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xi ABSTRACT

KRISMADI, YOHANES DRIYA. The Impact Of Family’s Copflicts Toward The Role Of Pari’s Id Seep Ip Khaled Hosseipi’s And The Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

The literary work that is analyzed in this study is a novel entitled And The Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini. Tyson on his book, Critical Theory Today, says that an art work, such as novel, is largely a product of the forces of the unconscious mind of the author. An artwork that describes about humans there will be psychoanalytic principles in that work (2006:37). That is why the focus of this study is about the personality development experienced by the main character in the novel and psychological theory is the main theory that is used to do the analysis. The main character that is analyzed is Pari, a female figure in the novel.

There are three questions that are formulated as problem formulation. The first is to find Pari’s personality before experiencing the conflict. The second is to reveal the family conflicts that are experienced by Pari. The third is to find the personality change that is experienced by Pari after facing some family conflicts.

The writer employs library research as the method of the study. The primary source is the novel entitled And The Mountains Echoed. The secondary sources of this study are theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of family and theory of conflict. Theory of personality that is used is Freud’s theory about the role of three mental stages (Id, Ego and Superego) and theory of Female Oedipus Complex.

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xii ABSTRAK

KRISMADI, YOHANES DRIYA. The Impact Of Family’s Copflicts Toward The Role Of Pari’s Id Seep Ip Khaled Hosseipi’s And The Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016

Karya sastra yang dianalisa pada studi ini adalah sebuah novel dengan judul And The Mountains Echoed karangan Khaled Hosseini. Tyson mengatakan bahwa sebagian besar karya seni, yang dalam hal ini adalah karya sastra dalam bentuk novel, adalah hasil dari dorongan pikiran bawah sadar para penulisnya. Sebuah karya seni yang menggambarkan tentang kehidupan manusia pasti akan ada prinsip-prinsip umum tentang kejiwaan atau kepribadian dalam karya tersebut (2006:37). Oleh karena itu studi ini berfokus pada perubahan kepribadian yang dialami oleh tokoh utama dan teori yang berkenaan dengan psikologilah yang akan dijadikan teori utama yang akan digunakan untuk menganalisanya. Karakter yang dianalisa disini adalah karakter perempuan bernama Pari.

Ada tiga pertanyaan yang dirancang sebagai pertanyaan utama dalam studi ini. Pertama, mengenai kepribadian Pari sebelum mengalami konflik keluarga. Kedua, ditujukan untuk meumuskan konflik-konflik keluarga yang dialami oleh tokoh utama. Ketiga untuk menemukan sifat baru tokoh utama, yaitu Pari, yang berubah setelah mengalami konflik-konflik keluarga.

Penulis menerapkan riset pustaka sebagai metode studi yang digunakan. Sumber utama adalah novel And The Mountains Echoed. Buku teori pendukung adalah buku tentang teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori kepribadian, teori keluarga dan teori konflik. Teori kepribadian yang digunakan merupaka teori milik Freud yang berfokus pada Id, Ego, Superego dan Female Oedipus Complex.

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THE IMPACT OF

THE IMPACT OF FAMILY’S CONFLICTS TOWARD PARI’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT SEEN IN KHALED

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements

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ii

THE IMPACT OF FAMILM’S CONFLICTS TOWARD PARI’S PERSONALITM DEVELOPMENT SEEN IN KHALED

HOSSEINI’S AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Mohanes Driya Krismadi Student Number: 11 4214 029

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDM PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTM OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITM

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v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis does not contain any material which has

been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and

that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, February 12, 2016

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vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Yohanes Driya Krismadi Nomor Mahasiswa : 114214029

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

THE IMPACT OF FAMILY’S CONFLICTS TOWARD PARI’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT SEEN IN KHALED

HOSSEINI’S AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 12 Februari 2016

Yang menyatakan,

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vii

“I tell you, keep askino, and it will be oiven you. Keep

seekino, and you will find. Keep knockino, and it will

be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives.

He who seeks finds. To him who knocks it will be

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viii

AD MAIOREM DEI GLORIAM

For

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ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would never finish this undergraduate thesis without help, support and love that comes from many people in my life. First of all, I would like to praise the Lord Jesus Christ, for the guidance and blessing given to me. I realize that without His guidance and His blessing I would never accomplish this undergraduate thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to my father and my mother for their support, their love and their prayer for me. Love and support from my brothers Tama and Agung also strengthens me. I thank Ludgardis Venny for her support, her prayer, and her love. She stands beside me patiently in every condition that I feel.

I realize that this undergraduate thesis would never be a good thesis without guidance from my thesis advisor Dr. FX. Siswadi, M.A who spends his time in guiding and helping me to finish my thesis patiently. I also thank my co-advisor Maria Ananta Tri S., S.S., M.Ed for giving me suggestions so I can revise my undergraduate thesis. I also thank all the family of Sanata Dharma University especially the staffs and lecturers in English Letters Department who help me to learn in Sanata Dharma University.

I would like to send my deepest gratitude to all my friends who take part in supporting me finishing my undergraduate thesis. For my classmates in class A, Jarot, Yudha, Dhika and all my classmates that I cannot mention one by one, I am thankful for their support and suggestion. I also would like to thank Wellem, Telles, Agus and Fajrin for the support and unforgettable moment in our boarding house.

The profound gratitude also goes to all people whose name I cannot mention. I appreciate their support and their help in the process to finish this undergraduate thesis. May God Almighty bless them all.

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x

TABLE OF COTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi

A. Review of Related Studies ... 9

B. Review of Related Theories ... 12

C. Theoretical Framework ... 19

A. The Characterization of Pari ... 27

B. Family Conflicts experienced by Pari ... 39

C. The Development of Pari’s personality ... 47

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ... 59

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xi ABSTRACT

KRISMADI, YOHANES DRIYA. The Impact Of Family’s Conflicts Toward The Role Of Pari’s Id Seen In Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

The literary work that is analyzed in this study is a novel entitled And The Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini. Tyson on his book, Critical Theory Today, says that an art work, such as novel, is largely a product of the forces of the unconscious mind of the author. An artwork that describes about humans there will be psychoanalytic principles in that work (2006:37). That is why the focus of this study is about the personality development experienced by the main character in the novel and psychological theory is the main theory that is used to do the analysis. The main character that is analyzed is Pari, a female figure in the novel.

