ABSTRACT
Badrarini Prabaningtyas, Fransisca. 2015. Study of Code-Switching in the Sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movies. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University
Code switching is the sociolinguistic case, which is study about the language used among the society. Code switching can be found in the movie, because movie is the implementation of human life. That is why, there is also a case in which the speaker sometimes changes their code. The case code switching itself has become an interesting topic to be discussed. This case does not only occur in daily life situations, but also in unreal life, such as in the movie.
This research analyzes the code-switching case in two Indonesian movies entitled 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2. This research had two research questions to be answered. They were 1) which types of code-switching are found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies? and 2) which reasons of code switching are used by the actors and actresses in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies?
The method used was sociolinguistic analysis, qualitative research, and content or document analysis. The primary instrument was the writer. To assist the data gathering, the writer used observation checklist. The steps to conduct this research were choosing the movies, making the transcript of the movies, listing the sentences which contain code-switching, filling the checklist of the types of switching, and filling the checklist of the possible reasons for code-switching, analyzing the data, and drawing the conclusions.
The findings showed that there were 116 code-switching cases in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. In general, the writer found that the most frequent code-switching type in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies are situational code switching and conversational-word code-switching. The most frequent reason for code-switching in both movies wes habitual expressions.
Code-switching can support and hinder the English learning process. It supports learning process while the appropriate code-switching with appropriate English is exposed to the learners. Learners may learn from to the people who use correct English pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar for code-switching. Otherwise, code-switching also might hinder the learning process if the learners are exposed to inappropriate code-switching.
ABSTRAK
Badrarini Prabaningtyas, Fransisca. 2015. Study of Code-Switching in the Sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movies. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma
Alih kode merupakan bagian dari fenomena sosiolinguistik, studi tentang bahasa yang digunakan di antara masyarakat. Alih kode bisa ditemukan di film, sebab film merupakan gambaran kehidupan manusia. Itulah sebabnya, ada juga kasus di mana pembicara kadang-kadang merubah kode mereka. Fenomena alih kode itu sendiri telah menjadi salah satu topik menarik akan dibahas. Fenomena ini tidak saja terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, bahkan juga di kehidupan yang tidak nyata, seperti contohnya di film.
Penelitian ini menganalisa fenomena alih-kode di film Indonesia yang berjudul 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa dan 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2. Terdapat dua buah pertanyaan yang akan dijawab di penelitian ini 1) tipe alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat di sekuel film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa? 2) alasan alih-kode apa saja yang digunakan oleh para aktor dan aktris di sekuel film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa?
Metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian ini adalah analisis sosiolinguistik, penelitian kualitatif, and analisis konten atau dokumen.. Instrumen utamanya adalah penulisnya sendiri. Penulis juga menggunakan observation checklist untuk membantu mengumpulkan data. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah untuk melakukan penelitian ini, yaitu memilih film, membuat transkrip film, mendata kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung alih-kode, mengisi checklist jenis alih-kode, mengisi checklist kemungkinan alasan alih-kode, menganalisa hasil penelitian, dan membuat kesimpulan.
Ditemukan 252 alih-kode di sekuel film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa. Penulis menemukan jenis alih-kode terbanyak di sekuel film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa adalah situational code switcing dan conversational-word code-switching. Penulis menemukan kemungkinan alasan terbesar untuk alih-kode di 2 film tersebut adalah habitual expressions.
Alih kode dapat mendukung maupun menghambat proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. Alih-kode dapat mendukung pembelajaran bahasa Inggris apabila alih-kode tersebut mengandung bahasa Inggris yang tepat. Pelajar dapat belajar bahasa Inggris yang tepat dari orang yang melakukan alih-kode dengan pelafalan, kosakata, dan tata bahasa Inggris yang benar. Sebaliknya, alih-kode dapat menghambat proses pembelajaran apabila pelajar belajar bahasa Inggris dari orang yang melakukan alih-kode dengan bahasa Inggris yang tidak tepat.
i
STUDY OF CODE-SWITCHING
IN THE SEQUEL OF 99 CAHAYA DI LANGIT EROPA
MOVIES
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By
Fransisca Badrarini Prabaningtyas Student Number: 111214143
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, March 10th, 2016
The Writer,
Fransisca Badrarini Prabaningtyas
v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPANTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Fransisca Badrarini Prabaningtyas
Nomor Mahasiswa : 111214143
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
Study of Code-Switching in the Sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movies Beserta alat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 10 Maret 2016
Yang menyatakan,
vi ABSTRACT
Badrarini Prabaningtyas, Fransisca. 2015. Study of Code-Switching in the Sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movies. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University
Code switching is the sociolinguistic case, which is study about the language used among the society. Code switching can be found in the movie, because movie is the implementation of human life. That is why, there is also a case in which the speaker sometimes changes their code. The case code switching itself has become an interesting topic to be discussed. This case does not only occur in daily life situations, but also in unreal life, such as in the movie.
This research analyzes the code-switching case in two Indonesian movies entitled 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2. This research had two research questions to be answered. They were 1) which types of code-switching are found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies? and 2) which reasons of code switching are used by the actors and actresses in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies?
The method used was sociolinguistic analysis, qualitative research, and content or document analysis. The primary instrument was the writer. To assist the data gathering, the writer used observation checklist. The steps to conduct this research were choosing the movies, making the transcript of the movies, listing the sentences which contain code-switching, filling the checklist of the types of switching, and filling the checklist of the possible reasons for code-switching, analyzing the data, and drawing the conclusions.
The findings showed that there were 116 code-switching cases in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. In general, the writer found that the most frequent code-switching type in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies are situational code switching and conversational-word code-switching. The most frequent reason for code-switching in both movies wes habitual expressions.
