:105) usage connotations have boundaries, which used in report

language, the language of science, language magazines, textbooks discuss. Thus,

the use of connotations must be done carefully because the used of connotations

can lead to the power of rhetoric and leads to certain drawbacks.

2.2.7 Morpheme

According to Charles K W (1998:51) morpheme is the technical term for a

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2.2.8 Referential or Correspondence Meaning

Referential or correspondence meaning refers to three as proposed by the

Ogaden and Richard. According to Ogden and Richards (2004:46), the meaning is

the relationship between the reference and the referent is expressed through the

sounds of language symbols in the form of words or phrases or sentences. This

theory emphasizes the direct relationship between the existing references to the

referent in the real world.

2.2.9 Mentalism or Conceptual Meaning

Mentalist theory is a theory that is contrary to the theory of reference.

According to Saussure in JD Parera book (2004:47) recommends that the first

synchronic study of language and language analysis above distinguishes parale la,

la langue, and le lengage, are not real have pioneered the theory of meaning that is

mentalist. This theory was the main characteristics that demonstrate this theory

Mentalist. The main characteristics of this theory was the greeting Glucksberg and

Danks (1975:50) in JD Parera book (2004:47) "the set of possible meanings in any

given word is the set of possible feelings, images, ideas, concepts, thoughts, and

inferences that a person might produce when that word is heard and processed".

2.2.10 The meaning is-use theory

The meaning of an expression is determined, if not identical with, it used

in the language. This theory was developed by Wittgenstein (1830 and 1858).

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context because the context is always changing from time to time. It also affects

the language; the language is a form of the game which was held in several

contexts with multiple objectives. Languages also have rules that allow some

movement, but prohibit other movements. One disadvantage of this theory is the

determination of the concepts or the use of appropriately.

2.3 Relation of Meaning

In any language, the semantic relationship significance or relation between

a word or set of words or other language with the language unit. According to

Abdul Chaer (2002:82) relations of meaning can be categorized as: synonyms,

antonym, hyponym, homonym, polysemy, ambiguity and redundancies.

2.3.1 Synonym

Synonym is an instance of mutual entailment and synonym are instance of

mutual hyponymy. Charles K W (1998:97). Synonyms are typically single

lexemes of the same weight. The longer terms explained the simpler term but not

the other way around. Dictionaries typically provide a number of synonyms for at

least some of the lexemes they define, and in fact there are whole dictionaries of

synonyms. But, the synonymy is not a simple matter, for two lexeme, never have

the same range of syntactic occurrences and even where they share occurrences

and make prediction about the same class of referring expressions. So, Synonym

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According Verhaar (1978) in Abdul Chaer (2002:82) is a synonym for the

expression (can be words, phrases, or sentences) are more or less the same

meaning with the meaning of other expressions. So, synonyms used to express

sameness of meaning. It is see from the fact that each constituent word dictionary

suggests a number of devices that have the same meaning.

2.3.2 Antonym

According to Charles K W (1998:100) Antonyms is two sentences that

differ in polarity like these are mutually contradictory. It means that, if one true,

the other must be false. Two sentence that have the same subject and have

predicates. So, the relationship between the meanings of two words that have

antonyms is two way.

2.3.3 Hyponym

According to Abdul Chaer (2007:305) that the hyponym is a semantic

relation between a figure of speech whose meaning is included in the meaning of

the other utterances form. For example, there are word said of between “birds”

and pigeons. Meaning of the word "pigeon" is included in the meaning of the

word "bird". We could say that the "dove" it is a bird, but "bird" instead of just

"dove", the bird could be a bird of paradise or the name of the other birds. So,

hyponym relationship is close to a synonym. When a word has a meaning all

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Hyponym is the phrase (the word also can typically phrase or sentence)

whose meaning was considered to be a part of the meaning of another expression

by Verhar (1983:131) in Mansoer Pateda book (2001:209). Its mean that,

hyponym is a valid one way relationship, and sometimes also used as a noun.