There are three questions that are formulated as problem formulation. The first is to find Pari’s personality before experiencing the conflict. The second is to reveal the family conflicts that are experienced by Pari. The third is to find the personality change that is experienced by Pari after facing some family conflicts.

The writer employs library research as the method of the study. The primary source is the novel entitled And The Mountains Echoed. The secondary sources of this study are theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of family and theory of conflict. Theory of personality that is used is Freud’s theory about the role of three mental stages (Id, Ego and Superego) and theory of Female Oedipus Complex.

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xii ABSTRAK

KRISMADI, YOHANES DRIYA. The Impact Of Family’s Conflicts Toward The Role Of Pari’s Id Seen In Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016

Karya sastra yang dianalisa pada studi ini adalah sebuah novel dengan judul And The Mountains Echoed karangan Khaled Hosseini. Tyson mengatakan bahwa sebagian besar karya seni, yang dalam hal ini adalah karya sastra dalam bentuk novel, adalah hasil dari dorongan pikiran bawah sadar para penulisnya. Sebuah karya seni yang menggambarkan tentang kehidupan manusia pasti akan ada prinsip-prinsip umum tentang kejiwaan atau kepribadian dalam karya tersebut (2006:37). Oleh karena itu studi ini berfokus pada perubahan kepribadian yang dialami oleh tokoh utama dan teori yang berkenaan dengan psikologilah yang akan dijadikan teori utama yang akan digunakan untuk menganalisanya. Karakter yang dianalisa disini adalah karakter perempuan bernama Pari.

Ada tiga pertanyaan yang dirancang sebagai pertanyaan utama dalam studi ini. Pertama, mengenai kepribadian Pari sebelum mengalami konflik keluarga. Kedua, ditujukan untuk meumuskan konflik-konflik keluarga yang dialami oleh tokoh utama. Ketiga untuk menemukan sifat baru tokoh utama, yaitu Pari, yang berubah setelah mengalami konflik-konflik keluarga.

Penulis menerapkan riset pustaka sebagai metode studi yang digunakan. Sumber utama adalah novel And The Mountains Echoed. Buku teori pendukung adalah buku tentang teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori kepribadian, teori keluarga dan teori konflik. Teori kepribadian yang digunakan merupaka teori milik Freud yang berfokus pada Id, Ego, Superego dan Female Oedipus Complex.

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1

CHAPTER I

INTRODECTION

A. Background of the Study

And The Mountains Echoed is an interesting fiction novel. It tells about the

journey of a girl who seeks her brother. The girl, named Pari, has to live in a two

different family. She has to experience it because she is sold by her father. Through

the journey of Pari, the writer finds something that attracts the writer’s attention. It is

about Pari’s personality. Giving more attention to Pari’s struggles which has to live in

two different families, the writer knows that Pari’s personality changes. It is not a

distinct change. It is an indistinct change. The change does not give her traits which

are totally different like what she has before, but the change really changes her way to

make a decision. It changes the way her mind thinks. The change happens after she

struggles to stand on the family conflicts that she experiences. The indistinct change

on the main character’s personality which is caused by family conflicts makes the

writer decides to analyze something that cause the personality changes of the main

character. So, this undergraduate thesis is about the development of the main

character in a literary work, in this case is a novel.

In the book Theory of Literature, it can be found that a literary work is a kind of

creative action, an art work (Wellek and Warren, 1956:15). Based on that statement,

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ability in writing. Obviously, all readers can feel and understand the difference when

the language in the literary text, as an art work, is compared with the language in an

essay, as an academic writing. (1956:22). Art works, whether as an literary works or

any other forms of art, are largely products of the forces of the unconscious mind of

the author in the society as whole. An art work or literary work that shows or

describes human behavior can be the product of author’s unconscious mind and there

will be psychoanalytic principles in that work whether the author has any awareness

of those principles or not when writing or creating the work (Tyson, 2006:37). Art

work, in this case is literary text, that is discussed is a novel with the title And The

Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini.

As a kind of literary text, the term “novel” can be said as kind of an extended

work of fiction written in prose (Abrams, 1981:119). As a work of fiction, a novel has

some important intrinsic elements such as plot, characters, and settings (Stanton,

1965:2). Those intrinsic elements complete one another and they make whole story

seems interisting. An intrinsic element that becomes the focus of this study is the

character.

Hjelle and Ziegler in their book Personality Theories state that humans or people

are unique because their personality is unpredictable and they behave exceedingly in

complex ways (1981:1). Human behavior is not fully understood, because human

always has their uniqueness. The main character’s in the novel that is analyzed

changes is unpredictable, because the change is seen through the development of the

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As social beings, humans always have the relation with the people among them.

Based on that brief definition, which are a social being with their own uniqueness, a

conflict is likely to happen many times because of the differences. That condition also

happens in a story which describes about human’s life and it is also experienced by

the main character in a story as a representation of human being. Conflict also takes

part in human’s personality development. Sometimes, conflict can define the

motivation of the character in doing something. Roberts and Jacobs also say that

every single moment, such as action, interactions, or speeches and also conflict that is

experienced by characters, can give the impact to the plot of the story or to the

characters or even both. The most important of those points is able to be observed to

know the detail about the character (1987: 119). Stanton in his book, An Introduction

to Fiction divides a conflict into two parts:

Every work of fiction contains obvious internal conflicts between two desires within a character, or external conflicts between characters or between a character and his environment (1965:16).

Stanton’s explanation makes the focus of the analysis of the main character’s

conflict clearer. It is obviously explained that there are two kinds of conflicts which

happen in a story, internal and external conflict. He also adds a statement that those

two kinds of conflicts are in turn subordinate to the central conflict and central

conflict always happens between the fundamental and opposing qualities of forces

(1965:16). The explanation about character and the conflict above gives the writer

certainty to raise the issue of conflict and its impact to the personality development of

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Based on the object of the study of this undergraduate thesis, And The Mountains

Echoed, the writer can find some little families in a different social class and they

deal with their own different problems as people who live in Afghanistan. Almost all

families in the story have a female figure, whether as a mother, as a daughter or as a

sister. The female figures in the novel take an important part in their own family life.

