xi ABSTRACT
KRISMADI, YOHANES DRIYA. The Impact Of Family’s Copflicts Toward The Role Of Pari’s Id Seep Ip Khaled Hosseipi’s And The Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
The literary work that is analyzed in this study is a novel entitled And The Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini. Tyson on his book, Critical Theory Today, says that an art work, such as novel, is largely a product of the forces of the unconscious mind of the author. An artwork that describes about humans there will be psychoanalytic principles in that work (2006:37). That is why the focus of this study is about the personality development experienced by the main character in the novel and psychological theory is the main theory that is used to do the analysis. The main character that is analyzed is Pari, a female figure in the novel.
There are three questions that are formulated as problem formulation. The first is to find Pari’s personality before experiencing the conflict. The second is to reveal the family conflicts that are experienced by Pari. The third is to find the personality change that is experienced by Pari after facing some family conflicts.
The writer employs library research as the method of the study. The primary source is the novel entitled And The Mountains Echoed. The secondary sources of this study are theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of family and theory of conflict. Theory of personality that is used is Freud’s theory about the role of three mental stages (Id, Ego and Superego) and theory of Female Oedipus Complex.
xii ABSTRAK
KRISMADI, YOHANES DRIYA. The Impact Of Family’s Copflicts Toward The Role Of Pari’s Id Seep Ip Khaled Hosseipi’s And The Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016
Karya sastra yang dianalisa pada studi ini adalah sebuah novel dengan judul And The Mountains Echoed karangan Khaled Hosseini. Tyson mengatakan bahwa sebagian besar karya seni, yang dalam hal ini adalah karya sastra dalam bentuk novel, adalah hasil dari dorongan pikiran bawah sadar para penulisnya. Sebuah karya seni yang menggambarkan tentang kehidupan manusia pasti akan ada prinsip-prinsip umum tentang kejiwaan atau kepribadian dalam karya tersebut (2006:37). Oleh karena itu studi ini berfokus pada perubahan kepribadian yang dialami oleh tokoh utama dan teori yang berkenaan dengan psikologilah yang akan dijadikan teori utama yang akan digunakan untuk menganalisanya. Karakter yang dianalisa disini adalah karakter perempuan bernama Pari.
Ada tiga pertanyaan yang dirancang sebagai pertanyaan utama dalam studi ini. Pertama, mengenai kepribadian Pari sebelum mengalami konflik keluarga. Kedua, ditujukan untuk meumuskan konflik-konflik keluarga yang dialami oleh tokoh utama. Ketiga untuk menemukan sifat baru tokoh utama, yaitu Pari, yang berubah setelah mengalami konflik-konflik keluarga.
Penulis menerapkan riset pustaka sebagai metode studi yang digunakan. Sumber utama adalah novel And The Mountains Echoed. Buku teori pendukung adalah buku tentang teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori kepribadian, teori keluarga dan teori konflik. Teori kepribadian yang digunakan merupaka teori milik Freud yang berfokus pada Id, Ego, Superego dan Female Oedipus Complex.
THE IMPACT OF
THE IMPACT OF FAMILY’S CONFLICTS TOWARD PARI’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT SEEN IN KHALED
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements
ii
THE IMPACT OF FAMILM’S CONFLICTS TOWARD PARI’S PERSONALITM DEVELOPMENT SEEN IN KHALED
HOSSEINI’S AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Mohanes Driya Krismadi Student Number: 11 4214 029
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDM PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTM OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITM
v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis does not contain any material which has
been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and
that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, February 12, 2016
vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Yohanes Driya Krismadi Nomor Mahasiswa : 114214029
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THE IMPACT OF FAMILY’S CONFLICTS TOWARD PARI’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT SEEN IN KHALED
HOSSEINI’S AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 12 Februari 2016
Yang menyatakan,
vii
“I tell you, keep askino, and it will be oiven you. Keep
seekino, and you will find. Keep knockino, and it will
be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives.
He who seeks finds. To him who knocks it will be
viii
AD MAIOREM DEI GLORIAM
For
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would never finish this undergraduate thesis without help, support and love that comes from many people in my life. First of all, I would like to praise the Lord Jesus Christ, for the guidance and blessing given to me. I realize that without His guidance and His blessing I would never accomplish this undergraduate thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to my father and my mother for their support, their love and their prayer for me. Love and support from my brothers Tama and Agung also strengthens me. I thank Ludgardis Venny for her support, her prayer, and her love. She stands beside me patiently in every condition that I feel.
I realize that this undergraduate thesis would never be a good thesis without guidance from my thesis advisor Dr. FX. Siswadi, M.A who spends his time in guiding and helping me to finish my thesis patiently. I also thank my co-advisor Maria Ananta Tri S., S.S., M.Ed for giving me suggestions so I can revise my undergraduate thesis. I also thank all the family of Sanata Dharma University especially the staffs and lecturers in English Letters Department who help me to learn in Sanata Dharma University.
I would like to send my deepest gratitude to all my friends who take part in supporting me finishing my undergraduate thesis. For my classmates in class A, Jarot, Yudha, Dhika and all my classmates that I cannot mention one by one, I am thankful for their support and suggestion. I also would like to thank Wellem, Telles, Agus and Fajrin for the support and unforgettable moment in our boarding house.
The profound gratitude also goes to all people whose name I cannot mention. I appreciate their support and their help in the process to finish this undergraduate thesis. May God Almighty bless them all.
x
TABLE OF COTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi
A. Review of Related Studies ... 9
B. Review of Related Theories ... 12
C. Theoretical Framework ... 19
A. The Characterization of Pari ... 27
B. Family Conflicts experienced by Pari ... 39
C. The Development of Pari’s personality ... 47
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ... 59
xi ABSTRACT
KRISMADI, YOHANES DRIYA. The Impact Of Family’s Conflicts Toward The Role Of Pari’s Id Seen In Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
The literary work that is analyzed in this study is a novel entitled And The Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini. Tyson on his book, Critical Theory Today, says that an art work, such as novel, is largely a product of the forces of the unconscious mind of the author. An artwork that describes about humans there will be psychoanalytic principles in that work (2006:37). That is why the focus of this study is about the personality development experienced by the main character in the novel and psychological theory is the main theory that is used to do the analysis. The main character that is analyzed is Pari, a female figure in the novel.