According to Palmer (1978:78) in Mansoer Pateda book (2001:210) that contains

a logical relationship with the hyponym hierarchy. Its mean that, if we said

hyponym, then, we could a imagine a group name, so, we called it hyponym.

2.3.4 Homonym

A lexeme is a conjunction of form and meaning. The form is fairly easy to

determine: in writing it is a sequence of letters, in speech a sequence of phonemes.

Charles (1998:52). Its mean that, homonym is two lexeme and the same form but,

the meaning is very different. In case, there is two term about homonym, that is

homophone and homograph. Homophone is a same sound. But, homograph is the

same form spelling.

2.3.5 Polysemy

According to Abdul Chaer (2002:302) polysemy is defined as a unit of

language, particularly the word, a phrase that could also have more than one

meaning. For example, the word "chief", the head means "body parts from the

neck up, as there were in humans and animals", it also could be interpreted as a

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head office and head of the station. So, a word or utterance unit called polysemy if

the word has more than one meaning.

2.3.6 Ambiguity

Ambiguity is often said to be a double or ambiguous meanings. According

to Abdul Chaer (2007:306) that the symptoms may be due to the multiplicity of

meaning different grammatical interpretation. Different grammatical

interpretations are common in wrote language, due to the suprasegmental

elements of wrote language could not be described accurately. For example, "new

history book" can be interpreted as “the history of the newly published book" or

"history book that contains the history of a new era".

2.3.7 Redundancy

In semantics, redundancies are not there, because one of the basic

principles of semantics are different forms when the meaning was different.

According to Abdul Chaer (2002:105) that the redundancy is defined as the

excessive use of segmental elements in a form of speech.

2.4 Word

In language, word is the smallest free form that may be uttered in isolation

with semantic or pragmatic content or with literal or practical meaning. This

contra with a morpheme, which was the smallest unit of meaning but would not

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According to Mansoer Pateda (2001-113) word is a linguistic moment together in

sentences conveys a message in a communication, form of word in various forms.

2.4.1 Class of word

The researcher began by grouping word more or less on the basis of our

instincts about English. It use a combination of three criteria for determining the

word class of a word, the meaning of the word, the form or shape of the word, the

position or environment of the word in a sentence.

2.4.1.1 Noun

Noun are class of lexical words marked by their appearance following

certain noun-determining function words, such as the, my, some, two, by their use

of two inflection, -es and –s by certain deviational suffixes. A noun is a word

which was used to denote a person.

2.4.1.2 Adjective

Adjective are class of lexical words identified by their ability to fill the

position between noun-determiner and noun and the position after a linking verb

and qualifier such as very, rather and quite. An adjective gave the reader or

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2.4.1.3 Verb

Verb are a class of lexical word by their use of four inflection, -s, -ed, and

–ing, by their appearance in verb phrases with certain auxiliaries, such as can,

must, is, has, please, about (to), keep (on), by small group of deviational affixes,

such as (-en) and (-ate). A group of words could not be described as a sentence or

a clause unless at least one of the words was a verb. In some ways, the writer

could be describe it as the most important part of speech because it was the action

word that told the listener or reader what was happening in the sentence.

2.4.1.4 Adverb

Adverb is class of lexical word identified by their ability to appear in

utterance-final position following a noun or nouns functioning as complement.

Adverb may be classified in eight groups or form-classes on the basis of their

morphemic structure. The class of adverbs is very wide ranging in form and used

to add comments to many of the other word classes.

2.5 Phrases

Phrases is a group of word, which make sense not complete sense, it called

a phrase. It is a group of related words without a subject and a verb. For example,

the sunrise in the east

2.5.1 Noun Phrase

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noun phrase would be a noun or a pronoun. In the examples below, the whole

noun phrase was shaded and the head word was in bold. For example, you like

singing in the bath.