One example is in Parwana’s family. Parwana takes a significant role in her family.

She has a sister and her name is Masooma. She cannot walk anymore after falling

from the tree. Because of that accident she becomes paralyzed. In this condition,

Parwana takes an important part in taking care of her sister, Masooma. Parwana has

to struggle more in taking care of her sister alone.

The example that the writer puts above gives a brief description about the

family’s life and the important role of female figure in the novel. The female figures

in the novel always have the conflict within themselves, or it can be said as inner

conflict. The writer takes one female figure that experiences the most important

conflict which causes the main character’s personality to change. That character is

Parwana’s step daughter, Pari.

Starting from Hjelle and Ziegler’s statement that says human’s personality is

unpredictable, the writer focuses on analyzing the personality of Pari and its

development until she grows up and becomes an adult woman. Pari is the youngest

biological children of Saboor, the name of Pari’s father. Pari’s mother is dead when

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mother can serve and love the kids only in the beginning and the responsibility to

take care of Pari has fallen to Abdullah, Pari’s old brother. The relationship between

Pari and Abdullah becomes closer and closer, and no one is closer to Pari than

Abdullah, even their father and mother. Abdullah does mother’s and father’s job

gladly. Their togetherness is damaged by Saboor’s will. Because of the urgent matter

he has to separate Abdullah and Pari. Starting from that moment Pari’s personality

gets the impact of that separation.

Reading And The Mountains Echoed and observing Pari’s personality makes the

writer hypothesizes that the author of the novel, consciously or unconsciously, gives

significant improvement on Pari’s personality which is started from the moment she

is separated from her brother, Abdullah. In this thesis, the writer tries to relate the

conflicts which are experienced by Pari and its impact to her personality development

through the story. It includes the moment when she stays in France. Analyzing the

development of the personality becomes important after knowing that Brouwer on his

book says that Tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in illis, when the times change, we

change with the times (1979:1). In this context the development through the times is

in the scope of Pari’s growth.

According to the Roberts’ and Jacobs’ statement that every single moment can

give significant effect to the character, the writer decides to focus only on the family

conflicts which are experienced by the main character on her early age. The family

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Cheal, 2002:4). So, the family conflicts are in the scope of little social group which

has relation to Pari. In this novel, family conflict that is experienced by Pari on her

early age is considered as the important thing that can determine her personality

development later.

B. Problem Formulation

1. How is Pari’s personality described in the story?

2. What are the family conflicts experienced by Pari?

3. How do the conflicts affect Pari’s personality development?

C. Objectikes of the Study

The topic that is discussed in this thesis is about the personality development

caused by the family’s conflicts that is experienced by the main character in Khaled

Hosseini’s And the Mountain Echoed, and the main character’s name is Pari. The

objectives of the study here as a guideline to answer the research questions that are

stated in problem formulation.

The first objective is going to identify the characters or personality of Pari on her

early age, it means that the first objective analyzes Pari’s early life in Afghanistan

until she moves to Paris and lives her life with her mother only. The second objective

is found in conflicts, in the scope of family, that are experienced by Pari on her early

age. The last objective is analyzing the impact of the conflicts that are experienced by

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D. Definition of Terms

In order to help the understanding, these are some terms that are used in this

thesis:

1. Conflict

One of important intrinsic element in a novel is a conflict. In a story can found

that conflict is a controversy in the story and it may happen as the opposition of two

people in arguing, fighting or helping against each other. It can happen in a small

group or large group of people. Not only between human, but also the conflict

between individual and natural object or public opinion is also possible to happen

(Robert and Jacobs, 1987:87). The writer adds an explanation about conflict in a

family since the focus of this study is a family conflicts experienced by the main

character. The writer thinks that it is needed to know both definitions about conflict

in a story to help the reader what kind of conflict that is analyzed in this study. As

what Fitzpatrick and Noller states in their book that family conflict occurs when

family members do not agree about the events and situation in their lives. They may

disagree about situation, the task, the decisions are made or the way resources are

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2. Personality

Taken from APA Dictionary of Psychology, the writer provides a definition of

personality to help the reader’s understanding. Personality is the configuration of

characteristics and behavior including life, major traits, interests, values, self-concept,

abilities and emotional patterns. Personality is viewed as a complex and dynamic

integration which is shaped by hereditary, constitutional tendencies, early training,

identification with significant individuals or groups and critical experiences and

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9 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

In this undergraduate thesis the writer uses two undergraduate theses and a

journal as related studies. Those undergraduate theses are Kurniasih’s The influence

of Amir’s guiltu feeling upon his self-concept in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner

and Guritno’s The Influence of Amir Khan’s personalitu development in facing his

conflict as seen in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. The last is the journal written

by Wellney Yarra entitled Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed in a Feminist

Perspective.

Kurniasih analyzes Amir, the main character in the novel The Kite Runner, has

self-concept that is influenced by his social interaction and also conflict that is

experienced by him which cause his feeling of guilty. Amir’s guilty feeling which

affects his self-concept gives significance impact to him. Because of that he also

suffers from physical disorder. Kurniasih also says that the main character uses some

defense mechanism to protect and retain his positive transitory self-concept.

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Another writer, Gunarto, sees Amir in a different way. She analyzes what Amir can

do to solve the conflict that he faces after his personality changes. In her

undergraduate thesis, Gunarto says that Amir is experiencing personality

development after moving to America and it gives significant effect to the way Amir

deals with the conflict that he has.

Before experiencing personality development, Amir tends to run away or hide when dealing with conflicts. He cannot reveal his thoughts and feelings well. After his personality develops his way in facing the conflicts change. He becomes braver and responsible. Besides that, he becomes more open and able to communicate well. Moreover, he dares to end the problems and the risks (2012:46).