There are three questions that are formulated as problem formulation. The first is to find Pari’s personality before experiencing the conflict. The second is to reveal the family conflicts that are experienced by Pari. The third is to find the personality change that is experienced by Pari after facing some family conflicts.
The writer employs library research as the method of the study. The primary source is the novel entitled And The Mountains Echoed. The secondary sources of this study are theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of family and theory of conflict. Theory of personality that is used is Freud’s theory about the role of three mental stages (Id, Ego and Superego) and theory of Female Oedipus Complex.
xii ABSTRAK
KRISMADI, YOHANES DRIYA. The Impact Of Family’s Conflicts Toward The Role Of Pari’s Id Seen In Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016
Karya sastra yang dianalisa pada studi ini adalah sebuah novel dengan judul And The Mountains Echoed karangan Khaled Hosseini. Tyson mengatakan bahwa sebagian besar karya seni, yang dalam hal ini adalah karya sastra dalam bentuk novel, adalah hasil dari dorongan pikiran bawah sadar para penulisnya. Sebuah karya seni yang menggambarkan tentang kehidupan manusia pasti akan ada prinsip-prinsip umum tentang kejiwaan atau kepribadian dalam karya tersebut (2006:37). Oleh karena itu studi ini berfokus pada perubahan kepribadian yang dialami oleh tokoh utama dan teori yang berkenaan dengan psikologilah yang akan dijadikan teori utama yang akan digunakan untuk menganalisanya. Karakter yang dianalisa disini adalah karakter perempuan bernama Pari.
Ada tiga pertanyaan yang dirancang sebagai pertanyaan utama dalam studi ini. Pertama, mengenai kepribadian Pari sebelum mengalami konflik keluarga. Kedua, ditujukan untuk meumuskan konflik-konflik keluarga yang dialami oleh tokoh utama. Ketiga untuk menemukan sifat baru tokoh utama, yaitu Pari, yang berubah setelah mengalami konflik-konflik keluarga.
Penulis menerapkan riset pustaka sebagai metode studi yang digunakan. Sumber utama adalah novel And The Mountains Echoed. Buku teori pendukung adalah buku tentang teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori kepribadian, teori keluarga dan teori konflik. Teori kepribadian yang digunakan merupaka teori milik Freud yang berfokus pada Id, Ego, Superego dan Female Oedipus Complex.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODECTION
A. Background of the Study
And The Mountains Echoed is an interesting fiction novel. It tells about the
journey of a girl who seeks her brother. The girl, named Pari, has to live in a two
different family. She has to experience it because she is sold by her father. Through
the journey of Pari, the writer finds something that attracts the writer’s attention. It is
about Pari’s personality. Giving more attention to Pari’s struggles which has to live in
two different families, the writer knows that Pari’s personality changes. It is not a
distinct change. It is an indistinct change. The change does not give her traits which
are totally different like what she has before, but the change really changes her way to
make a decision. It changes the way her mind thinks. The change happens after she
struggles to stand on the family conflicts that she experiences. The indistinct change
on the main character’s personality which is caused by family conflicts makes the
writer decides to analyze something that cause the personality changes of the main
character. So, this undergraduate thesis is about the development of the main
character in a literary work, in this case is a novel.
In the book Theory of Literature, it can be found that a literary work is a kind of
creative action, an art work (Wellek and Warren, 1956:15). Based on that statement,
ability in writing. Obviously, all readers can feel and understand the difference when
the language in the literary text, as an art work, is compared with the language in an
essay, as an academic writing. (1956:22). Art works, whether as an literary works or
any other forms of art, are largely products of the forces of the unconscious mind of
the author in the society as whole. An art work or literary work that shows or
describes human behavior can be the product of author’s unconscious mind and there
will be psychoanalytic principles in that work whether the author has any awareness
of those principles or not when writing or creating the work (Tyson, 2006:37). Art
work, in this case is literary text, that is discussed is a novel with the title And The
Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini.
As a kind of literary text, the term “novel” can be said as kind of an extended
work of fiction written in prose (Abrams, 1981:119). As a work of fiction, a novel has
some important intrinsic elements such as plot, characters, and settings (Stanton,
1965:2). Those intrinsic elements complete one another and they make whole story
seems interisting. An intrinsic element that becomes the focus of this study is the
character.
Hjelle and Ziegler in their book Personality Theories state that humans or people
are unique because their personality is unpredictable and they behave exceedingly in
complex ways (1981:1). Human behavior is not fully understood, because human
always has their uniqueness. The main character’s in the novel that is analyzed
changes is unpredictable, because the change is seen through the development of the
As social beings, humans always have the relation with the people among them.
Based on that brief definition, which are a social being with their own uniqueness, a
conflict is likely to happen many times because of the differences. That condition also
happens in a story which describes about human’s life and it is also experienced by
the main character in a story as a representation of human being. Conflict also takes
part in human’s personality development. Sometimes, conflict can define the
motivation of the character in doing something. Roberts and Jacobs also say that
every single moment, such as action, interactions, or speeches and also conflict that is
experienced by characters, can give the impact to the plot of the story or to the
characters or even both. The most important of those points is able to be observed to
know the detail about the character (1987: 119). Stanton in his book, An Introduction
to Fiction divides a conflict into two parts:
Every work of fiction contains obvious internal conflicts between two desires within a character, or external conflicts between characters or between a character and his environment (1965:16).
Stanton’s explanation makes the focus of the analysis of the main character’s
conflict clearer. It is obviously explained that there are two kinds of conflicts which
happen in a story, internal and external conflict. He also adds a statement that those
two kinds of conflicts are in turn subordinate to the central conflict and central
conflict always happens between the fundamental and opposing qualities of forces
(1965:16). The explanation about character and the conflict above gives the writer
certainty to raise the issue of conflict and its impact to the personality development of
Based on the object of the study of this undergraduate thesis, And The Mountains
Echoed, the writer can find some little families in a different social class and they
deal with their own different problems as people who live in Afghanistan. Almost all
families in the story have a female figure, whether as a mother, as a daughter or as a
sister. The female figures in the novel take an important part in their own family life.
