INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
By :
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY
•
Definition of Philosophy
– Terminology :
Terms of Filsafat (INDONESIAN) =
Falsafah(ARAB), Philosophy (ENGLISH),
Philosophia (LATIN), and Philosophie
(DUTCH, GERMAN, FRENCH), have their origin from Philosophia (GREEK)
•
Definition of Philosophy
– Terminology :
Terms of Filsafat (INDONESIAN) =
Falsafah(ARAB), Philosophy (ENGLISH),
Philosophia (LATIN), and Philosophie
Philosophia :
– Philein + Sophos = to love
virtue/wisdom
Loving nature - paradoxical
To possess X To argue
Conclusion
–
Philosophy as an unfinished effort to
search for truth by critical manners
always asks for basic problems.
Implication of learning philosophy :
– Person gets more knowledge of the meaning
LABELS OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is a life attitude
Philosophy is way of/method of thinking in
reflective and rational manners.
Philosophy is a set of the following
problems:
– The essence of things (metaphysics) –
(human, nature, God, science)
– The origin of science/knowledge
Continued...
– What differs good from bad? – What is beauty?
– Is religion necessary to enter human life? ---
DEFINITIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is the attempt to give a
reasoned conception of the universe and
of man’s place it
(Fils adalah usaha untuk memberikan
pemahaman konsep alam semesta dan
tempat manusia berada)
– J.A. Leighton :fils yg lengkap mencakup alam
Continued....
Philosophy as the endeavor to achieve a
comprehensive view of life and its
meaning, upon the basis of the results of
the various sciences.
WHY DO WE NEED
PHILOSOPHY?
Each person must make decisions and
act.
– Life has required us to determine answers for
Continued...
Our conduct is our own, and we are really
free only when we rely upon inner controls
or self-chosen ends.
– Tingkah laku kita adalah milik kita, dan kita
benar-benar bebas hanya jika kita percaya akan kontrol diri sendiri dan berakhir dengan pilihan sendiri
– Fils membekali pemahaman esensial,
Continued....
Philosophy is one of the best means by
which to foster the habit of reflection
– Fils adalah salah satu cara terbaik utk
memelihara kebiasaan berfikir kritis
– Fils membantu orang memperluas wawasan
Continued...
We life in an age of uncertainty and
change, when many of the older beleifs
and ways of doing things are inadequate.
– Kita senantiasa hidup dalam ketidak pastian
dan penuh perubahan, manakala banyak kepercayaan2
– Dalam suasana seperti ini kita membutuhkan
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AS A
BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY
1. METAPHYSICS
– GENERAL METAPHYSICS (ONTOLOGY) – SPECIAL METAPHYSICS (PSYCHOLOGY,
COSMOLOGY, THEOLOGY)
2. EPISTEMOLOGY: (Theory of knowledge)
THEORY OF SCIENCE = PHILOSOPHY of SCIENCE
AXIOLOGY / THEORY OF VALUE
SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Philosophy of science
– Branch of philosophy, which deals with
science in philosophical perspectives
Material Object (what to deal with): Science
WHY DO MAGISTER AND
PROFESSIONALS NEED TO LEARN
PHILSOPHY OF SCIENCE?
A
.
Academic Requirements:
Postgraduate students are directed to
become scientists, professionals, and
expected to apply and to develop science
(i.e., research, experiment,
implementation)
Continued...
Continued...
Seorang ilmuwan dan profesional dituntut
pertanggungjawaban
kemampuan
pemahaman: ontologis, epistemologis dan
aksiologis keilmuan.
B.Demand of more specialized empirical science
development and its impacts:
–
Positive impacts:
Impact on scientists: to have more focused and intense understanding
Continued ...
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
– SEMAKIN MERUNCINGNYA SPESIALISASI ILMU-ILMU
EMPIRIS, YG MEMBAWA KONSEKUENSI SEMAKIN RAGAM BIDANG-BIDANG KEILMUAN, SEKAT2 KEILMUAN, SIKAP ILMIAH ILMUWAN SEMAKIN FOKUS DAN INTENS DALAM BIDANGNYA. IMPLIKASI YANG DITIMBULKAN, ILMU BERKEMBANG MENUJU OTONOMINYA, SIKAP APATISME, EGOISME, DAN ANARKHISME KEILMUAN.
– MORE SPECIALIZED EMPIRICAL SCIENCES HAVE
Continued...
– Modern technology that is derived from an extensive
specialization has affected varied aspects of human life and has intensively changed human cultural patterns:
Lacking values:
– Technology causes practical, rational, and
Continued...
C. SCIENCE IS DYNAMIC
– SCIENCE IS NOT AN ETERNAL ENTITY. INSTEAD,
IT IS AN UNFINISHED JOURNEY, ALTHOUGH IT IS BASED ON OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL, SYSTEMATIC, LOGICAL, AND EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORKS.
– DALAM PERKEMBANGANNYA ILMU TIDAK
MUNGKIN LEPAS DARI MEKANISME
KETERBUKAAN TERHADAP KOREKSI.
– IN ITS DEVELOPMENT A SCIENCE CAN NOT BE
Continued...
Continued...