The writer clearly sees the similarities and the differences between those two

theses. Both of them analyze the personality development of the main character,

named Amir in The Kite Runner’s Khaled Hosseini, using psychology theory.

Kurniasih analyzes the external conflicts or problems in society that are experienced

by the main character that can cause the main character’s self-concept and Gunarto

analyzes personality development that is experienced by the main character that can

give impact to his ability in facing or solving his external conflict.

Meanwhile, in this undergraduate thesis the writer analyzes different thing. The

writer focuses in analyzing the female main character in the novel And The

Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini. The main character’s name is Pari. The

writer analyzes the conflicts that are experienced by the main character in her early

age until her teen age and the impact of the conflicts toward the main character’s

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The writer agrees with Gunarto and Kurniasih that psychological approach can

reveal the personality development of charcter in the story. A quote below

emphasizes the use of psychological approach in analyzing the literary text that is

used by the writer now.

And, of course, if psychoanalysis can help us better understand human behavior, then it must certainly be able to help us understand literary texts, which are about human behavior (2006:11).

Apart from Gunarto’s and Kurniasih’s ways in analyzing the conflict and the main

character, the writer takes another way in analyzing the conflict which can cause the

development or the change of the personality. The writer limits the scope in analyzing

the conflict only to conflics that happen in the scope of family.

Another sources written by Wellney Yarra about feminist perspective in Khaled

Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed says that in this novel Hosseini expresses the

unvoiced oppresion towards female. This novel is also said as a great feminist fiction

that counteracts themarginalization of women by bringing forward characters that go

against it and fight for feminism (Yarra, 2013:10).

The analysis which is done by Yarra on her paper which uses the same sources as

the writer does is really helpful and it also puts this undergraduate as an

undergraduate thesis that discovers something new, compared to those three papers

explained before, in analyzing Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed.

Something new that the writer shows is the use of psychological approach in

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Echoed. The writer also limits the conflict that is analyzed, because the focus is only

on the conflict which happens in the scope of the main character’s family.

B. Review of Related Theory

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

This study chooses Pari, one of the characters that involves in many parts in

Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed, as the object to be analyzed and to

be understood based on her every single act as the main character in the novel And

The Mountains Echoed.

In order to reveal or analyze the character in a story, which is a representation of

human being, understanding every single action, speech, and thought is very

important to arrange the details about the character and draw the conclusion about

the character itself (Robert and Jacobs, 1987:119). Robert and Jacobs also say that

there are two types of the character; they are round and flat character. Round

character is usually the main or major character in a story and its traits always

develop, change or grow, in other word the round character mostly dynamic.

Another type of character as contrasted with round character is flat character which

is not so important, whether its role or its traits. The characteristics of flat character

are mostly not change, grow or develop. The flat character is usually minor

character (1987:120-121).

Certainly, character that is created by an author is interpreted by the readers

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own knowledge and experience about human being to make conclusion about the

qualities of the character (Robert and Jacobs, 1987:122). In this thesis the writer

applies the character and characterization theory based on Robert and Jacob’s book

in order to define the qualities of the character. Robert and Jacobs also state that

there are four aspects that should be done in characterizing a character in a story.

They are including what the characters themselves say and think, what the

characters do, what other characters say about them, and the last is what the author

says about them. (1987:123).

According to literary theory about character, the main character in the novel that

undergoes certain distinct changes or developments can be categorized as the round

and dynamic character. Arp and Johnson in Storu and Structure say that the

developing or dynamic character undergoes some distinct change, it can be

personality or outlook, the change may be a large or small, and the change can be

negative or positive. The writer also gives the reason why the main character

changes in the analysis because based on Arp and Johnson statement that essential

changes in human character do not usually occur suddenly (2012:106-107). In the

analysis the writer proves the personality change or development of the main

character is not a sudden change, it is caused by the conflict that is experienced by

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2. Theory of Conflict

Life is full of conflicts. Every people will always face a conflict, because it can

happen every day and everywhere. Quoting from Isenhart and Spangle’s book,

Collaborative Approaches to Resolving Conflict, conflict is so complex and does

not only involve a decision between two choices that can be solved by

compromising and negotiating together. But often, conflict entails the struggle of

power, the way we talk, the way decisions are made, and unresolved problems from

the past (2000: 2). Considering the focus of this study is a conflict that likely to

happen in a daily life, to be more specific is in the family, the writer decides to

explain about conflict in family.

Based on Fitzpatrick and Noller’s book, Communication in Familu

Relationships, conflict in family occurs when family members do not agree about

the events and situations in their lives. They may disagree about certain behavior in

certain situation, the family member’s task, the way decision is made or the way

resources are shared. Those differences are likely to have an impact on family

members (1993: 99).

Considering the object of this study is a literary work in a form novel or story,

the writer believes that what Robert Stanton says in his book, An Introduction to

Fiction, about conflict is needed in order to make the identification of the family

conflict in a novel easier. Stanton states that every work of fiction contains of

conflict. He states that there are two kinds of conflict. They are internal conflict and

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and external conflict happens between characters or between a character and his

environment (1965:16). Based on what Robert and Jacobs’ statement the writer can

say that the kind of environment can be the natural object or public opinion

(1987:87).

3. Theory of Personality

a) Id, Ego and Superego

Robert and Jacobs say that character is an extended verbal representation of

human being (1987:119) and Stanton in his An Introduction to Fiction states that

emotion, moral principle, intention are some of elements that refer to the character

(2007:33). So, in this undergraduate thesis the theory of personality is needed to

reveal the personality of the character which is a human being that shows the

emotion, expression, the thought and the action which refer to the character.

Theory personality that is used in this study is Freud’s theory about mental life

which can be divided into two: they are conscious and unconscious. Conscious in

this context is the level of mental life that can be accessed by our mind directly and

every single idea can be reached by this level of mental life, so it can be directly felt

or said. In the contrary, unconscious is the level of mental life which cannot be

accessed directly and it contains of unwanted anxiety experience that is forced until

it comes to the unconscious level (Feist and Feist 2008:23-24).