2.5.2 Verb Phrase

Verbs are words that demonstrate an action, like sing, dance, smell, talk,

and eat. They serve as a link between the subject of the verb and information

about that subject. The information is usually descriptive. In order to show

activities that could be done, active verbs were used, while linking verbs describe conditions.For example, she was walking quickly to the mall.

2.5.3 Adjective Phrase

Adjective phrase is a group of words that describe a noun or pronoun in a

sentence. The adjective phrase could be placed before, or after, the noun or pronoun in the sentence. For example, the movie was not too terribly long.

2.5.4 Adverb Phrase

Adverb phrase is simply two or more words that act as an adverb. It could

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2.6 Previous Study

There are many previous studies investigating semantics namely. But, the

writer takes only third previous studies. The first, “Semantic Analysis on Iwan

Fals’’ Songs by Nila Kurniasari (2005), thesis English Letters And Language

Department, Faculty Of Humaniora, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic

University. The study was limited on meanings and messages and therefore, the

title of her thesis is Semantic Analysis on Iwan Fals’ Songs. The problems to be

discussed are: (1) what are the meanings found in Iwan Fals’ songs? (2) What are

messages found in Iwan Fals’ songs?. The objectives of the study are to find out

the meanings implied and the messages that exist in Iwan Fals’ songs. In this

study, the researcher takes ten songs, by the way all of songs in Iwan Fals’ songs

in the “In Collaboration With” album. The study was descriptive qualitative. In

the research, the writer used some books of their works to support this thesis.

Second, “A semantic Analysis on the English translation of surah

Almuzammil by Yusuf Ali, by Khulala sundusiyah (2012), thesis English Letters

AndLanguage Department, Faculty Of Humaniora, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State

Islamic University. The study aims answering two following question. First about

kind of meaning and message are used in the English translation of surah

Almuzammil by Yusuf Ali. She uses conducting descriptive qualitative method,

because the data of this study are in the form of the sentences or word of surah

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Third, “Lexical Meanings Used In Five Speeches of The Most Influential

Speeches In Twentieth Century” by Muhammad Syaiful Rizal (2010), thesis

English Letters And Language Department, Faculty Of Humaniora, Maulana

Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University. This study further conducted with the

following problems: 1. What lexical meanings are used in the most influential

speeches in twentieth century? 2. How are lexical meanings used in the most

influential speeches in twentieth century? This research was conducted by using

qualitative method To answer the point of utterances used by the speaker that is

by describing what and how the lexical meanings used by the speaker. After the

data have been obtained, the writer took several steps to analyze the data. First,

the writer categorized data into five categories in accordance with the number of

the speeches uses as the data sources. The data of each category were presented,

analyzed and concluded. After the data of the whole categories had already been

presented, analyzed and concluded, he made tentative conclusion. After

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This part tells about how the researcher collects the data and analyzes this study. The approach of the study will be explained in this chapter.

3.1 Research Approach

In conducting this study, the writer used descriptive qualitative approach.

The qualitative method was a research procedure which result in descriptive data including written and oral word from the research objectives whether it is from society or books. The writer studied lexical meaning and contextual meaning.

Unfortunately, it describes the data in the form of words and uses the text of the lyrics to be analyzed. Therefore, this research was descriptive qualitative

because it depends very much on narrative descriptive. Qualitative approach took because this research was in discussing.

3.2 Data and Source

The data sources of the research are the text of the lyrics on “Christina

Perri” song. The writer analyzed lexical meanings and contextual meaning of the song. The lyrics used the data source in this research are :

No. Title Album

1. A Thousand Years The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 Soundtrack (2011)

2. Jar Of Heart Love strong (2010)

3. I Believe Head or Head (2014)

4. The Lonely Love strong (2010)

5. Bluebird Lovestrong (2010)

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This writer choosed five lyrics based on the different album, because those songs were the most popular songs on “Christina Perri” Lyrics Album Song. The writer took the data from internet social media.