One example is in Parwana’s family. Parwana takes a significant role in her family.
She has a sister and her name is Masooma. She cannot walk anymore after falling
from the tree. Because of that accident she becomes paralyzed. In this condition,
Parwana takes an important part in taking care of her sister, Masooma. Parwana has
to struggle more in taking care of her sister alone.
The example that the writer puts above gives a brief description about the
family’s life and the important role of female figure in the novel. The female figures
in the novel always have the conflict within themselves, or it can be said as inner
conflict. The writer takes one female figure that experiences the most important
conflict which causes the main character’s personality to change. That character is
Parwana’s step daughter, Pari.
Starting from Hjelle and Ziegler’s statement that says human’s personality is
unpredictable, the writer focuses on analyzing the personality of Pari and its
development until she grows up and becomes an adult woman. Pari is the youngest
biological children of Saboor, the name of Pari’s father. Pari’s mother is dead when
mother can serve and love the kids only in the beginning and the responsibility to
take care of Pari has fallen to Abdullah, Pari’s old brother. The relationship between
Pari and Abdullah becomes closer and closer, and no one is closer to Pari than
Abdullah, even their father and mother. Abdullah does mother’s and father’s job
gladly. Their togetherness is damaged by Saboor’s will. Because of the urgent matter
he has to separate Abdullah and Pari. Starting from that moment Pari’s personality
gets the impact of that separation.
Reading And The Mountains Echoed and observing Pari’s personality makes the
writer hypothesizes that the author of the novel, consciously or unconsciously, gives
significant improvement on Pari’s personality which is started from the moment she
is separated from her brother, Abdullah. In this thesis, the writer tries to relate the
conflicts which are experienced by Pari and its impact to her personality development
through the story. It includes the moment when she stays in France. Analyzing the
development of the personality becomes important after knowing that Brouwer on his
book says that Tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in illis, when the times change, we
change with the times (1979:1). In this context the development through the times is
in the scope of Pari’s growth.
According to the Roberts’ and Jacobs’ statement that every single moment can
give significant effect to the character, the writer decides to focus only on the family
conflicts which are experienced by the main character on her early age. The family
Cheal, 2002:4). So, the family conflicts are in the scope of little social group which
has relation to Pari. In this novel, family conflict that is experienced by Pari on her
early age is considered as the important thing that can determine her personality
development later.
B. Problem Formulation
1. How is Pari’s personality described in the story?
2. What are the family conflicts experienced by Pari?
3. How do the conflicts affect Pari’s personality development?
C. Objectikes of the Study
The topic that is discussed in this thesis is about the personality development
caused by the family’s conflicts that is experienced by the main character in Khaled
Hosseini’s And the Mountain Echoed, and the main character’s name is Pari. The
objectives of the study here as a guideline to answer the research questions that are
stated in problem formulation.
The first objective is going to identify the characters or personality of Pari on her
early age, it means that the first objective analyzes Pari’s early life in Afghanistan
until she moves to Paris and lives her life with her mother only. The second objective
is found in conflicts, in the scope of family, that are experienced by Pari on her early
age. The last objective is analyzing the impact of the conflicts that are experienced by
D. Definition of Terms
In order to help the understanding, these are some terms that are used in this
thesis:
1. Conflict
One of important intrinsic element in a novel is a conflict. In a story can found
that conflict is a controversy in the story and it may happen as the opposition of two
people in arguing, fighting or helping against each other. It can happen in a small
group or large group of people. Not only between human, but also the conflict
between individual and natural object or public opinion is also possible to happen
(Robert and Jacobs, 1987:87). The writer adds an explanation about conflict in a
family since the focus of this study is a family conflicts experienced by the main
character. The writer thinks that it is needed to know both definitions about conflict
in a story to help the reader what kind of conflict that is analyzed in this study. As
what Fitzpatrick and Noller states in their book that family conflict occurs when
family members do not agree about the events and situation in their lives. They may
disagree about situation, the task, the decisions are made or the way resources are
2. Personality
Taken from APA Dictionary of Psychology, the writer provides a definition of
personality to help the reader’s understanding. Personality is the configuration of
characteristics and behavior including life, major traits, interests, values, self-concept,
abilities and emotional patterns. Personality is viewed as a complex and dynamic
integration which is shaped by hereditary, constitutional tendencies, early training,
identification with significant individuals or groups and critical experiences and
9 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
In this undergraduate thesis the writer uses two undergraduate theses and a
journal as related studies. Those undergraduate theses are Kurniasih’s The influence
of Amir’s guiltu feeling upon his self-concept in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner
and Guritno’s The Influence of Amir Khan’s personalitu development in facing his
conflict as seen in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. The last is the journal written
by Wellney Yarra entitled Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed in a Feminist
Perspective.
Kurniasih analyzes Amir, the main character in the novel The Kite Runner, has
self-concept that is influenced by his social interaction and also conflict that is
experienced by him which cause his feeling of guilty. Amir’s guilty feeling which
affects his self-concept gives significance impact to him. Because of that he also
suffers from physical disorder. Kurniasih also says that the main character uses some
defense mechanism to protect and retain his positive transitory self-concept.
Another writer, Gunarto, sees Amir in a different way. She analyzes what Amir can
do to solve the conflict that he faces after his personality changes. In her
undergraduate thesis, Gunarto says that Amir is experiencing personality
development after moving to America and it gives significant effect to the way Amir
deals with the conflict that he has.
Before experiencing personality development, Amir tends to run away or hide when dealing with conflicts. He cannot reveal his thoughts and feelings well. After his personality develops his way in facing the conflicts change. He becomes braver and responsible. Besides that, he becomes more open and able to communicate well. Moreover, he dares to end the problems and the risks (2012:46).