Code-switching can support and hinder the English learning process. It supports learning process while the appropriate code-switching with appropriate English is exposed to the learners. Learners may learn from to the people who use correct English pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar for code-switching. Otherwise, code-switching also might hinder the learning process if the learners are exposed to inappropriate code-switching.
vii ABSTRAK
Badrarini Prabaningtyas, Fransisca. 2015. Study of Code-Switching in the Sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movies. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma
Alih kode merupakan bagian dari fenomena sosiolinguistik, studi tentang bahasa yang digunakan di antara masyarakat. Alih kode bisa ditemukan di film, sebab film merupakan gambaran kehidupan manusia. Itulah sebabnya, ada juga kasus di mana pembicara kadang-kadang merubah kode mereka. Fenomena alih kode itu sendiri telah menjadi salah satu topik menarik akan dibahas. Fenomena ini tidak saja terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, bahkan juga di kehidupan yang tidak nyata, seperti contohnya di film.
Penelitian ini menganalisa fenomena alih-kode di film Indonesia yang berjudul 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa dan 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2. Terdapat dua buah pertanyaan yang akan dijawab di penelitian ini 1) tipe alih-kode apa saja yang terdapat di sekuel film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa? 2) alasan alih-kode apa saja yang digunakan oleh para aktor dan aktris di sekuel film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa?
Metode yang digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian ini adalah analisis sosiolinguistik, penelitian kualitatif, and analisis konten atau dokumen.. Instrumen utamanya adalah penulisnya sendiri. Penulis juga menggunakan observation checklist untuk membantu mengumpulkan data. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah untuk melakukan penelitian ini, yaitu memilih film, membuat transkrip film, mendata kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung alih-kode, mengisi checklist jenis alih-kode, mengisi checklist kemungkinan alasan alih-kode, menganalisa hasil penelitian, dan membuat kesimpulan.
Ditemukan 252 alih-kode di sekuel film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa. Penulis menemukan jenis alih-kode terbanyak di sekuel film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa adalah situational code switcing dan conversational-word code-switching. Penulis menemukan kemungkinan alasan terbesar untuk alih-kode di 2 film tersebut adalah habitual expressions.
Alih kode dapat mendukung maupun menghambat proses pembelajaran bahasa Inggris. Alih-kode dapat mendukung pembelajaran bahasa Inggris apabila alih-kode tersebut mengandung bahasa Inggris yang tepat. Pelajar dapat belajar bahasa Inggris yang tepat dari orang yang melakukan alih-kode dengan pelafalan, kosakata, dan tata bahasa Inggris yang benar. Sebaliknya, alih-kode dapat menghambat proses pembelajaran apabila pelajar belajar bahasa Inggris dari orang yang melakukan alih-kode dengan bahasa Inggris yang tidak tepat.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In this great opportunity I would like to express my gratitude to Jesus
Christ for greatest blessings, especially His companionship along my study in Sanata Dharma University.
I would like to address my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor, Barli
Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D for his motivation, patience, and encouragement in guiding me to write this thesis.
I would like to express my gratitude to all lecturers and the staff of the
English Education Study Program for guidance and support during my study in Sanata Dharma University, and also for knowledge, experience, and togetherness.
I would like to express my gratitude to my parents John Tri Hatmoko
and Susana Ernawati, my brother, Fransiscus Pandhu Regawa, and also my
beloved one and only, my best partner in life, Yulianus Cahyo Edi, who have
supported me through their sincere love, prayer, motivation, and guidance. They
are the power of my life.
I give my sincere thanks to my best friends Roza, Pandu, Devi, Ika,
Arum, and Dian. Thanks for the support given to me. I also give my thanks to my best schoolmates, Jade, Vina, Dilla, Siska, Ika, Sari, Bleki, Whity, Purba,
and Sonny. I’d like to say thanks for your love, support, sharing, and motivation that always encourage me to be a better person. I give my gratitude to all of my
friends in PBI 2011 class C, proposal seminar and thesis class, and Public
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...i
APPROVAL PAGES ... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... v
ABSTRACT ...vi
ABSTRAK ... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...ix
LIST OF TABLES ... xii
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1
B. Research Problems ... 4
C. Problem Limitation ... 5
D. Research Objectives ... 5
E. Research Benefits ... 5
F. Definition of Terms... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ... 8
1. Code-Switching ... 8
a. The Nature of Code-Switching... 8
b. The Types of Code-Switching ... 11
c. Reasons for Code-Switching ... 17
x CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method ... 22
B. Research Setting ... 23
C. Research Subjects ... 24
D. Research Instrument and Data Gathering Technique ... 24
E. Data Analysis Technique ... 25
F. Research Procedure………28
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. The Classification of the Types of Code-Switching ... 29
1. Meaning-Based Switching ... 31
a. Situational Code-Switching ... 32
b. Metaphoric Code-Switching ... 33
2. Structural-Based Switching ... 34
a. Conversational Code-Switching ... 34
b. Single-Word Code-Switching ... 36
c. Integrated Loanword ... 36
d. Tag or Emblematic Switching ... 38
B. Reasons for Code-Switching ... 39
1. Talking about particular topic ... 41
2. Quoting Someone’s Word ... 42
3. Expressing Emphatic ... 43
4. Interjection ... 43
5. Repetition use for clarification…………...………43
6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor……….44
7. Expressing Group Identity………...………..46
8. Mood of the speaker………...…………46
9. Habitual Expressions………...….………..47
xi
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions ... 49
B. Recommendations ... 51
REFERENCES ... 53
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table page
Table 3.1. The Observation Checklist of the Types of Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movie ... 26
Table 3.2. The Observation Checklist of the Types of Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 Movie ... 26
Table 3.3. The Observation Checklist of the Reasons for Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movie ... 27
Table 3.4. The Observation Checklist of the Reasons for Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 Movie ... 27
Table 4.1. Number of Meaning-Based Switching Case in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 Movies ... 30
Table 4.2. Number of Structural-Based Switching Case in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 Movies ... 31
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix page
APPENDIX 1: The Observation Checklist of Types of Code-Switching in the Sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movies ... 55 APPENDIX 2: The Observation Checklist of Reasons for Code-Switching in the
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the background of the research. It consists of six
sections, namely the research background, research problems, problem
limitations, research objectives, research benefits, as well as the definition of
terms.