PHILOSOPHY – SCIENCE –
KNOWLEDGE
Philosophy – Essential/fundamental – Comprehensive – Normative Science – Experimental – Specific – Empirical Knowledge – Actual – FragmentedTHE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE
ANCIENT GREEK ERA (6 BC – 3 BC 6 BC) MITOS LOGOS (6 BC – 3 BC)
– PHILOSOPHICAL (6 AD)
– SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTELES,
STOA, EPICURUS, PLOTINUS MEDIEVAL ERA (15 AD )
– (THEOLOGICAL)
– THOMAS AQUINO
(ANCILLA THEOLOGIA)
ISLAM PHILOSOPHERS—AL FARABI, IBNU RUSD
Continued...
MODERN ERA (---18 AD – 19 AD)
RENAISSANCE (---18 AD)
AUFKLARUNG ( 19 AD)
SCIENCE
– MODERN: SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY:
Lanjutan ...
CONTEMPORARY ERA (---20 AD-- →)
– NEW PERSPECTIVE OF THE 20TH CENTURY
– SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
SCIENCE IS NOT ONLY A MEANS
SCIENCE BECOMES A SUBSTANTIVE MATTER SCIENCE DEALS WITH ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE IN AN EXTENSIVE MANNER
ADVANTAGE OF PHILOSOPHY
OF SCIENCE
DEVELOPING CRITICAL ATTITUDES:
– PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IS FACED BY
Continued...
DEVELOPING ABILITY IN SCIENTIC
ANALYSIS:
– PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IS FACED BY
VARY METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
Continued ...
GIVING PRACTICAL USE TO
PERFORMING WORKS:
– PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE ALWAYS
RELATES TO SCIENTIFIC PRACTICES.
– (objective, methodological, rational,
Continued...
PROFESSIONAL NEEDS:
– KEMAMPUAN UNTUK MELIHAT MASALAH
DAN MENEMUKAN SOLUSI
– PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IS CAPABLE
OF FINDING OUT PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
(goals: critical attitudes, precised scientific
Lanjutan...
MENUMBUHKEMBANGKAN
KESADARAN
DAN
PEMAHAMAN
TENTANG
TANGGUNG
JAWAB
ILMUWAN PADA MASYARAKAT.
–
Dikembangkan etos ilmiah, diperkaya
pemahaman esensi keilmuan
ILMU PENGETAHUAN TIDAK HANYA
PERSOALAN POKOK FILSAFAT ILMU
PERSOALAN FILOSOFIS KEILMUAN
– PERSOALAN ONTOLOGIS
– PERSOALAN EPISTEMOLOGIS – PERSOALAN AKSIOLOGIS
Catatan:
– Ketiga persoalan filosofis tersebut dinamakan
pilar-pilar flosofis keilmuan.
PERSOALAN ONTOLOGI
– Problematik tentang keberadaan (eksistensi)
Aspek kuantitas dari sesuatu
– Apakah yang ada itu tunggal, dual atau plural
monisme, dualisme, pluralisme.
Aspek kualitas dari sesuatu (mutu, sifat)
– Bagaimana batasan, sifat, mutu dari sesuatu
ONTOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE FOR
SCIENTIFIC WORLD
– Ontology gives a basis on which scientific
assumptions are made and helps create interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary communications.
Ontology helps create reality mapping, scopes of science, and possible combination between sciences.
– For example: poverty cannot only be analysed by
EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
SOURCES, MEANS, PROCESS, METHODOLOGY, EVIDENCE
EPISTEMOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
MEANS OF LEGITIMACY FOR THE SCIENCE TO VALIDATE PARTICULAR SCIENCE DISCIPLINE
METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT
AXIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
– VALUE CONSIDERATION (ETHICAL,
MORAL, AND RELIGIOUS) IN INVENTING, APPLYING AND DEVELOPING SCIENCE
AXIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
– AXIOLOGY GIVES DIRECTION TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
– AXIOLOGY DEVELOPS SCIENTIFIC
INTEGRATIVE AND SYSTEMIC FORMS OF ONTOLOGY, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND AXIOLOGY:
Idealism brings about implication of irrational approaches. The idealism methodology is speculative and deals with utopia imperatives.
Rationalism brings about implication of rational approaches. Its idealism methodology is logical.
Realism-based knowledge has an implication to empirical approaches. Its realism methodology is inductive with hedonistic imperative norm.
Vary -isms:
–Idealism : The true knowledge is an
ideal world (Plato)
–Realism : The true knowledge is what is
seen and absorbed by senses (Aristotle)
–Criticism : Knowledge is based on ideal
PRINCIPLES OF OF SCIENTIFIC
THINKING
Objective :
– Focused/intense
– To look at just the way it is
Rational :
– Healthy, or logical, thinking without particular
feeling, emotion, belief system, and authority
Logical :
Metodological
– The use of particular scientific method:
induction, deduction, synthesis, intuition.
Systematical :
– Interconnected and holistic structure of
thinking
THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC TRUTH
COHERRENCE THEORY
– Truth is measured by logical interconnection
between its statements/propositions.
CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
– Truth is measured by its evidence based on
PRAGMATIC THEORY
MEANS OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING
Language
– Unambigous: no ambiguity, standard – Grammatical : according to conduct of
language
Mathematics/Statistics
ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Development of science and technology is inevitable or unstoppable
Science and technolgy always have positive and negative impacts
Science and technology will give advantage to human only if they are controlled by value sistems of ethics-moral-religion
PROBLEM SOLUTION
IN DEVELOPING SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Science and technology must refer to their
ontological, epistemological, and