The basic concept of personality development is taken from the book An

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on Freud’s theory, states that the development of personality is so revolutionary and

it contains of many dynamic components and each of those components are

influenced by the need to satisfy the basic instinct which is the biological need.

Based on the Freud’s theory that he writes on his book, he states that there are three

different components but still connected to one another that can arrange the

behavior they are id, ego and superego (2009:24).

Id is the most primitive desire in mind. It works based on pleasure principle and

its energy is spent to seek pleasure without regard for what is proper or just. Ego is

the only one which has an access or a contact with reality and it works based on

reality principle. Ego is the only one that can control the Id and Superego. If the Id

and Superego cannot be controlled well by Ego, the anxiety will appear. At the time

when the anxiety appears Ego tends to repress with the defense mechanism to

defend against the anxiety. Superego is the opposite of Id, because it wants the

desire that against Id’s want. Superego represents the moral and ideal aspects of

personality. It is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principle, so it strives

blindly toward perfection. When the Ego’s act is against what the superego wants,

the guilt will appear (2008:27-30)

It can be concluded that Ego which is the one that can balance the blindly desire

of Id to seek pleasure amorally and superego in being morally and ideal blindly. The

three stages of mind explained above is the important part in analyzing the

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because the development or change of those three stages of mind which is had by

the main character determines the development of the main character’s personality.

Based on Freud’s theory, phallic phase, when the genital area becomes the

leading erogenous zone, also takes an important part in the personality development

psychologically. Freud also says that Oedipus complex plays an even more crucial

role in the personality development. In this study, the writer uses Female Oedipus

Complex in analyzing the main character, Pari.

b) Female Oedipus Complex

Female Oedipus Complex is different from Male Oedipus Complex. At the

pra-Oedipal stage, the girl thinks that all children have the same genital equipment

whereas the boys have different, and it is even more special. Female feels so

envious of this appendage and desire to have penis (penis envy). The girls’ envy

starts to develop and they thinks that the mother has the responsibility why they are

not be born with penis. The feeling of envy of the girls triggers their Libido that is

shifted to the figure of father, who can satisfy their desire to have penis. The desire

to have sexual intercourse with the father and the feeling of envy to the mother is

well known as Female Oedipus Complex (Feist and Feist, 2008:41).

The writer needs to apply the simple Female Oedipus Complex because the

writer sees the main character shows affection to her stepmother lover. The

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makes the writer wants to analyze it. The Female Oedipus Complex is considered as

the most appropriate one.

4. Theory of Family

Considering the scope of this study is about family’s conflict, the writer provides

a brief explanation about family from Cheal’s book, Sociologu of Familu yife. The

writer provides the theory of family in order to limit the conflict that is analyzed.

The writer focuses only on the conflict that happens on the scope that is explained in

the statement below.

In his book, Cheal says that family is considered to be any group which consists

of people in intimate relationships which are believed to endure over time and

across generations (2002:4). It helps the writer in applying the analysis of Pari’s

family and her relation with other people and also limits the scope of the analysis.

Cheal (2002:2) also says that the process we grow from childhood into adulthood

has been influenced by the area where our family lives. In analyzing the way the

main character grows from childhood into adulthood especially on the area where

the main character’s family lives. This quote is appropriate when it is applied in

analyzing the character such as Pari, knowing that Pari has experienced different

family life during her life. Although Pari has relation with many people, but the

writer only analyzes conflict that happens in the scope of family like what Cheal

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C. Theoretical Framework

There are four theories that are used in order to answer the research questions in

problem formulation, those are theory of character and characterization, theory of

conflict, theory of personality and the last is theory of family.

The first theory is theory character and characterization that is used to reveals the

whole characteristics of the character that is provided by the author in the story. The

characteristic shows how the three mental stages of the main character work,

especially her Id. The second is theory about conflict that is used to define the family

conflicts that are experienced by the main character in a story. It includes the conflict

from her childhood until her teens and inner conflict within the main character that is

caused by her family member. The third is theory about family which limits the scope

of the analysis. The scope focuses only on the main character family and important

conflicts which happens in the main character’s family. The last theory is about

personality which is used as the last theory to conclude what kind of person the main

character is. It is applied to analyze the personality, mental life of main character in

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20

CHAPTER III

METHODOEOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of this study is a fiction novel, And the Mountains Echoed, written by

Afghan-American novelist named Khaled Hosseini whose 38 million copies of his

book sold in more than seventy countries. His previous phenomenal novels are The

Kite Runner and A Thousands Splendid Suns. Those novels became best seller and

were adapted in to a film.

Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed was published in 2013 by

Bloomsbury. It consists of 466 pages and 9 chapters. This novel has received many

compliments from many readers, such as New York Times, Daily Telegraph, The

Times and The Oprah Magazine because of its interesting plot.

And the Mountains Echoed tells story about Abdullah and his sister, named Pari,

who live in Shadbagh, Afghanistan. The setting takes place in Afghanistan, Paris and

California. The year of this story starts in 1952 till 2010. The story begins in the little

village in Shadbagh, Afghanistan. Abdullah and Pari live with their father and their

step mother. Their life in Shadbagh is not good, they have financial problem because

of their father is incapable to get enough money. That is the reason why he finally

decides to sell his little daughter, Pari, to the rich married couple, Mr.Wahdati and his

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As a brother and sister Abdullah and Pari have close relationship, they need each

other, they share to each other, and they love each other. Abdullah wants to do

everything to make his little sister happy. He is the boy who looks after her sister

since he is ten. Abdullah is the one who loves Pari more than anyone. He takes an

important rule of mother in taking care of her daughter. He gives Pari a comfortable

feeling when she is near him. Abdullah and Pari’s togetherness comes to an end when

they are separated by their father’s decision. Their father decides to bring Pari to

Kabul and sells Pari to Wahdati’s. Their Father’s decision hurts both Abdullah and

Pari. It also affects Abdullah. He loses her sister that he loves so much.