A. Research Background
The condition where people use more than one language or code in the
same topic and context or a person in communication is called code switching.
They use the code witching in informal situations and the addressees have the
closed-relationship with them. The addressees could be their parents, friends, and
their boyfriend or girfriend. As a national language, Indonesian uses in formal
situations such as in a national meeting about education, poverty, politic, and
some interesting topics related to the development of the country. In those cases,
the people cannot be allowed to use the code switching in their speech or
conversations. In linguistics, code switching is the concurrent use of more than
one language, or language variety, in conversation.
Code switching can be found in spoken and written language. Code
switching in written language can be found in a newspaper, magazine, booklet,
novel, and etc. In spoken language it can be found in teaching-learning process (in
Nowadays, people could be easily found the using of code switching in some
Indonesian’s movies since movie become the implementation of human’s life.
Based on that statement, code switching cases also occur in the movie. The
differentiate between this study with other code switching studies is because the
code switching cases which is found in these movies is based on the setting, not
natural. Code switching in the movies found based on the script that the writer
made. The actors and actresses followed what are included in the script with or
without any improvisation. Even though the script is written by the dominant
language which is Indonesian, they commonly used the non-dominant language
like English, to make the explanation clearer.
The examples of Indonesian movies which have many Indonesian-English
code-switching occurrences are the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies.
99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa are the sequel movies which are adapted from the
novel that has the same title. This movie’s director named Guntur Soeharjanto. It
tells about the journey of Hanum Salsabila Rais who is played by Acha Septriasa (Indonesian’s Actress). She is a journalist and she was accompanying her
husband, named Rangga Almahendra who is played by Abimana Aryasatya (Indonesian’s Actor) to get his doctoral degree in Vienna, Austria. They tried to
adapt in a new country and met some best-friends until eventually lead them to
the traces of Islam in Europe brought by the Turks in the era of Kara Mustafa
Pasha Merzifonlu of the Ottoman Empire. While accompanying her husband,
Hanum is not just stay at home. She likes to go around roam the corners of the
city where she lived. When take the course, she met a new friend who wears hijab
(Muslim female’s outfit) named Fatma Pasha (Raline Shah). Due to the same
religion, they became close friend. Fatma has a little girl named Ayse (Geccha
Tavvara). Fatma is the person who accompanied Hanum to know the history of
Islam in several cities on the continent of Europe, France, Spain, and Turkey.
Through them, Hanum met two Muslim friends in Europe, named Marion (Dewi
Sandra) and Latife (Dian Pelangi). On the other side, Rangga who was studying in
a city which has the minority population of Muslim, found the difficulties when
he want to pray, and get some appropriate foods. During the college life, Rangga
has some close friend named Stefan (Nino Fernandez), Khan (Alex Abbad), and
Maarja (Marissa Nasution) who have different characters. Stefan is an atheist who
often ask many questions about Islam to Rangga, Khan is a fanatic Muslim
student, and Maarja is a beautiful, smart, and nice student who hold the strong
typical of western. Those characters mentioned above used code switching in
those movies. The setting of this movie is Vienna, Austria. So, they tend to speak
English as an International language and mixed it with Indonesian Language.
There are several reasons to support why the researcher defined to analyze
the code switching in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The first,
nowadays a movie is very popular, many people are maniac in watching movie.
Movie is the implementation of human’s life, take the important part to each
person and can give the significant impact to the people. They can get many good
messages based of the movie that they watched. Moreover, these movies contain
important to English Language Education Study Program students in watching
movie since movie is one of the subject elections which the students should be
taken. Second, based on the previous study, the study only conducted the research
about types and functions of code switching and this study want to reform the
research about code switching in different aspect, which is the reason of code
switching. Third, it is very interesting to analyze the use of the code switching in
the movie, because it is Indonesian movie which has code switching Indonesia-
English and this movie is located in Vienna, Austria. The characters in those
movies are come from the well-educated people. They have to use English in their
daily conversations, yet sometimes they use Indonesian Language as their mother
tongue. It is noticeable for them to speak mixed languages and they also switch
back and forth between two or more languages.
Code switching is one of the aspects of sociolinguistic study and it has
become the interesting feature for English Education students to learn. For them,
code switching is a common phenomenon that could be found in written texts
(newspaper, magazine, and novel) and also in the movies. Movie had become the
great way for English Education students to unfold their sociolinguistic
background about code-switching.
B. Research Problems
The following were the research questions:
1. Which types of code switching are found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit
2. What reasons of code switching are used by the actors and actresses in the
sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies ?
C. Problem Limitation
This research is limited to find out the types and possible reasons of
code-switching in the movies. The writer uses the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa
movies as the research subjects. The differentiate between this study with other
code switching studies is because the code switching cases which is found in these
movies is based on the setting, not natural. In these movies, the script was written
by the script-writer. The actors and actresses often switch their languages from
Indonesian to English based on the script that the script-writer made. The research
is limited to the Indonesian-English code-switching.
D. Research Objectives
The objectives of the study are:
1. To find out types of code switching which is used by the actors and actresses in
their conversation at the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies.
2. To find out the reasons of code switching which are used by the actors and
actresses in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies.