The writer clearly sees the similarities and the differences between those two
theses. Both of them analyze the personality development of the main character,
named Amir in The Kite Runner’s Khaled Hosseini, using psychology theory.
Kurniasih analyzes the external conflicts or problems in society that are experienced
by the main character that can cause the main character’s self-concept and Gunarto
analyzes personality development that is experienced by the main character that can
give impact to his ability in facing or solving his external conflict.
Meanwhile, in this undergraduate thesis the writer analyzes different thing. The
writer focuses in analyzing the female main character in the novel And The
Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini. The main character’s name is Pari. The
writer analyzes the conflicts that are experienced by the main character in her early
age until her teen age and the impact of the conflicts toward the main character’s
The writer agrees with Gunarto and Kurniasih that psychological approach can
reveal the personality development of charcter in the story. A quote below
emphasizes the use of psychological approach in analyzing the literary text that is
used by the writer now.
And, of course, if psychoanalysis can help us better understand human behavior, then it must certainly be able to help us understand literary texts, which are about human behavior (2006:11).
Apart from Gunarto’s and Kurniasih’s ways in analyzing the conflict and the main
character, the writer takes another way in analyzing the conflict which can cause the
development or the change of the personality. The writer limits the scope in analyzing
the conflict only to conflics that happen in the scope of family.
Another sources written by Wellney Yarra about feminist perspective in Khaled
Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed says that in this novel Hosseini expresses the
unvoiced oppresion towards female. This novel is also said as a great feminist fiction
that counteracts themarginalization of women by bringing forward characters that go
against it and fight for feminism (Yarra, 2013:10).
The analysis which is done by Yarra on her paper which uses the same sources as
the writer does is really helpful and it also puts this undergraduate as an
undergraduate thesis that discovers something new, compared to those three papers
explained before, in analyzing Khaled Hosseini’s And The Mountains Echoed.
Something new that the writer shows is the use of psychological approach in
Echoed. The writer also limits the conflict that is analyzed, because the focus is only
on the conflict which happens in the scope of the main character’s family.
B. Review of Related Theory
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
This study chooses Pari, one of the characters that involves in many parts in
Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed, as the object to be analyzed and to
be understood based on her every single act as the main character in the novel And
The Mountains Echoed.
In order to reveal or analyze the character in a story, which is a representation of
human being, understanding every single action, speech, and thought is very
important to arrange the details about the character and draw the conclusion about
the character itself (Robert and Jacobs, 1987:119). Robert and Jacobs also say that
there are two types of the character; they are round and flat character. Round
character is usually the main or major character in a story and its traits always
develop, change or grow, in other word the round character mostly dynamic.
Another type of character as contrasted with round character is flat character which
is not so important, whether its role or its traits. The characteristics of flat character
are mostly not change, grow or develop. The flat character is usually minor
character (1987:120-121).
Certainly, character that is created by an author is interpreted by the readers
own knowledge and experience about human being to make conclusion about the
qualities of the character (Robert and Jacobs, 1987:122). In this thesis the writer
applies the character and characterization theory based on Robert and Jacob’s book
in order to define the qualities of the character. Robert and Jacobs also state that
there are four aspects that should be done in characterizing a character in a story.
They are including what the characters themselves say and think, what the
characters do, what other characters say about them, and the last is what the author
says about them. (1987:123).
According to literary theory about character, the main character in the novel that
undergoes certain distinct changes or developments can be categorized as the round
and dynamic character. Arp and Johnson in Storu and Structure say that the
developing or dynamic character undergoes some distinct change, it can be
personality or outlook, the change may be a large or small, and the change can be
negative or positive. The writer also gives the reason why the main character
changes in the analysis because based on Arp and Johnson statement that essential
changes in human character do not usually occur suddenly (2012:106-107). In the
analysis the writer proves the personality change or development of the main
character is not a sudden change, it is caused by the conflict that is experienced by
2. Theory of Conflict
Life is full of conflicts. Every people will always face a conflict, because it can
happen every day and everywhere. Quoting from Isenhart and Spangle’s book,
Collaborative Approaches to Resolving Conflict, conflict is so complex and does
not only involve a decision between two choices that can be solved by
compromising and negotiating together. But often, conflict entails the struggle of
power, the way we talk, the way decisions are made, and unresolved problems from
the past (2000: 2). Considering the focus of this study is a conflict that likely to
happen in a daily life, to be more specific is in the family, the writer decides to
explain about conflict in family.
Based on Fitzpatrick and Noller’s book, Communication in Familu
Relationships, conflict in family occurs when family members do not agree about
the events and situations in their lives. They may disagree about certain behavior in
certain situation, the family member’s task, the way decision is made or the way
resources are shared. Those differences are likely to have an impact on family
members (1993: 99).
Considering the object of this study is a literary work in a form novel or story,
the writer believes that what Robert Stanton says in his book, An Introduction to
Fiction, about conflict is needed in order to make the identification of the family
conflict in a novel easier. Stanton states that every work of fiction contains of
conflict. He states that there are two kinds of conflict. They are internal conflict and
and external conflict happens between characters or between a character and his
environment (1965:16). Based on what Robert and Jacobs’ statement the writer can
say that the kind of environment can be the natural object or public opinion
(1987:87).
3. Theory of Personality
a) Id, Ego and Superego
Robert and Jacobs say that character is an extended verbal representation of
human being (1987:119) and Stanton in his An Introduction to Fiction states that
emotion, moral principle, intention are some of elements that refer to the character
(2007:33). So, in this undergraduate thesis the theory of personality is needed to
reveal the personality of the character which is a human being that shows the
emotion, expression, the thought and the action which refer to the character.
Theory personality that is used in this study is Freud’s theory about mental life
which can be divided into two: they are conscious and unconscious. Conscious in
this context is the level of mental life that can be accessed by our mind directly and
every single idea can be reached by this level of mental life, so it can be directly felt
or said. In the contrary, unconscious is the level of mental life which cannot be
accessed directly and it contains of unwanted anxiety experience that is forced until
it comes to the unconscious level (Feist and Feist 2008:23-24).