3.3 Technique of Data Collection

The writer collected the data in following step. First, the writer reading all the data sources. Second, the writer selected the appropriate songs in the lyrics

“Christina Perri” songs. Next, the writer choose lyrics covered in the song. The last, the data to be arrange systematically in accordance with the research focuses. To arrange the data, firstly, the writer defined about the lexical meaning, and the

second explained about contextual meaning.

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis

After collecting data, the writer did many steps to analyze the data.

First, the writer read the data. Secondly, the writer find out the meaning with one by one this word. Thirdly, the writer category the word who has not the real meaning. After this, the writer explained the word meaning in these lyrics uses

lexical meaning using those dictionaries. And then, the writer explained about a contextual meaning from the word in these lyrics appropriate the context in this

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents of the data obtained from the data sources. The data

presentation is divided into five categories which were in accordance to the

number of the songs used as the data sources of this research.

4.1 The Findings

After collecting the data from “Christina Perri” lyrics, the writer analyzed

them in according with the research focuses. In this analysis, the writer used one

word to explain contain of the term in “Christina Perri” lyrics in her lyrics to show

her feeling to her boyfriends to show her feeling or love, there are many term that

have difference meanings lexically and contextually.

4.1.1 A Thousand Years

The writer analyzed these lyrics with one or two word that not has a

specific meaning. Lexical and contextual meaning that writer analyzed, not all

words were analyzed. The first data were “A Thousand Years” by “Christina

Perri” lyrics in “The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn- Part 1 Soundtrack” (2011)

album.

Heartbeats fast

Colors and promises

How to be brave

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How can I love when I’m afraid to fall

But watching you stand alone

All of my doubt suddenly goes away somehow

One step closer

You listen to this and what should pop into your mind is that when you

know you love someone, truly love them, even if they may not yet know it, you

have to endure. You can not be afraid to love. You have to be brave. It is not easy

by any means. You see them, your heart begins to beat quicker, your mind is

flooded with the thoughts of what might be. You know they are the one for you,

you know it as sure as you know your name. But the doubt may creep in and make

you wonder will it ever happen and do you have the courage to make it happen

and yet you tell yourself, “yes. I can.”

I have died everyday waiting for you

Darling don’t be afraid I have loved you

For a thousand years

I’ll love you for a thousand more

Such a wonderful chorus that lets you know that at times loving someone

is not easy. It can be downright painful, but through it all you endure because you

know it is worth it and you want that special someone to know to not be afraid of

your love. It is fate. It is meant to be. Accept it. Relish it. Cherish it. You continue

to love because you know its right. Your love for that special someone is endless

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Time stands still

Beauty in all she is

I will be brave

I will not let anything take away

What’s standing in front of me

Every breath

Every hour has come to this

One step closer

Most have come to know time as being refered to as Father Time, so here

Perri uses a bit of twist by refering to time as being a “she”. After all the time she

has waited, the moment has finally arrived. But from the words it is evident that

she feels her one and only true love is closer than ever before as she lets us know

by the line “what’s standing in front of me”. And I am sure many of you can relate

that the moment the person that you have waited for, yearned for is so close that

you can actually touch them is one of the most exhilarating moments in your life

and one that will never be forgotten.

And all along I believed that I would find you

Time has brought your heart to me

I have loved you for a thousand years

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Just like Christina says, you never give up the hope that you will find that

one true love that will change your life forever. And you know with all your heart

and being that in time, it will happen. And when it does, nothing else matters.

Have you ever felt like that? I am fairly sure many of you have.

One step closer

Each day brings you closer to what you want, to what you need to make

your life even that much better.

And all along I believed I would find you

Time has brought your heart to me

I have loved you for a thousand years

Once you listen to this wonderful song, you can not help but realize that is

speaks about the waiting, and the yearning for that one special love. It shows you

that above all else, if it is meant to happen, if you believe, it will happen”

4.1.2 Jar Of Heart

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not all word that analyzed. This song is about loving someone, then that someone

leaves you. You are hurt. Then, you try to move on. It was not easy but you are

close to forgetting that person, and suddenly he comes back. And you can't trust

him back that fast because of all the trauma he has brought you.