E.Research Benefits
This research brings the benefits to the society. The researcher wishes
why the people tend to use the code switching in their conversations, and what is
the functions of the code switching itself. Specifically, this study brings two
benefits for English Education students and future researchers.
1. English Education Study Program Students
This research is useful for the English Education Study Program
students who are interested in learning about code-switching in depth. This
research contains the accumulation knowledge about code-switching. Hopefully,
by reading this research, the students will have more understanding about the
types and possible reasons for code-switching in Indonesia.
2. Future Researchers
The author hopes that this research can give sufficient information for
future code-switching researcher. This research is able to guide the future
linguistics researchers to find out the other code-switching cases or other
language cases in the society.
F. Definition of Terms
The writer would like to present some definition of terms which were used in
this thesis.
1. Code Switching
According to (Wardhaugh 1998:100), code switching is a strategy to use
two or more languages in the same utterances. In additional, Spolky (1998:48)
says that code-switching often happen in bilingual situation. It occur between two
and modifications of language expression, which exist in number of forms, such
as in sentences or phrases, made by the bilingual person. In this study, code
switching refers to the juxtaposition of English language and Bahasa Indonesia in
the conversations which used by the artists and actors in the sequel of 99 Cahaya
di Langit Eropa movies.
2. Movie
Perrault (2008) says that movie is the communication media that tells a
story or information through motion pictures and sounds. Movie has many
functions such as entertaining, giving information, and educating the viewers.
Drama, horror, action, comedy, and science-fiction are the examples of movie
genres. Based on that state, movie is the media for people to get some knowledge and take the information from what they’ve seen and heard in the
movie. Hence, a movie is an important thing that can open the people’s mind
and enrich their linguistic awareness from the languages which are used by the
actresses and actors in the movie. Through this study, the writer want to give the
readers clearly understanding about the linguistic cases (code-switching) which
8 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two main points, theoretical description and
theoretical framework. Theoretical description presents the description of
multilingualism, the description of bilingualism, the nature of code-switching, the
types of code-switching, and the possible reasons for code-switching. The
theoretical framework summarizes and synthesizes all major relevant theories
which assist the writer to answer the research problem.
A.Theoretical Description
The theoretical description functions to give clear explanation and
description of the theories related to the topic of the thesis. Theoretical description
presents the description of multilingualism, the description of bilingualism, the
nature of code-switching, the types of code-switching, and the possible reasons
for code-switching.
1. Code-Switching
a. The Nature of Code-Switching
Code-switching cases cannot be separated from the society condition since
the study of code-switching is the part of sociolinguistics. The existence of
multilingual and bilingual communities is the factor of code-switching cases.
Since there are two or more languages used in the community, there is a
According to Asher (1994: 577) the term code refers to any system of
signs or symbols which conveys information. It means that there are so many
ways to express the meaning that we want to say or express to someone else. But “code” in code switching means any dialect or language that used by people to
communicate with others. As other linguist had affirmed about the nature of code
switching stated that the person who has several language acquisitions may vary 9
their languages and may mix or switch the language he or she used in his or her
utterances. As Wardhaugh (1992: 103) states that the term code refers to any
dialect or language used by a speaker to build communication with others. He
stresses that a person may use more than one code in her or his speech instead of
using a single code. Thus, the communication by employing several codes in the
conversation is called code switching. Code-switching is defined as “the alteration of languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent” (Poplack
1980:583).
Wardhaugh (2010) proposes that code is the particular dialect or language
that a person chooses to use on any occasions. He emphasizes that people may
choose to use more than one language or dialect instead of only using one
language in their utterances. Therefore, communicating using more than one code
in the utterances may happen, and it is called as code-switching.
Code-switching is related to the society condition itself, as Wardhaugh (2010, p. 104) states that “Code-switching is not a uniform phenomenon; i.e., the
104) that “each communicating subgroup tends to establish its own conventions
with respect to both borrowing and code-switching, and that factors such as region
of origin, local residence, social class, and occupational niche are involved in defining the norms.”
Code-switching possesses a number of functions. Gal (1988) states the
function of code-switching as “a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or
destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke, or change interpersonal relations with their right and obligations”. For instance, when groups Javanese meet, they tend
to switch their language from Indonesian to Javanese in order to unite one another
and create the kinship nuance. Myers-Scotton (1993 in McKay & Hornberger, 1996) note that the function is “the strategy of neutrality when the use of any one
language in the repertoire might suggest the wrong message, such as talking down to somebody or suggesting an uncultivated person.”
The attitude to code switching is quite unique since Wardhaugh (2010)
asserts that people might not be aware that they switch certain code to discuss or
follow a particular topic. Holmes (1992, p. 45) has the same thought with Wardhaugh that “people are often unaware of the fact that they code-switch.” As
an example, the unawareness of code-switching happens when a speaker cannot
find the possible translation of target language, so that the speaker unconsciously
b. The Types of Code-Switching
There are many types of code switching which is exist in this worldwide,
in which have construct the different perspectives from the way we see.
McCormick (1994) groups five types of code switching according to the length of
juxtaposed utterances, which are situational switching, metaphoric
code-switching, conversational code-code-switching, single-word code-code-switching, and
integrated loanword.
1) Situational Code-Switching
It happens when people switch from one code to another for reasons
which can be identified and it happened only in one context and without any
change of the topic (McCormick, 1994). It also mentioned by Holmes (2001:36),
situational code switching occurs when the language used changes according to
the situation. It happened when people switch from one code to another for
reasons which can be identified and it happened only in one context and without
any change of the topic. People speak one language in one situation and another
language in another situation. In this case, one variety is used in a situation.
However, the changing from one language to another may be used immediately.