The basic concept of personality development is taken from the book An
on Freud’s theory, states that the development of personality is so revolutionary and
it contains of many dynamic components and each of those components are
influenced by the need to satisfy the basic instinct which is the biological need.
Based on the Freud’s theory that he writes on his book, he states that there are three
different components but still connected to one another that can arrange the
behavior they are id, ego and superego (2009:24).
Id is the most primitive desire in mind. It works based on pleasure principle and
its energy is spent to seek pleasure without regard for what is proper or just. Ego is
the only one which has an access or a contact with reality and it works based on
reality principle. Ego is the only one that can control the Id and Superego. If the Id
and Superego cannot be controlled well by Ego, the anxiety will appear. At the time
when the anxiety appears Ego tends to repress with the defense mechanism to
defend against the anxiety. Superego is the opposite of Id, because it wants the
desire that against Id’s want. Superego represents the moral and ideal aspects of
personality. It is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principle, so it strives
blindly toward perfection. When the Ego’s act is against what the superego wants,
the guilt will appear (2008:27-30)
It can be concluded that Ego which is the one that can balance the blindly desire
of Id to seek pleasure amorally and superego in being morally and ideal blindly. The
three stages of mind explained above is the important part in analyzing the
because the development or change of those three stages of mind which is had by
the main character determines the development of the main character’s personality.
Based on Freud’s theory, phallic phase, when the genital area becomes the
leading erogenous zone, also takes an important part in the personality development
psychologically. Freud also says that Oedipus complex plays an even more crucial
role in the personality development. In this study, the writer uses Female Oedipus
Complex in analyzing the main character, Pari.
b) Female Oedipus Complex
Female Oedipus Complex is different from Male Oedipus Complex. At the
pra-Oedipal stage, the girl thinks that all children have the same genital equipment
whereas the boys have different, and it is even more special. Female feels so
envious of this appendage and desire to have penis (penis envy). The girls’ envy
starts to develop and they thinks that the mother has the responsibility why they are
not be born with penis. The feeling of envy of the girls triggers their Libido that is
shifted to the figure of father, who can satisfy their desire to have penis. The desire
to have sexual intercourse with the father and the feeling of envy to the mother is
well known as Female Oedipus Complex (Feist and Feist, 2008:41).
The writer needs to apply the simple Female Oedipus Complex because the
writer sees the main character shows affection to her stepmother lover. The
makes the writer wants to analyze it. The Female Oedipus Complex is considered as
the most appropriate one.
4. Theory of Family
Considering the scope of this study is about family’s conflict, the writer provides
a brief explanation about family from Cheal’s book, Sociologu of Familu yife. The
writer provides the theory of family in order to limit the conflict that is analyzed.
The writer focuses only on the conflict that happens on the scope that is explained in
the statement below.
In his book, Cheal says that family is considered to be any group which consists
of people in intimate relationships which are believed to endure over time and
across generations (2002:4). It helps the writer in applying the analysis of Pari’s
family and her relation with other people and also limits the scope of the analysis.
Cheal (2002:2) also says that the process we grow from childhood into adulthood
has been influenced by the area where our family lives. In analyzing the way the
main character grows from childhood into adulthood especially on the area where
the main character’s family lives. This quote is appropriate when it is applied in
analyzing the character such as Pari, knowing that Pari has experienced different
family life during her life. Although Pari has relation with many people, but the
writer only analyzes conflict that happens in the scope of family like what Cheal
C. Theoretical Framework
There are four theories that are used in order to answer the research questions in
problem formulation, those are theory of character and characterization, theory of
conflict, theory of personality and the last is theory of family.
The first theory is theory character and characterization that is used to reveals the
whole characteristics of the character that is provided by the author in the story. The
characteristic shows how the three mental stages of the main character work,
especially her Id. The second is theory about conflict that is used to define the family
conflicts that are experienced by the main character in a story. It includes the conflict
from her childhood until her teens and inner conflict within the main character that is
caused by her family member. The third is theory about family which limits the scope
of the analysis. The scope focuses only on the main character family and important
conflicts which happens in the main character’s family. The last theory is about
personality which is used as the last theory to conclude what kind of person the main
character is. It is applied to analyze the personality, mental life of main character in
20
CHAPTER III
METHODOEOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is a fiction novel, And the Mountains Echoed, written by
Afghan-American novelist named Khaled Hosseini whose 38 million copies of his
book sold in more than seventy countries. His previous phenomenal novels are The
Kite Runner and A Thousands Splendid Suns. Those novels became best seller and
were adapted in to a film.
Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed was published in 2013 by
Bloomsbury. It consists of 466 pages and 9 chapters. This novel has received many
compliments from many readers, such as New York Times, Daily Telegraph, The
Times and The Oprah Magazine because of its interesting plot.
And the Mountains Echoed tells story about Abdullah and his sister, named Pari,
who live in Shadbagh, Afghanistan. The setting takes place in Afghanistan, Paris and
California. The year of this story starts in 1952 till 2010. The story begins in the little
village in Shadbagh, Afghanistan. Abdullah and Pari live with their father and their
step mother. Their life in Shadbagh is not good, they have financial problem because
of their father is incapable to get enough money. That is the reason why he finally
decides to sell his little daughter, Pari, to the rich married couple, Mr.Wahdati and his
As a brother and sister Abdullah and Pari have close relationship, they need each
other, they share to each other, and they love each other. Abdullah wants to do
everything to make his little sister happy. He is the boy who looks after her sister
since he is ten. Abdullah is the one who loves Pari more than anyone. He takes an
important rule of mother in taking care of her daughter. He gives Pari a comfortable
feeling when she is near him. Abdullah and Pari’s togetherness comes to an end when
they are separated by their father’s decision. Their father decides to bring Pari to
Kabul and sells Pari to Wahdati’s. Their Father’s decision hurts both Abdullah and
Pari. It also affects Abdullah. He loses her sister that he loves so much.