I

"I know I can’t take one more step towards you,

Cause all that's waiting is regret.

Don’t you know I’m not your ghost anymore?

You lost the love I loved the most."

Verse I tells that she's trying to stay away from him, because she knows

that she can still fall back for him if he does. But she would really regret it if it

would happen, because he has changed, he was not the man she used to love, and

she's not going to chase for his love and attention anymore (not your ghost

anymore)

II

"I learned to live, half alive,

And now you want me one more time"

Verse II means that she once almost died when they parted, and now he's

coming back.

III

"And who do you think you are?

Runnin’ ’round leaving scars,

Collecting your jar of hearts,

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You’re gonna catch a cold,

From the ice inside your soul.

So don’t come back for me.

Who do you think you are?"

(Line 1-4) She's telling that he should stop being a playboy/womanizer,

because all he's doing is hurting people. He has already hurt a lot of hearts(girls).

(Line 5,6) A hyperbolic statement that emphasizes on his coldness, or

inability to feel for people(empathy or sympathy).

IV

"And it took so long just to feel alright.

Remember how to put back the light in my eyes?

I wish I had missed the first time that we kissed,

Cause you broke all your promises,

And now you’re back.

You don’t get to get me back."

(Line 1,2) It took her so long to move on and to remind herself of the

things that she has to be thankful of and to look forward to.

(Line 3,4) She regrets having experienced their relationship, because it

only gave her false hopes.

(Line 5,6) And now he's back (Probably asking for her forgiveness), but

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4.1.3 I Believe

The third data is “I Believe” by “Christina Perri” lyrics in “Head or Heart”

(2014) album. Lexical and contextual meaning that the writer analyzed not all

word that will be analysis. The writer took this word in this lyrics, only the word

has a real meaning to be understood for the reader. Because, there was a word

have a lexical meaning, but not suitable with the context that there was in the

lyrics.

I believe if I'd knew where I was going, I'd lose my way

I believe that the words that he told you are not your grave

I know that we are not the weight of all our memories

I believe in the things that I am afraid to say

Hold on, hold on

I believe in the lost possibilities you can see

And I believe that the darkness reminds us where light can be

I know that your heart is still beating, beating darling

I believe that you fell so you can land next to me

‘Cause I have been where you are before

And I have felt the pain of losing who you are

And I have died so many times, but I am still alive

I believe that tomorrow is stronger than yesterday

And I believe that your head is the only thing in your way

I wish that you could see your scars are linked of beauty

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Hold on, hold on

‘Cause I have been where you are before

And I have felt the pain of losing who you are

And I have died so many times, but I am still alive

This is not the end of me, this is the beginning [x4]

(Hold on)

This is not the end of me, this is the beginning

(Hold on)

(Hold on (I am still alive))

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I think it means quite the opposite. She is met a man who she thinks is too

good to be true. She is happy with the idea of him being good enough, because

then she knows she can always find something wrong and run if he is not perfect

for her. She is scared that she may have the real deal on her hands. She wants him

to say something to prove her wrong, like others always have. She understands

running, that's what she is good at. She is afraid that she might have found the

man of her dreams, and if he comes any closer, she will see that he really is and

the potential for heart break is higher. It is easier to love her "good enough" idea

of him than the real/possibly "the one" "him".