Basically, the situation mainly influences the language switching which happens
between bilinguals in conversation, for example:
1. People who are associated with a ceremonial religious moment, can
change the code as they redefine the situation happens, from formal to
2. An English teacher may talk in English for the whole part of the
explanatory speech of a present continuous tense to the first-grade students
of Junior High School. Unfortunately, the students have not understood about the teacher‟s explanation about the 14 lesson, particularly how to
use that tense. Then the teacher re-explains the lesson with Bahasa
Indonesia.
2) Metaphoric Code-Switching
According to McCormick (1994), this type of code-switching occurs in a
conversation in which the role of relationship between the speakers may change.
Hudson (1980:56) and Holmes (2001, pp 40-41) also state that people produce a
different variety based on the matter which is under discussion. It occurs when the
language that is used changes according to the topic in a conversation. The
interesting point of it is that some topics may be discussed in either code but the
choice of code adds a characteristics to the topic, which is said. The ability to use
code switching operates like a metaphor to enrich the communication. The
examples are some advertisements in radio and TV broadcaster. The commercial
advertisements are made in several languages, Indonesian, English, and other
languages.
Wardhaugh (2010) adds that metaphorical code-switching has an affective
dimension that you change the code as you redefine the situation- formal to
informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity.
The example is when an English lecturer teaches seriously, he/she speaks English.
Javanese. Another example is, if there is a person goes to tax office to sort out her
or his tax forms, and fortunately, the tax officer is her or his neighbor. Then, at
first this person may greet the tax officer with their local language, their daily
language, but then the person changes her or his language into the formal one to
affirm her or his purpose to come to the tax office, which is to sort out her or his
tax forms. At this point, the person changes the role of relationship from personal
to official.
3) Conversational Code-Switching
There are several terms for this type of code-switching, namely style
shifting or code mixing. This type of code-switching can be a phrase, clause, or
full sentence, which allows the speaker to juxtapose various lengths of foreign
language elements within her or his utterances. Below are the examples of
conversational code switching which forms in the form of phrase, clause, and
full sentence.
McCormick (1994) states that conversational code-switching happens in
whole conversational turns, chunks or clause within a turn. The occurrence is not dependent on a change of interlocutor‟s topic or situation. It is to be found
within conversations and not necessarily only between turns-a switch may take
place within one speaker‟s turn (McCormick 1994)
Another example of conversational code-switching happens in a clause is, “Supirku sudah stand by di parkiran.”
(2) Supirku sudah stand by di parkiran
(My driver has been waiting for me in parking area) 4) Single Word Code-Switching
Single-word code-switching is a switching that occurs within the sentence
in the form of a single word It is also known as lexical borrowing. Wardhaugh (2010, p. 42) also says ,”The type of this switching involves single word- mainly
noun- and it is motivated by lexical need.” It means that the target language language vocabulary cannot fulfill the speakers‟ lexical need, so they insisted
using the original language to make the conversation smooth and meaningful. As an example, an Indonesian woman says ,”Aku mau spa dulu ya.”
(3) Aku mau spa dulu ya (I want to go to the spa)
The woman tends to use English terms, spa, rather than look for the
Indonesian translation, which is difficult to find.
5) Integrated Loanwords
This type of code –switching happens in a morpheme level (McCormick,
1994). It means that a speaker may integrate a word from a foreign language with
affixes of her or his native language to form a certain language expression. It is
into which a word can be divided. The example of this type of code-switching can
be seen in this sentence, which involves Indonesia and English language.
a) Bagaimanakah cara meng-upload foto ke dalam situs ini?
b) Film ini di-dubbing oleh artis-artis terkenal ibukota.
c) Software-nya termasuk yang terbaik di situs tersebut.
From the examples above, it can be seen that the speakers combine English words
with Indonesian affixes. The first and the second example combine Indonesian
prefixes and English words. Meng- and di- are Indonesian prefixes then combine with English words „upload‟ and„dubbing‟. The third example shows that English
word „software‟ is combined with Indonesian suffix –nya.
Holmes (1992) suggests four types of code-switching, which are
emblematic switching or tag switching, situational switching, metaphorical
switching, and lexical borrowing.
1) Emblematic Switching or Tag Switching
Holmes (1992) states emblematic or tag switching is inserting an
interjection, a tag, or sentence filler in another language. The examples of emblematic or tag switching is “By the way, habis ini mau kemana?” and “You
know, tugas ini sulit dikerjakan.”
(4) By the way, habis ini mau kemana? And you know, tugas ini sulit
(5) Anyway, sepatu itu bagus banget yaaa.. but, harganya kelewat mahal
2) Situational Switching
“When people switch from one code to another for reasons which can be
identified, it is sometimes called situational switching.” (Holmes, 1992, p. 36) As
switching the language, the speaker does not change the topic.
3) Metaphorical Switching
According to Holmes (1992), metaphorical switching can express the
feelings about the topic discussed. For instance, in Yogyakarta, when a person
shops in Malioboro, he/she tends to switch her language from Indonesian to
Javanese while bargaining the price to get the cheaper price.
4) Lexical Borrowing
This switching happens when people borrow another language to mention
a name- usually a noun, which is triggered by lack of vocabulary (Holmes, 1992). Holmes (1992) adds, “People may also borrow words from another language to
express a concept or describe an object for which there is no obvious word available in language they are using.”Romaine (1989, in Stockwell, 2002) also
proposes three types of code-switching: tag-switching, intersentential switch, and
intrasentential switch. Intersentential switch is the switch occurs between the
sentences, yet intrasentential occurs within a sentence. Intrasentential switch is
c. Reasons for Code Switching
In this research, the writer combines reasons as the triggers of code
switching based on Hoffman (1991) and Malik (1994). The writer used 3 theories
from Malik (1994), they are mood of the speaker, habitual expressions, and to
emphasize a point switching. There were added by the theories from Hoffman.