Pari has a better life with Mr. and Mrs. Wahdati in Kabul. They treat Pari as the

child that they have been waiting for years. Pari’s memory about her family in

Shadbagh starts to disappear and she never remembers who Abdullah is and where

Shadbagh is. Mr. and Mrs.Wahdati’s affection replaces the role of Abdullah in Pari’s

life well. The harmony of this family faces its end when Mrs. Nila Wahdati knows

that Mr. Wahdati has affection to their driver guy, Nabi. Sort after that, Mr. Wahdati

has trouble with his health. He got stroke.

When Mr.Wahdati gets trouble with his health, Pari is asked to move to Paris

with her step mother, Mrs.Wahdati. In Paris, Pari grows well and she has good

education that brings her to be the best youngest professor when she is at thirty six

years old. Pari’s need seems fulfilled and everything is going well, but Pari’s inner

does not feel so. She keeps many questions questioning her real past life about her

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her mother, Mrs. Wahdati, but she never gives Pari satisfying answers. Pari feels a

serious missing of a man figure.

The lack of affection from the figure of man or the figure of father leads Pari to

do and make decision that trigger the conflict within herself and conflict between her

and her mother. The need of affection is shown when Pari attracts her step mother’s

lover, Julien. The relationship between Julien and Pari creates a conflict between Pari

and her step mother. It also becomes the conflicts that lead her step mother to commit

suicide.

Pari’s journey continuous to the California after receiving the facebook message

that tells about her family in Afghanistan, especially in Shadbagh. The old Pari goes

to California wants to meet a girl named Pari, the daughter of Abdullah, Pari’s

brother. Abdullah gives her daughter the same name like his little sister.

In California, Pari finds her brother Abdullah easily. She is helped by another

Pari, Abdullah’s daughter. Pari who never meets her brother for years feels nervous,

she hopes he still remember about her. After she comes at the Abdullah’s house

everything is so different, the happiest moment that she imagines is just a fantasy.

Abdullah and Pari meet each other talk to each other, but Abdullah does not

remember Pari.

Many chapters in this novel tell about other characters that have relation with the

Pari’s and Abdullah’s journey in finding each other. The plot circled to another

characters before it comes back to Pari’s life to seek her real family tree, especially

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finding Abdullah after her mother commit suicide. The writer only focuses on the

development of Pari’s three mental stages which consists of Id, Ego and Superego.

To be more specific, the development of Pari’s Id is the main focus. The analysis

covers Pari’s life before she moves to Paris and after she lives in Paris and has

relationship with Julien.

B. Approach to the Study

Applying the appropriate approach is one of the most important steps in

analyzing a literary work, especially in order to analyze the topic discussed in this

writing. Since the literary work which is discussed is about human life, human

behavior, and also their conflict in everyday life, the writer decides to use and apply

psychological approach in analyzing the work, And The Mountains Echoed. The

writer decides to apply psychological approach after finding the main character’s

personality development in the novel. That is why the focus is on the personality

development experienced by the character.

According to Lois Tyson, if psychoanalysis can help us better in understanding

human behavior, so it must certainly be able to help us in understanding the literary

work which is about human behavior (2006:11). She also says that an art work, it can

be a literary work and any other forms of art work, which exactly describes human

behavior is possible to have psychoanalytic principles whether the author has any

awareness about those principles when writing the work or not. In some extent it can

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approach is used because the attention is focused on the psychological interpretation

and it is also used to reinforce the understanding and the appreciation of an art work

by analyzing one of the characters in the novel through psychological approach.

In a more specific conclusion, psychological approach is used to determine what

motivates and triggers Pari’s personality development like it is described in the novel.

Is it motivated or triggered by her unconscious mind? Which does involve more id,

ego, or super ego? Why does she do that? Those are question that are answered by

applying psychological approach in interpreting this literary work.

C. Method of The Study

The writer applied library research as the method of this study since all of the

data are gathered from some books. The primary source of this study is the novel

entitled And the Mountains Echoed, and the secondary sources for this study are

theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of family and

theory of conflict that is collected from some printed books.

There were four steps in analyzing three problem formulations that have been

stated before. The first was reading the novel as the object of the study several times

and carefully in order to understand and to gain more detail information about it. The

second was characterizing the main character, Pari, what kind of person she is

described in the novel. The third was analyzing the conflict that she experiences

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character that is caused by her family member. The fourth was analyzing and

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26

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

The focus of this undergraduate thesis is the personality development of the main

character, named Pari, and conflicts that affect the main character’s personality to

change or develop. Since this study using psychological approach which is based on

Freud’s theory, the scope of the development or change that is experienced by the

main character is in the scope of three stages of mind introduced by Freud, which are

Id, Ego and Superego. Oedipal phase also involves in the personality development of

the main character that affects her way in making decisions. In a brief, the focus is on

the main character’s Id especially its role in driving the main character’s decision.

The role of Id also affects the development of oedipal phase which is experienced by

the main character.

Based on the research questions in problem formulation, there are three steps in

analyzing the main character’s personality development. First, characterize the main

character using the theory of character and characterization. In this part the writer

describes the character of the main character in her early life. The way the main

character acts, thinks, and says which are described by the author of the novel are the

important thing that influence how to describe the main character’s personality in her

early life. Second, identify the conflicts that are experienced by the main character in

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conflict or the conflicts that happen in the scope of family. Third, analyzing Pari’s

personality using theory of personality and how the conflicts affect her character.

A. The Characterization of Pari

Considering this undergraduate thesis uses Freud’s theory which focuses on the

role of Id, Ego, Superego and Female Oedipus Complex in analyzing the main

character’s personality, so it is important to analyze the childhood of the main

character, especially her personality. Based on the theory of character and

characterization that is stated by Robert and Jacobs, there are four important points

that are applied to convey information of the character in a fiction. Those points are,

what the character themselves say (and think, if the author express her thoughts),

what the character does, what the other characters say about her, and what the author

say about her (1987:123). The following points below are the characteristics of the

main character in her early life or her childhood which has been analyzed using

theory of character and characterization. The writer decides to apply the theory of

personality in order to make the comparison about the role of Id is easier to be

analyzed, since the focus is on the role of Id before and after the main character

experiencing the conflict. The characteristics that are found describe how the role of

Id within Pari’s mind. So, the following characteristics are considered as the

characteristics that describe how Pari’s Id creates Pari as a person who has these two

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1. Spoiled

In her early life, when Pari stays in Afghanistan, one of her personality that is

clearlydescribed by the author is spoiled. Little Pari is shown as a spoiled child. She

is described, as the child who has many wishes. Because of Abdullah’s habit who

treats and pleased Pari, she assumes that everyone will do the same thing to her. She

expresses it the most to her father.