I believe this is about Christina being in love with the idea of someone, but

in reality their love would never work out because the guy is not as good of a

person as she paints him to be, "I paint a picture in my mind that I go back to all

the time" "It's better than being with you". She knows that if they are together he

will only break her heart, "Stay where you are please don't break my heart". So

she is happy with just the daydream of how she wishes he could be and how

happy they could be then but, he only ruins this image for her when he opens his

mouth and lets her down, "love you in my day dream, don't open your mouth,

open your mouth"

4.1.4 The Lonely

The fourth data is “The Lonely” by “Christina Perri” lyrics in

“Lovestrong” (2010) album. This song is powerful, deep and moving. She sings

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has completely exited her life. Even though it can be inferred that her solitude and

loneliness is from a relationship gone sour, her lyrics are so incredibly real and

painful I'd like to think the loss is even greater such as the death of a loved one or

end of a 30 year friendship.

2 AM, where do I begin?

Crying off my face again

The silent sound of loneliness

Wants to follow me to bed

PRE-CHORUS

I'm a ghost of a girl

That I want to be most

I'm the shell of a girl

That I used to know well

CHORUS

Dancing slowly in an empty room

Can the lonely take the place of you?

I sing myself a quiet lullaby

Let you go and let the lonely in

To take my heart again

Too afraid to go outside

For the pain of one more loveless night

For the loneliness will stay with me

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CHORUS

Broken pieces of

A barely breathing story

Where there once was love

Now there's only me

And the lonely

Her opening line is setting a very depressing scene. It is candid, but very

upsetting. You visualize a helpless person sobbing maybe in bed or at a table late

at night. They are probably alone in an apartment or house and they are alone and

left to deal with their emotions.

She also has lots of eerie imagery such as "ghost of a girl" or loneliness

"following her to bed". She is being haunted by the overwhelming grief. Not only

is she dragged down by these feelings, but they are also quite terrifying because

she can not control them. She sees herself as just a fraction of what she once was

and she does not have the power to stop what her emotions are turning her into.

She feels incredibly weakened by her overbearing loneliness.

Also instead of having a partner or a friend to be beside her in times of

need or helping her fall asleep, the loneliness will "hold me till I fall asleep". All

of the activities that humans do with one another such as cuddle or dance is being

done solo or even worse with the loneliness.

The lonely in this song is a personified being. It is ruthless, demanding and

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emotion and Perri talks about how it strangles her to the point that she is barely

able to survive. Her breathy tone of voice in this song prove that she is struggling

and makes any listener really dig deep down and enter a time when despair feels

like the only option.

4.1.5 Blue Bird

The fifth data is “Blue Bird “by “Christina Perri” lyrics in “Lovestrong”

(2010) album. Lexical and contextual meaning that the writer analyzed,not all

word that be analyzed. The writer take these word in this lyrics, only the word has

a real meaning to be understood for the reader. Because, there was a word have a

lexical meaning, but not suitable with the context that there is in the lyrics.

For me the bluebird is really another woman that is in love with guy the girl in the

song used be with.

How the hell does a broken heart

Get back together when it's torn apart

Teach itself to start

Beating again ba ba ba ba

This little Bluebird came looking for you

I said that I hadn't seen you in quite some time

This little Bluebird, she came looking again

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But it wouldn't have been such a lie

'Cause then I started to cry

This little Bluebird sure won't give it a rest

She swears that you may be better than all the rest

I said no-oh

You've got it all wrong

If he was something special, I wouldn't have this song

Don't you think it was hard?

I didn't even say that you died

But it wouldn't have been such a lie

'Cause then I started to cry

Get back together when it's torn apart?

Beating again ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba

What if when she comes over I am in your arms?

Taking all I want from you again

(Ba ba ba ba)

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Beating again ba ba ba ba

This little bluebird don't come 'round here anymore

So I went looking for her

And I found

You

And about the part when she says "I didn't even said that you died" I think

what she means is that this is what she wanted to say, because she doesn't wants

the guy to stay with the bluebird, probably because she is still broken hearted and

would like him to suffer, and because part of her wanted to stay with him, even

though he is not worth it. .