Pari has a better life with Mr. and Mrs. Wahdati in Kabul. They treat Pari as the
child that they have been waiting for years. Pari’s memory about her family in
Shadbagh starts to disappear and she never remembers who Abdullah is and where
Shadbagh is. Mr. and Mrs.Wahdati’s affection replaces the role of Abdullah in Pari’s
life well. The harmony of this family faces its end when Mrs. Nila Wahdati knows
that Mr. Wahdati has affection to their driver guy, Nabi. Sort after that, Mr. Wahdati
has trouble with his health. He got stroke.
When Mr.Wahdati gets trouble with his health, Pari is asked to move to Paris
with her step mother, Mrs.Wahdati. In Paris, Pari grows well and she has good
education that brings her to be the best youngest professor when she is at thirty six
years old. Pari’s need seems fulfilled and everything is going well, but Pari’s inner
does not feel so. She keeps many questions questioning her real past life about her
her mother, Mrs. Wahdati, but she never gives Pari satisfying answers. Pari feels a
serious missing of a man figure.
The lack of affection from the figure of man or the figure of father leads Pari to
do and make decision that trigger the conflict within herself and conflict between her
and her mother. The need of affection is shown when Pari attracts her step mother’s
lover, Julien. The relationship between Julien and Pari creates a conflict between Pari
and her step mother. It also becomes the conflicts that lead her step mother to commit
suicide.
Pari’s journey continuous to the California after receiving the facebook message
that tells about her family in Afghanistan, especially in Shadbagh. The old Pari goes
to California wants to meet a girl named Pari, the daughter of Abdullah, Pari’s
brother. Abdullah gives her daughter the same name like his little sister.
In California, Pari finds her brother Abdullah easily. She is helped by another
Pari, Abdullah’s daughter. Pari who never meets her brother for years feels nervous,
she hopes he still remember about her. After she comes at the Abdullah’s house
everything is so different, the happiest moment that she imagines is just a fantasy.
Abdullah and Pari meet each other talk to each other, but Abdullah does not
remember Pari.
Many chapters in this novel tell about other characters that have relation with the
Pari’s and Abdullah’s journey in finding each other. The plot circled to another
characters before it comes back to Pari’s life to seek her real family tree, especially
finding Abdullah after her mother commit suicide. The writer only focuses on the
development of Pari’s three mental stages which consists of Id, Ego and Superego.
To be more specific, the development of Pari’s Id is the main focus. The analysis
covers Pari’s life before she moves to Paris and after she lives in Paris and has
relationship with Julien.
B. Approach to the Study
Applying the appropriate approach is one of the most important steps in
analyzing a literary work, especially in order to analyze the topic discussed in this
writing. Since the literary work which is discussed is about human life, human
behavior, and also their conflict in everyday life, the writer decides to use and apply
psychological approach in analyzing the work, And The Mountains Echoed. The
writer decides to apply psychological approach after finding the main character’s
personality development in the novel. That is why the focus is on the personality
development experienced by the character.
According to Lois Tyson, if psychoanalysis can help us better in understanding
human behavior, so it must certainly be able to help us in understanding the literary
work which is about human behavior (2006:11). She also says that an art work, it can
be a literary work and any other forms of art work, which exactly describes human
behavior is possible to have psychoanalytic principles whether the author has any
awareness about those principles when writing the work or not. In some extent it can
approach is used because the attention is focused on the psychological interpretation
and it is also used to reinforce the understanding and the appreciation of an art work
by analyzing one of the characters in the novel through psychological approach.
In a more specific conclusion, psychological approach is used to determine what
motivates and triggers Pari’s personality development like it is described in the novel.
Is it motivated or triggered by her unconscious mind? Which does involve more id,
ego, or super ego? Why does she do that? Those are question that are answered by
applying psychological approach in interpreting this literary work.
C. Method of The Study
The writer applied library research as the method of this study since all of the
data are gathered from some books. The primary source of this study is the novel
entitled And the Mountains Echoed, and the secondary sources for this study are
theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of family and
theory of conflict that is collected from some printed books.
There were four steps in analyzing three problem formulations that have been
stated before. The first was reading the novel as the object of the study several times
and carefully in order to understand and to gain more detail information about it. The
second was characterizing the main character, Pari, what kind of person she is
described in the novel. The third was analyzing the conflict that she experiences
character that is caused by her family member. The fourth was analyzing and
26
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The focus of this undergraduate thesis is the personality development of the main
character, named Pari, and conflicts that affect the main character’s personality to
change or develop. Since this study using psychological approach which is based on
Freud’s theory, the scope of the development or change that is experienced by the
main character is in the scope of three stages of mind introduced by Freud, which are
Id, Ego and Superego. Oedipal phase also involves in the personality development of
the main character that affects her way in making decisions. In a brief, the focus is on
the main character’s Id especially its role in driving the main character’s decision.
The role of Id also affects the development of oedipal phase which is experienced by
the main character.
Based on the research questions in problem formulation, there are three steps in
analyzing the main character’s personality development. First, characterize the main
character using the theory of character and characterization. In this part the writer
describes the character of the main character in her early life. The way the main
character acts, thinks, and says which are described by the author of the novel are the
important thing that influence how to describe the main character’s personality in her
early life. Second, identify the conflicts that are experienced by the main character in
conflict or the conflicts that happen in the scope of family. Third, analyzing Pari’s
personality using theory of personality and how the conflicts affect her character.
A. The Characterization of Pari
Considering this undergraduate thesis uses Freud’s theory which focuses on the
role of Id, Ego, Superego and Female Oedipus Complex in analyzing the main
character’s personality, so it is important to analyze the childhood of the main
character, especially her personality. Based on the theory of character and
characterization that is stated by Robert and Jacobs, there are four important points
that are applied to convey information of the character in a fiction. Those points are,
what the character themselves say (and think, if the author express her thoughts),
what the character does, what the other characters say about her, and what the author
say about her (1987:123). The following points below are the characteristics of the
main character in her early life or her childhood which has been analyzed using
theory of character and characterization. The writer decides to apply the theory of
personality in order to make the comparison about the role of Id is easier to be
analyzed, since the focus is on the role of Id before and after the main character
experiencing the conflict. The characteristics that are found describe how the role of
Id within Pari’s mind. So, the following characteristics are considered as the
characteristics that describe how Pari’s Id creates Pari as a person who has these two
1. Spoiled
In her early life, when Pari stays in Afghanistan, one of her personality that is
clearlydescribed by the author is spoiled. Little Pari is shown as a spoiled child. She
is described, as the child who has many wishes. Because of Abdullah’s habit who
treats and pleased Pari, she assumes that everyone will do the same thing to her. She
expresses it the most to her father.