Hoffman proposed 7 reasons of code switching into seven points, they are talking about particular topic, quoting someone‟s word, being emphatic about something,
interjection, repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech
content for interlocutor, expressing group identity.
1) Talking about a particular topic
According to Hoffman (1991) people sometimes prefer to talk about a
particular topic in one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels
free and more comfortable to express their emotions, excitements, or even anger
in a language that is not their everyday language. Talking about a particular topic
can conceal their feeling about something or someone. If the unwanted person
come, the speakers try to change or code-switch their language which the person doesn‟t know nothing at all about that language. Moreover, the code-switching is
caused by the linguistics deficiency that the speaker could not find the Indonesian
possible translation. So the speaker tended to switch to English, which could
2) Quoting someone’s word
We need to code switch while quoting someone‟s word since Hoffman
(1991) suggested that people sometimes like to quote a famous expression or
saying of some well-known figures. They tend to quote someone‟s word because
they think that those kind of words are worth showing of and can open the people‟s mind. Quoting someone‟s word can be taken from someone‟s wise word
of their experience in love, life, and family.
3) Expressing feeling about something
Usually, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his
native tongue suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, as Hoffman (1991) stated “he/she, either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second
language to his first language. He/she wants to express his/her feeling by
code-switching to the first language.
4) Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)
Code switching can also strengthen a command since the speaker can feel
more powerful than the listener because he/she can use a language that not everybody can. Regarding the reason, Hoffman (1991) suggested that “language
switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can
sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen
unintentionally or intentionally. People use interjection to give the command or
show their anger. By using interjection in code-switching, it can make the
5) Repetition used for clarification
While two persons are speaking, sometimes they cannot avoid a
miscommunication that can happen. It happens because the language that they use
is not synchronized. About this reason, Hoffman (1991) said that “when a
bilingual wants to clarify his/her speech so that it will be understood more by the
listener, he/she can sometimes use both of the languages that he masters saying
the same utterance (the utterance is said repeatedly). One of the speaker, should
code-switch his/her language so the addressee can understand what is he/she is
talking about. After that, it can minimize the miscommunication.
6) Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor.
When a bilingual person talks to another bilingual as suggested by
Hoffman (1991), it was mentioned that there will be lots of code switching and
code mixing that occur. It means making the content of his/her speech runs
smoothly and can be understood by the listener. The person choose the terms
which are more familiar to listener.
7) Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group
identity. The way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary
8) Mood of the speaker
Malik (1994) claims that usually when bilinguals are tired or angry, code
switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in
the right state of mind, he/she can find the appropriate word or expression in the
base language. Very often he/she knows exactly the word in both the languages,
but the native language may be more available at the point of time when the
speaker has a disturbed mind. Such circumstances may create a hurdle in getting
the appropriate word or phrase in the language in which the speaker may be more
proficient if he is not mentally agitated.
9) Habitual expressions
Acccording to Malik (1994), the fact that code switching often occurs in
fixed phrases of greeting and parting, commands and request, invitation,
expressions of gratitude and discourse markers such as O, yes (listen) and You
know, etc.
10) To emphasize a point switching
Switching is also used to emphasize a point. Gal (1979) reports several
instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not only helps to end the
interaction but may serve to emphasize a point. When the speakers tend to make
B. Theoretical Framework
To complete this research, the writer should look for the suitable
theoretical framework to assist the writer to answer the research problems.
1. The Distribution of the Types of Code-Switching
In order to answer the first research problem, the writer combined the
types of code-switching theories from McCormick (1994) and Holmes (1992).
According to McCormick (1994 in Asher, 1994) the types of code-switching are
situational switching, metaphoric switching, conversational
code-switching, single-word code-code-switching, and integrated loanword. While Holmes
(1992) mentioned Holmes four types of code-switching, which are emblematic
switching or tag switching, situational switching, metaphorical switching, and
lexical borrowing.
2. The Reasons for Code-Switching
The second research problem dealt with reasons for code-switching. The
writer would use the reasons for code-switching proposed by Hoffman (1991) and
Malik (1994). Hoffman (1991) proposed seven reasons for code-switching namely talking about particular topic, quoting someone‟s word, being emphatic about
something, interjection, repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the
speech content for interlocutor, expressing group identity. While Malik (1994)
mentioned three reasons of code switching there are mood of the speaker, habitual
22
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides the research methodology which is used by the
researcher to conduct the topic. It consists of six sections, namely the research
methodology, research setting, research subjects, research instrument and data
gathering technique(s), data analysis technique, and research procedure.
A.
Research MethodologyThe aim of this research is to find out the code-switching cases that happens
in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 movies, so this
research uses sociolinguistics analysis. Sociolinguistics studies the relation between
language and society (Holmes, 1992). Trudgill (1974) also notes that sociolinguistics
is the field that studies between the uses of language and the social structures in
which the users of language live. In conclusion, sociolinguistics analysis is the
analysis of language used by the society.
In the research methodology, there are two kinds of research that can be
used to doing a research: qualitative and quantitative. Fowler (1998) defines a
quantitative approach as numeric description of some fraction of the populations.
While, Creswell says that qualitative approach is descriptive in which process,
This research was accomplished by using qualitative research. Denzin &
Lincoln (2005) defines qualitative research as a non-numerical data collection or
explanation based on the attributes of the graph or source of data. McLeod (2012)
adds that “The primary aim of qualitative research is to develop an understanding of how the social world is constructed.”