After the mother’s death, Pari’s brother named Abdullah treats his sister well. He

treats Pari better than his father does. It is caused by the limited time had by their

father. The way Abdullah treats Pari is a bit excessive. It is shown when Abdullah

wants to trade his shoes for a peacock’s feather to see the joy of her little sister, Pari.

;and the one of which Pari was proudest, an iridescent green peacock feather with a beautiful large eye at the tip.

This last was a gift Abdullah had given her two months earlier. He had heard of a boy from another village whose family owned a peacock. One day when Father was away digging ditches in a town south of Shadbagh, Abdullah walked to this other village, found the boy, and asked him for a feather from the bird. Negotiation enured, at the end of which Abdullah agreed to trade his shoes for the feather (2013:22-23).

But when he knelt beside pari, gently shook her awake from a nap, and produce the feather from the behind like a magician, it was all worth it-worth it for the way her face broke open with surprise first, then delight; for the way she stamped his cheeks with kisses, for how she cackled when he tickled her chin with the soft end of the feather-and suddenly his feet didn’t hurt at all (2013:25-26).

The quotes above show the way how Abdullah makes Pari happy by trading his

shoes with just a peacock’s feather. Abdullah seems a bit excessive since he has to

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shows how deep Abdullah loves her sister, Pari, and she is happy having Abdullah

nearby. In other hand, the quotes above also show how Abdullah really loves Pari, the

bound is so thick.

Apparently, the way Abdullah treats Pari triggers the feeling of comfort and

pleasure that she feels when Abdullah is nearby. She feels that she is the one that is

loved by her brother. That feeling is shown and expressed on the dialogue below:

“Abollah?” “Yes”

“When I grow up will I live with you?” … “If you want. But you won’t want to” “Yes I will!”

“You’ll want a house of your own.” “But we can be neighbors.”

Abdullah is the special person for Pari. He substitutes, in some ways, the role of

mother, or even parents for her sister Pari. Pari is so attached to her brother. The way

Abdullah treats Pari lets her to have feeling of pleasure and comfort like what is

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The dialogue above describes the unconscious wish of Pari. Based on Freud’s

theory which is quoted from the book Theory of Personality by Feist and Feist,

unconscious is described as the part of mind that contains of all uncontrolled drives,

urges, instinct that motivates most of our words, feelings, and actions (2008:24).

Unconscious wish that Pari has in order to live together with Abdullah, to have

Abdullah fully, to feel the joy, the comfort and the pleasure that she feels whenever

she spends her time with Abdullah. In this case, Abdullah is the source of Pari’s

happiness.

Pari’s characteristic as a spoiled child is not only shown in a dialogue above, but

also in the dialogue between Pari and her Father, Saboor. Abdullah’s habit that treats

Pari as the special person makes Pari think that another person, in this case is her

father, will treat her like Abdullah does. That is why she also has so many requests to

her father. Unfortunately, her father is not the same like Abdullah. The father cannot

do what Pari asks to him.

But these days, Father was always too exhausted from work when Pari pulled on his sleeve and asked him to make her fly on the swing.

Maybe tomorrow, Pari.

Just for a while, Baba. Please get up. (2013:32).

“Baba,” Pari said. “Tell a story.” “It’s getting late,” father said. “Please.”

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Those two quotes given above shows the characteristic of Pari that is so spoiling. She

delivers her will without thinking. She delivers it in a way that shows a little bit

forcing.

The way her brother treats her in order to see Pari’s happiness triggers the feeling

of comfort and pleasure. As a child, she is still attached to some people, she cannot

make her own happiness and that is why the feeling of pleasure or joy that she felt

must be given from other people, in this case is her brother and her father. In this part,

it can be said that Pari tends to chase her pleasure to other person that she meets, in

this case is her father, and it is caused by her brother’s treatment that always please

her excessively. The writer can say that the role of Pari’s Id takes an important part in

driving Pari to be a spoiled person who says her requests to another person with no

consideration about the other person’s condition. The natural instinct as a person that

wants to be pleased is shown by Pari’s request that is a bit demanding.

2. Lacking Confidence

In the novel, little Pari and her stepmother Mrs. Nila Wahdati move to France

shortly after Mr.Wahdati got stroke. Pari lives in Paris with her mother. Her mother is

the only person that guides and teaches her. The moment to live together with her

mother gives good and bad effect to her. The good effect is her stepmother fulfills

Pari’s need, especially the need of education. The bad effectis the closer the relation

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her. She is different and she does not resemble Mr. and Mrs. Wahdati. Even though

Pari is just a kid, she realizes about that fact.

She didn’t resemble her father much either, Pari believed. He had been a tall man with a serious face, a high forehead, narrow chin and thin lips. Pari kept a few pictures of him in her room from her child hood in the Kabul house. (2013:214)

By seeing her stepfather picture it gives less effect to Pari psychologically, but by

living and seeing her stepmother it gives significant effect to Pari, especially

psychologically. She thinks that Maman, the way Pari calls her mother, so much

beautiful compared to her. She realizes it and she keeps a wish to be as attractive as

her mother, especially when she knows that her Maman has good ability to attract

man’s attention. A man figure in here is Julien, Based on the novel, Julien is the first

man that Pari meets and she often sees him after he becomes her Maman’s lover.

Pari watched Maman as she murmured playfull, giggled at Julien’s jokes, tilted her head and absently twirled a lock of her hair. She marveled again at how young and beautiful Maman was—Maman, who was only twenty years older than herself. Her long dark hair, her full chest, her starling eyes, and a face that glowed with the intimidating sheen of classic regal features. Pari marveled further at how little resemblance she herself bore to Maman, with her solemn pale eyes, her long nose, her gap-toothed smile, and her small breasts. If she had any beauty, it was of a more modest earth–bound sort. Being around her mother always reminded Pari that her own looks were woven of common cloth. At times, it was Maman herself who did the reminding, though it always came hidden in a Trojan horse of compliments.