After the mother’s death, Pari’s brother named Abdullah treats his sister well. He
treats Pari better than his father does. It is caused by the limited time had by their
father. The way Abdullah treats Pari is a bit excessive. It is shown when Abdullah
wants to trade his shoes for a peacock’s feather to see the joy of her little sister, Pari.
;and the one of which Pari was proudest, an iridescent green peacock feather with a beautiful large eye at the tip.
This last was a gift Abdullah had given her two months earlier. He had heard of a boy from another village whose family owned a peacock. One day when Father was away digging ditches in a town south of Shadbagh, Abdullah walked to this other village, found the boy, and asked him for a feather from the bird. Negotiation enured, at the end of which Abdullah agreed to trade his shoes for the feather (2013:22-23).
But when he knelt beside pari, gently shook her awake from a nap, and produce the feather from the behind like a magician, it was all worth it-worth it for the way her face broke open with surprise first, then delight; for the way she stamped his cheeks with kisses, for how she cackled when he tickled her chin with the soft end of the feather-and suddenly his feet didn’t hurt at all (2013:25-26).
The quotes above show the way how Abdullah makes Pari happy by trading his
shoes with just a peacock’s feather. Abdullah seems a bit excessive since he has to
shows how deep Abdullah loves her sister, Pari, and she is happy having Abdullah
nearby. In other hand, the quotes above also show how Abdullah really loves Pari, the
bound is so thick.
Apparently, the way Abdullah treats Pari triggers the feeling of comfort and
pleasure that she feels when Abdullah is nearby. She feels that she is the one that is
loved by her brother. That feeling is shown and expressed on the dialogue below:
“Abollah?” “Yes”
“When I grow up will I live with you?” … “If you want. But you won’t want to” “Yes I will!”
“You’ll want a house of your own.” “But we can be neighbors.”
Abdullah is the special person for Pari. He substitutes, in some ways, the role of
mother, or even parents for her sister Pari. Pari is so attached to her brother. The way
Abdullah treats Pari lets her to have feeling of pleasure and comfort like what is
The dialogue above describes the unconscious wish of Pari. Based on Freud’s
theory which is quoted from the book Theory of Personality by Feist and Feist,
unconscious is described as the part of mind that contains of all uncontrolled drives,
urges, instinct that motivates most of our words, feelings, and actions (2008:24).
Unconscious wish that Pari has in order to live together with Abdullah, to have
Abdullah fully, to feel the joy, the comfort and the pleasure that she feels whenever
she spends her time with Abdullah. In this case, Abdullah is the source of Pari’s
happiness.
Pari’s characteristic as a spoiled child is not only shown in a dialogue above, but
also in the dialogue between Pari and her Father, Saboor. Abdullah’s habit that treats
Pari as the special person makes Pari think that another person, in this case is her
father, will treat her like Abdullah does. That is why she also has so many requests to
her father. Unfortunately, her father is not the same like Abdullah. The father cannot
do what Pari asks to him.
But these days, Father was always too exhausted from work when Pari pulled on his sleeve and asked him to make her fly on the swing.
Maybe tomorrow, Pari.
Just for a while, Baba. Please get up. (2013:32).
“Baba,” Pari said. “Tell a story.” “It’s getting late,” father said. “Please.”
Those two quotes given above shows the characteristic of Pari that is so spoiling. She
delivers her will without thinking. She delivers it in a way that shows a little bit
forcing.
The way her brother treats her in order to see Pari’s happiness triggers the feeling
of comfort and pleasure. As a child, she is still attached to some people, she cannot
make her own happiness and that is why the feeling of pleasure or joy that she felt
must be given from other people, in this case is her brother and her father. In this part,
it can be said that Pari tends to chase her pleasure to other person that she meets, in
this case is her father, and it is caused by her brother’s treatment that always please
her excessively. The writer can say that the role of Pari’s Id takes an important part in
driving Pari to be a spoiled person who says her requests to another person with no
consideration about the other person’s condition. The natural instinct as a person that
wants to be pleased is shown by Pari’s request that is a bit demanding.
2. Lacking Confidence
In the novel, little Pari and her stepmother Mrs. Nila Wahdati move to France
shortly after Mr.Wahdati got stroke. Pari lives in Paris with her mother. Her mother is
the only person that guides and teaches her. The moment to live together with her
mother gives good and bad effect to her. The good effect is her stepmother fulfills
Pari’s need, especially the need of education. The bad effectis the closer the relation
her. She is different and she does not resemble Mr. and Mrs. Wahdati. Even though
Pari is just a kid, she realizes about that fact.
She didn’t resemble her father much either, Pari believed. He had been a tall man with a serious face, a high forehead, narrow chin and thin lips. Pari kept a few pictures of him in her room from her child hood in the Kabul house. (2013:214)
By seeing her stepfather picture it gives less effect to Pari psychologically, but by
living and seeing her stepmother it gives significant effect to Pari, especially
psychologically. She thinks that Maman, the way Pari calls her mother, so much
beautiful compared to her. She realizes it and she keeps a wish to be as attractive as
her mother, especially when she knows that her Maman has good ability to attract
man’s attention. A man figure in here is Julien, Based on the novel, Julien is the first
man that Pari meets and she often sees him after he becomes her Maman’s lover.
Pari watched Maman as she murmured playfull, giggled at Julien’s jokes, tilted her head and absently twirled a lock of her hair. She marveled again at how young and beautiful Maman was—Maman, who was only twenty years older than herself. Her long dark hair, her full chest, her starling eyes, and a face that glowed with the intimidating sheen of classic regal features. Pari marveled further at how little resemblance she herself bore to Maman, with her solemn pale eyes, her long nose, her gap-toothed smile, and her small breasts. If she had any beauty, it was of a more modest earth–bound sort. Being around her mother always reminded Pari that her own looks were woven of common cloth. At times, it was Maman herself who did the reminding, though it always came hidden in a Trojan horse of compliments.