Another analysis used in this research was content analysis or document
analysis. Fraenkel and Wallen (2008) state that content analysis is a technique that
enables the researcher to study human behavior in an indirect way, through an
analysis of their communication. Fraenkel and Wallen (2008) also note that content
analysis is the very useful way to obtain information for certain topic and it helps the
researchers in validating the findings of the study. The content which will be
analyzed are 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 movies
dialogues. Thus, this research method will assist the writer to find out the types of
code-switching and possible reasons for code-switching cases inI 99 Cahaya di
Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 movies dialogues.
B. Research Setting
The goal of this research was to reveal the use of Indonesian-English
code-switching in the society, so the writer chose the dialogues of two movies entitled 99
Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 as the research subjects.
many English-Indonesian code-switching dialogues spoken by the actress and actors.
Therefore, the writer will be able to collect sufficient data from the movies.
C. Research Subjects
The researcher used the subjects who were the actors and actresses which
used the code switching in the movies 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di
Langit Eropa 2 to them through the table. She analyzed them by using the table to
know the type of code switching and what are the function of code switching that had
already common found in the movies.
D. Research Instrument and Data Gathering Technique
Ary, Jacob, and Razavieh (2002) propose that in qualitative studies, the
investigator is the data gathering instrument whereas he or she talks with people in
the setting, observes their activities, read their documents and written records, and
records the information in the field notes and journals. According to that statement,
in this research, the writer was the primary instruments. She was the main instument
for obtaining and recording the data.
Another instrument was the observation checklist developed from Holmes
(1992) and McCormick (1994) theories. The observation checklist helped the writer
to classify and note the types of switching and possible reasons for
E. Data Analysis Technique
The data were obtained from the researcher’s observation toward those movies. After obtaining the data, the researcher had to analyse the data. Creswell
(1998) states there are four data analysis technique of qualitative research:
1. Organize the data
Cresswell (1998) states that “You may also break down large bodies of the text into smaller units, perhaps in the form of stories, sentences, or
individual words”. Thus, the writer read the movies transcriptions to find out
the code-switching in the dialogues. The writer highlighted the utterances
which contain code-switching. After that, the writer made list of the result as
shown in the code-switching analysis table.
2. Peruse the entire data set several times to get a sense of what it contains as a whole
The writer had to read carefully and recheck whether or not she has
analyzed it accurately. The writer had to read it carefully for several times and
correct the wrong analysis.
3. Identify general categories, themes, or subthemes and then classify each piece of data accordingly.
The writer had to analyze each piece of data in detail. The analysis
covered the types of code-switching and the possible reasons for code-switching.
4. Integrate and Summarize the Data
This is the step of summing up describing relationship among the results.
In this research, the writer had to integrate and summarize her findings on the
types of code-switching and the possible reasons for code-switching happen in
99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 movies. The
writer counted the amount of cases and made it in the form of percentage. The
data were calculated using this formula
Table 3.1:
The Observation Checklist of the Types of Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movie
No Cases Types of Code-Switching
Meaning- Based Switching
Structural-Based Switching
D S M C SW IL T
Table 3.1 contains the list of the types of code-switching which is included in
the movie and table 3.2 also gives the list about the types of code-switching for
continuing what has been written in table 3.1
Table 3.2:
The Observation Checklist of the Types of Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 Movie
No Cases Types of Code-Switching
Meaning-Based Switching
Structural-Based Switching
D S M C SW IL T
D= diglossia
SW=single-word code-switching IL=integrated loanword
T= tag switching or emblematic switching
Table 3.3:
The Observation Checklist of Reasons for Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa Movie
NO Cases Reasons for Code Switching
TT QW EE I RC IC EI MS HE EP
Table 3.3 will elaborate the list of possible reasons using code switching in
those 2 movies and table 3.4 also give the list of the possible reasons using code
switching for continuing what was included in table 3.3
Table 3.4:
The Observation Checklist of Reasons for Code-Switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 Movie
NO Cases Reasons for Code Switching
TT QW EE I RC IC EI MS HE EP
TT= talking about a particular topic QW= quoting someone’s word
EE= being emphatic about something/ expressing emphatic I= interjection
RC= repetition used for clarification
IC= intention or clarifying the speech content for interlocutor EI= expressing group identity
MS= mood of the speaker HE= habitual expressions
F. Research Procedure
In research procedure, the researcher carried out this research in 2 main
steps. They were data gathering and data analysis. To answer the research questions,
the writer had to undergone the systematic research procedure. This section
described the eight steps of finalizing this research.
The first step of accomplishing this research was choosing the movies
that contain many Indonesian-English code-switching cases. The movie chosen was
99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa 2 movies. Next, the
writer had to obtain the transcript of the movies in order to ease the writer to identify
the code-switching cases. In order to assist the writer to gather the data, the writer
listed the sentences which contain code-switching utterances. Then, to find out the
types of code-switching used in those movies, the writer utilized the checklist of
types of code-switching. The writer put (√) in the checklist after deciding the types of code-switching in every utterance. Similar to the technique of finding the types of
code-switching, the writer also put (√) in the checklist after deciding the possible reason for code-switching in every utterance. After classifying the types and possible
reasons, the writer had to analyze the distribution of types of code-switching and the
possible reasons for code-switching happen in those movies.
The last step of this research was drawing the conclusion of the writer’s
findings. The conclusion was obtained from the analysis of the findings. The
29 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the research result. This chapter is divided into three
sections. The first section focuses on the types of code-switching in the sequel of 99
Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The second section discusses the possible reasons
for using code-switching in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies.
A. The Classification of The Type of Code-Switching
In this research, the writer combined the types of code-switching based on
McComick (1994) and Holmes (1992). McCormick classified the types of
code-switching in 5 types. They are situational code-code-switching, metaphoric code-code-switching,
conversational code-switching, single word code-switching, and integrated loanword.