Pari understands the difference between her stepmother and her, in this case is

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thing that represents her mother within herself. The thought about her difference

causes the inferiority within herself.

The compliment uttered by her stepmother in order to reinforce Pari is useless. It

helps nothing, it gives nothing, it just emphasizes implicitly that she is different and

never be as good as her mother. It just triggers a flaming within Pari herself.

Being around her mother always reminded Pari that her own looks were woven of common cloth. At times, it was Maman herself who did the reminding, though it always came hidden in a Trojan horse of compliments.

She would say, You’re lucky, Pari. You won’t have to work as hard for men to take you seriously. They’ll pay attention to you. Too much beauty, it corrupts things. She would laugh. Oh, listen to me. I’m not saying I speak from experience. Of course not. It’s merely an observation (2013: 213-214).

Pari sees her mother as a superior and she herself as an inferior. The way Pari sees

how different her mother and she herself affects her confidence, especially while

having conversation with a man. Moreover, it also affects her behavior.

And yet, under his unrelenting gaze, she could not help her pulse quickening and her belly tightening. She found herself speaking in an artificially sophisticated, ridiculous tone that was nothing like the way she spoke normally. (2013:216)

In addition, the decision of the author of the novel not to give one or two

boyfriends as a Pari’s friend explains that Pari has no any relation with boy or man,

except with her Maman’s lover, Julien. In the novel,it is emphasized that Pari has no

other friend except Collette, which is a girl, who has been a close friend to Pari since

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She was going to her friend Collette’s house to study, she said. Her friend since second grade, Collette was a wiry brittle-looking girl with long limp hair and nose like a crow’s beak (2013:218).

Based on the facts that she has only a girl friend and the feeling that she feels

whenever she meets a man can conclude that Pari has a problem about her confidence

when having relationship or just a conversation with a man.

3. Jealous

Another Pari’s characteristic that is shown by the author is the jealousy. The term

of jealous has a meaning as an action that shows anger or unhappiness because

somebody that is loved or liked is showing interest to somebody else (Oxford,

2010:802). In this part, the writer shows the jealousy expression that Pari has. Pari

does not show any anger on someone but she feels the unhappiness. As an example,

she is jealous of her stepmother’s achievement. She is unhappy that her stepmother

gets the man that Pari wants, named Julien. Besides,the author of the novel does not

clearly show that Pari wants Julien through an explicit dialogue. The author shows it

through Pari’s action that wants to be treated like how Julien does to Pari’s

stepmother.

Sometimes she walked like this, undressed, to her mother’s room and lay on the bed where she knew Maman and Julien made love. Pari lay there stark-naked with her eyes closed, heart battering, basking in heedlessness, something like a hum spreading across her chest, her belly, and lower still (2013:218-219).

The statement above shows that Pari wants to feel what her stepmother feels with

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statement below describes that Pari thinks that the reason why Julien still stays with

her stepmother is because he wants to get close with Pari. The statement that provides

the reason why Pari shows the jealousy to her stepmother is explained in these two

quotes below.

Julien took her to faculty events at the university, and Maman invited him to author readings at the bookstore. Pari tagged along at first-Julien asked her to, which seemed to please Maman-but soon she started making excuse to stay home. She wouldn’t go, couldn’t. It was unbearable. She was too tired, she said, or else she didn’t feel well. She was going to her friend Collete’s house to study, she said (2013:218)

“I’ll bet he’s disappointed,” Collete said. “That you don’t go out with them.”

“Well, if he is, he’s not letting on.”

“He wouldn’t let on, would he? What would your mother think?”

“About what?” Pari said, though she knew, of course. She knew, and she wanted was to hear it said.

“About what?” Collete’s tone was sly excited. “That he’s with her to get to you. That it’s you he wants.”

“That is disgusting,” Pari said with a flutter (2013:218).

The first quote explains that Pari is always invited whenever Julien and her

stepmother (Maman) have a date. Julien, her stepmother and Pari often spend time

together. It does not only make the relation between Julien and her stepmother closer

but it also makes Pari feels closer with Julien. Because of the closer relation between

Pari and Julien, Pari shows jealousy whenever she sees her mother with Julien even it

is not shown clearly by the author. The second quote shows a clearer prove that Pari

has a hopein Julien. As stated before, Pari thinks that the real purpose of Julien is to

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stepmother with Julien and because of that she decides to go to her friend’s house

than to join their activity.

By applying the three mental stages theory by Freud, the writer can say that Id

has the role in driving Pari’s personality becomes a jealous person. Pari has a wish to

get Julien, because Pari loves and likes Julien. The desire to get Julien fully is

impossible to be realized. Julien is Pari’s stepmother’s lover and Pari cannot arrogate

him from her stepmother. The pleasure that can be satisfied by having Julien as a

lover is impossible. One of the three mental stages that seek pleasure is Id. In this

problem, Pari’s Id has a desire to get Julien as a person who can satisfy Pari’s desire.

The desire of Pari’s Id is the reason why Pari has hope for Julien’s love. She wishes

that Julien wants to get her not her stepmother. Pari’s Id desire is illogical, primitive

and amoral (2008:28) because it wants the stepmother’s lover.

Id is one of the mental stages that have no connection with the reality. Ego is the

one that has a connection with the reality. Ego has a power to follow the power of Id

or reject it, because Ego works based on the reality (2008:29). The reality that is

faced by Pari makes Ego cannot follow the desire of Pari’s Id. Id’s desire which

cannot be followed by the Ego shows a reaction, that reaction makes Pari become a

jealous person. In this part, the three mental stages that involve in Pari’s characteristic

are Id and Ego which have power against each other.

As the conclusion of part A, the writer can say that in the novel And the

Mountains Echoed, the three characteristics of the main character explained before

Gambar

figure of the father, Julien. When Julien says the question, it just “washes out” the

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