Pari understands the difference between her stepmother and her, in this case is
thing that represents her mother within herself. The thought about her difference
causes the inferiority within herself.
The compliment uttered by her stepmother in order to reinforce Pari is useless. It
helps nothing, it gives nothing, it just emphasizes implicitly that she is different and
never be as good as her mother. It just triggers a flaming within Pari herself.
Being around her mother always reminded Pari that her own looks were woven of common cloth. At times, it was Maman herself who did the reminding, though it always came hidden in a Trojan horse of compliments.
She would say, You’re lucky, Pari. You won’t have to work as hard for men to take you seriously. They’ll pay attention to you. Too much beauty, it corrupts things. She would laugh. Oh, listen to me. I’m not saying I speak from experience. Of course not. It’s merely an observation (2013: 213-214).
Pari sees her mother as a superior and she herself as an inferior. The way Pari sees
how different her mother and she herself affects her confidence, especially while
having conversation with a man. Moreover, it also affects her behavior.
And yet, under his unrelenting gaze, she could not help her pulse quickening and her belly tightening. She found herself speaking in an artificially sophisticated, ridiculous tone that was nothing like the way she spoke normally. (2013:216)
In addition, the decision of the author of the novel not to give one or two
boyfriends as a Pari’s friend explains that Pari has no any relation with boy or man,
except with her Maman’s lover, Julien. In the novel,it is emphasized that Pari has no
other friend except Collette, which is a girl, who has been a close friend to Pari since
She was going to her friend Collette’s house to study, she said. Her friend since second grade, Collette was a wiry brittle-looking girl with long limp hair and nose like a crow’s beak (2013:218).
Based on the facts that she has only a girl friend and the feeling that she feels
whenever she meets a man can conclude that Pari has a problem about her confidence
when having relationship or just a conversation with a man.
3. Jealous
Another Pari’s characteristic that is shown by the author is the jealousy. The term
of jealous has a meaning as an action that shows anger or unhappiness because
somebody that is loved or liked is showing interest to somebody else (Oxford,
2010:802). In this part, the writer shows the jealousy expression that Pari has. Pari
does not show any anger on someone but she feels the unhappiness. As an example,
she is jealous of her stepmother’s achievement. She is unhappy that her stepmother
gets the man that Pari wants, named Julien. Besides,the author of the novel does not
clearly show that Pari wants Julien through an explicit dialogue. The author shows it
through Pari’s action that wants to be treated like how Julien does to Pari’s
stepmother.
Sometimes she walked like this, undressed, to her mother’s room and lay on the bed where she knew Maman and Julien made love. Pari lay there stark-naked with her eyes closed, heart battering, basking in heedlessness, something like a hum spreading across her chest, her belly, and lower still (2013:218-219).
The statement above shows that Pari wants to feel what her stepmother feels with
statement below describes that Pari thinks that the reason why Julien still stays with
her stepmother is because he wants to get close with Pari. The statement that provides
the reason why Pari shows the jealousy to her stepmother is explained in these two
quotes below.
Julien took her to faculty events at the university, and Maman invited him to author readings at the bookstore. Pari tagged along at first-Julien asked her to, which seemed to please Maman-but soon she started making excuse to stay home. She wouldn’t go, couldn’t. It was unbearable. She was too tired, she said, or else she didn’t feel well. She was going to her friend Collete’s house to study, she said (2013:218)
“I’ll bet he’s disappointed,” Collete said. “That you don’t go out with them.”
“Well, if he is, he’s not letting on.”
“He wouldn’t let on, would he? What would your mother think?”
“About what?” Pari said, though she knew, of course. She knew, and she wanted was to hear it said.
“About what?” Collete’s tone was sly excited. “That he’s with her to get to you. That it’s you he wants.”
“That is disgusting,” Pari said with a flutter (2013:218).
The first quote explains that Pari is always invited whenever Julien and her
stepmother (Maman) have a date. Julien, her stepmother and Pari often spend time
together. It does not only make the relation between Julien and her stepmother closer
but it also makes Pari feels closer with Julien. Because of the closer relation between
Pari and Julien, Pari shows jealousy whenever she sees her mother with Julien even it
is not shown clearly by the author. The second quote shows a clearer prove that Pari
has a hopein Julien. As stated before, Pari thinks that the real purpose of Julien is to
stepmother with Julien and because of that she decides to go to her friend’s house
than to join their activity.
By applying the three mental stages theory by Freud, the writer can say that Id
has the role in driving Pari’s personality becomes a jealous person. Pari has a wish to
get Julien, because Pari loves and likes Julien. The desire to get Julien fully is
impossible to be realized. Julien is Pari’s stepmother’s lover and Pari cannot arrogate
him from her stepmother. The pleasure that can be satisfied by having Julien as a
lover is impossible. One of the three mental stages that seek pleasure is Id. In this
problem, Pari’s Id has a desire to get Julien as a person who can satisfy Pari’s desire.
The desire of Pari’s Id is the reason why Pari has hope for Julien’s love. She wishes
that Julien wants to get her not her stepmother. Pari’s Id desire is illogical, primitive
and amoral (2008:28) because it wants the stepmother’s lover.
Id is one of the mental stages that have no connection with the reality. Ego is the
one that has a connection with the reality. Ego has a power to follow the power of Id
or reject it, because Ego works based on the reality (2008:29). The reality that is
faced by Pari makes Ego cannot follow the desire of Pari’s Id. Id’s desire which
cannot be followed by the Ego shows a reaction, that reaction makes Pari become a
jealous person. In this part, the three mental stages that involve in Pari’s characteristic
are Id and Ego which have power against each other.
As the conclusion of part A, the writer can say that in the novel And the
Mountains Echoed, the three characteristics of the main character explained before