The writer integrated the types of code-switching based on Holmes. There are 4 types
of code-switching based on Holmes (1992), which are, emblematic/tag switching,
situational switching, metaphorical switching, and lexical borrowing/single word
switching. Based on that finding, the writer noticed the highest and lowest
distribution of the type of code-switching that would be found in the movies.
Based on the finding, the writer noticed that there were six types that have
highest and lowest distribution in those movies. The writer found 116 code-switching
From the meaning based switching analysis, the highest distribution in those
movies was diglossia. From the structural based switching analysis, generally the
writer found that conversational code-switching was the highest distribution.
Otherwise, situational code-switching and integrated loanword were the lowest
distribution in those movies. Tables 4.1 and 4.2 showed the number of the types of
code-switching cases that were found in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa
movies dialogues.
Table 4.1:
Number of Meaning-Based Switching Cases in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di
Langit Eropa Movie
Types of
Code-Table 4.1 showed the distribution of the types of code-switching occurrences
based on meaning-based switching group in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa
movies. The table showed in both movies there were 105 situational code switching
Table 4.2:
Number of Structural-Based Switching Cases in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa and 99 Cahaya di
Langit Eropa 2 Movie
Types of
Code-occurrences based on structural-based switching group. The table showed that there
were 68 conversational code-switching (58.62%), 43 single-word code-switching
(37.06%), 2 integrated loanword (1.72%), and 3 tag/emblematic switching (2.6%)
occurrences.
The next section would discuss about the type of code switching cases in
detail which is occurred in the sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies.
1. Meaning-Based Switching
Meaning-based switching is the type of code-switching that is characterized
by the changing of meaning in an utterance (McCormick, 1994). It consists of
diglossia, situational code-switching, and metaphoric code-switching (McCormick,
a. Situational Code Switching
Situational code switching may happen, if there is an alteration situation between
multilingual and bilingual communities (McCornick 1994). Wardhaugh (2010) also that situational code-switching occurs when the languages used change according to the
situations in which the conversants find themselves. It is happened when people
switch from one code to another for reasons which can be identified and it is
happened only in one context and without any change of the topic
The writer found 90.51% situational code-switching occurred in the sequel
of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. The examples of situational code-switching in
those movies were as follows:
Example 1
Setting: in the campus yard-morning (Rangga was chatting with Khan)
K : Assalamualaikum, having a good time, right? Ini kari ayam masakan istriku untuk kamu
R : Ayam ? K : Chicken!
R : Ayam, do you wanna try? (Rangga offered the food to Stefan)
Example 1 was showed the conversation between Rangga and Khan. Khan
offered Rangga the food which is made by his wife while Rangga had conversation
with Stefan. Khan came to the situation between Rangga and Stefan, but he didn’t
change the topic. He tried to join the conversation by saying the greetings to Rangga
b. Methaporic Code-Switching
McCormick (1994 in Asher, 1994) states that metaphoric code-switching
occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used. Metaphoric
code-switching can occur in two conditions, the change in topic and in a different
atmosphere.
Based on the writer’s findings, metaphoric code-switching distribution in the
sequel of 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies was 9.49%. The examples of
metaphoric code-switching were as follows:
Example 2
Setting: in bus station-night (Rangga was chatting with Stefan)
Rangga : Sebulan bayar asuransi berapa? Stefan : 80 euro
Rangga : Mahal
Steffan : My friend, karena di dunia ini gak ada yang gratis
The highlighted word in example 4 also showed the situational code switching. In that case, Steffan switched the situation by replying “my friend”. What
Steffan said indicated that he wanted to change the topic from serious to humorous. Rangga said “mahal” and Steffan replied it by saying “my friend” for warming up the
2. Structural-Based Switching
Structural based switching is type of code-switching that is characterized by
structural changing of an utterance (Holmes, 2002 and McCormick, 1994). The
code-switching is identified through structural unit. The integration of the other codes or
languages is based on the structural unit such as syllables, words, and phrases.
Structural-based switching consists of conversational code-switching, single-word
code-switching, integrated loanword, and tag or emblematic switching (McCormick,
1994 & Holmes, 2002).
c. Conversational Code-Switching
In general, the occurrence of conversational code-switching in the sequel of
99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies was 58.62%. There were 68 conversational
code-switching cases in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies. There were some examples of
the conversational code-switching in 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa movies.
Example 3
Setting: in the park-afternoon Marion was chatting with Hanum
M : Tahukah kamu dimana itu “the city of light” ? H : No..
M : Jadi seniman dahulu menulis huruf arab tanpa tahu persis apa arti tulisan-tulisan itu.
H : Iya karena mereka pikir itu cuma karya ornament biasa aja.
Example 3 was the example of the occurrence of conversational
words that does not contain a subject or a verb (Azar, 1989). So the code-switching
the city of light was in the phrase level
Example 4
Setting: in the library-afternoon Stefan was talking with Khan S : Mereka menuntut apa?
K : Sebenarnya mereka hanya menuntut hak mereka untuk beribadah S : Orang-orang seperti itu yang identic dengan kekerasan
K : Kadang, excuse me. Kadang kekerasan di beberapa tempat lebih di dengarkan
S : That’s terrorist K : Kamu bilang apa?
The sentence in example 4 showed that the code switching occurred in clause
level. Clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. The presence
of that’s terorist among the Indonesian words showed that the switching happened in
clause level.
Example 5
Setting: in the campus hall-morning Stefan was talking with Rangga
S : And then, aku gapaham, semenjak kamu deket dengan si curry man itu kamu berubah, Rangga
R : No
S : Hello, you are no longer free man! R : I’m free man
S : Kamu bukan Rangga yang sama, yang waktu dulu datang pertama kali dan tinggal lama di apartment aku dulu.You’ve changed