So basically, to me, the song is about that part when you do not want to get

back with someone, because you know it will not work, but you still kind love

him. And I think during most part of the song she could have gone back to him if

she wanted, and that is why the bluebird is always around, to make sure that she is

not with him. Also, this situation, of sometimes cogitating to get back with the

guy, makes the girl in the song feel guilty, you can notice this in the part "What if

when she comes over I am in your arms. Taking all I want from you again". And

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this little bluebird she came looking again. I said we weren't even friends. She

could have you", even though she is not a 100% sure of it.

But in the end I think what that last part means is that the Bluebird got the

guy and they switched places, 'cause know she was the one who had to look for

the Bluebird, which means it is to late for her, if she decided to get the guy back

So, from this all of word in above can not take a real meaning because not

suitable with this context. In this lyrics, all of this word there is in this lyrics can

be explained the meaning with use a dictionary but not all the meaning in

dictionary have a good relation with the context in the lyrics. So, with the research

is a research, that can be easily the reader to understood all of this lyrics. And

than, the reader can be extended the message of this song.

4.2 Discussion of the data

After the writer analysis of the data, the writer wants to discuss for the

data about the story of these lyrics song by” Christina Perri”. The first data is

about “A Thousand Years” with “The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 1

Soundtrack” 2011 album. This lyrics story about a woman that is waiting for a

long time for her soulmate. She is waiting for the good man. It is about waiting

patiently for your one true love and at the end it will be worth to wait. This song is

very touching because of the lyrics itself that’s why it is very relatable. This song

is remind us all that true love waits, indeed it is worth the wait when the love of

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The second data is about ” Jar of Hearts” with “Lovestrong” 2010 album.

This lyrics story about a woman who kept going back to a man who kept hurting

her and she decided can not move forward in their relationship. She learned to get

over him and he promised to never hurt again. She is moved on from him. He is

cold hearted and she does not need that. Thought she is moved on a first

heartbreak always hurts and remains as a scar. She likes her ex - boyfriend to a

serial killer killing all of the girls he is dated and keeping a collection of their

hearts in a Jar. Of course one could argue that she is talking about depression.

Thought I feel it also includes a hint of overcoming depression.

The third data is about “I Believe” with “Head or Heart” 2014 album.

This lyrics story about a woman who her head is saying what she believes in

while her heart disagrees with what her head is saying. No matter how bad a

situation is or can get, there is still hope for the best of those situations. Even

though it may seem like the end, it is only the beginning.

The fourth data is about “The Lonely“ with “Lovestrong” 2010 album, this

lyrics story about a broken hearted young woman lamenting in the lonelinness of

the night by the love she once knew since a girl herself that feels she is becoming

the ghost of her past, now in the body of a girl (woman) that she wants to become,

but feels so lonely inside and going through the dark night of the soul that she

feels she became an empty shell of herself in today's world that seems so empty of

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The fifth data is about “Blue Bird” with “Lovestrong” 2010 album, this

lyrics story about someone who was good friends with the man mentioned in this

song. She had feelings for him and suspected he had feelings for her, but they

never acted on it. After awhile he got frustrated, or they got in a fight and they

stopped communicating. However, she's still in love with him. She is reflecting on

how to get over her broken heart, when another girl comes around. She is

interested in the man Perri loves. Perri is trying to get over him and has not

spoken to him in awhile hence "I didn't even say that your died. But would it of

been such a lie?" She is saying it would not be much of a lie because they do not

see each other anymore, at all. The "bluebird" keeps coming around and trying to

get to the man Perri loves and she tells the other woman, she can have him ("I said

we were not even friends, she could have you"). But she does not mean it she is

still in love with him. The bluebird thinks this man is fantastic and Perri knows

that but she tries to downplay it. Finally she is reflecting again on how to seal her

freshly opened wounds. Then, to wrap it all up, the other woman stops coming

around. When Perri goes to look for her, she finds her with the man she's in love

with.

From the discussion of the data above, the writer could be discussion that

the lyrics of the song “Ch

An analysis of lexical and contextual meanings in Christina Perri’s song lyrics.