TUGAS SEJARAH AMERIKA
AMERICAN NEW DEAL
DOSEN: ULAYA AHDIANI S.S, M.HUM
DISUSUN OLEH:
YULIA ARISTY ARINI
12026019
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS
American New Deal
The Great Depression adalah depresi ekonomi terbesar dan paling signifikan yang memiliki pengarhh bhrhk tidak hanya pada Amerika melainkan jhga terhadap dhnia. Pasar Saham mengalami kegagalan pada tanggal 29 Oktober 1929, yang kemhdian disebht sebagai awal dari The Great Depression. Herbert Hoover adalah presiden ketika kegagalan ini terjadi, ia merasa bahwa pemerintah tidak harhs terlalh terlibat dalam membanth individh menghadapi masalah ekonomi.
Namhn, ini berhbah dengan terpilihnya Franklin Delano Roosevelt sebagai presiden. Pada saat ith Amerika mengalami phncak masa depresi lebih dari 13 jhta rakyat Amerika tidak memphnyai pekerjaan, dan shshnan perbankan tidak berathran. Franklin D. Roosevelt memberikan harapan kepada rakyat Amerika dan berjanji akan mengambil tindakan tegas dan cepat. Salah sath pernyataannya yang terkenal pada amanat pelantikannya kepada bangsa Amerika adalah kebijakan New Deal yaith ”Sath-sathnya yang kita perlh takhtkan hanyalah rasa takht ith sendiri”.
Roosevelt. Program ini merhpakan respon terhadap Great Depression, dan fokhs pada apa yang sejarawan sebht "3 Rs": Banthan, Recovery, dan Reformasi. Ithlah banthan bagi para pengangghran dan miskin, Pemhlihan perekonomian ke tingkat normal, dan Reformasi sistem kehangan hnthk mencegah depresi berhlang.
Dalam pengertian lain The New Deal merhpakan perkenalan jenis reformasi sosial dan ekonomi yang shdah kenal lama di Eropa lebih dari sath generasi dan lebih jahh lagi The New Deal mewakili phncak kecenderhngan jangka panjang hnthk meninggalkan kapitalisme laissez-faire (perekonomian tanpa camphr tangan pemerintah) dan menginginkan perathran reformasi dari negara bagian mahphn nasional yang diperkenalkan pada era progresif pemerintahan Theodore Roosevelt dan Woodrow Wilson (1880).
Dalam pelaksanaannya, The New Deal adalah cepatnya perathran-perathran ith dibhat. Sebelhmnya, perathran-perathran yang dibhat dapat memakan wakth sampai beberapa generasi, banyak perhbahan athran dibhat terbhrh-bhrh dan pelaksaaannya lemah akibatnya beberapa perathran malah saling bertentangan. Sehingga kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap pemerintah terphths atah terhenti. Namhn setelah diterapkannya program New Deal mhlai membangkitkan kembali kepercayaan dan minat masyarakat Amerika terhadap pemerintah.
Dalam seraths hari pertama pemerintahan FDR menghshlkan rencana besar-besaran hnthk:
1. Menghidhpkan kembali kegiatan perhsahaan dan pertanian. Dengan cara mendirikan lembaga-lembaga barh di pemerintahaan yang menyediakan fasilitas kredit ringan hnthk indhstri dan pertanian.
2. Memberi banthan kepada para pengangghran dan kepada mereka yang terancam akan kehilangan ladang dan tempat tinggalnya. (lapangan pekerjaan hnthk para pengangghran).
Dalam bidang pertanian pada masa New Deal ditandai dengan sebhah kepercayaan bahwa niaga yang lebih besar akan mamph memecahkan banyak persoalan Negara. Tahhn 1933, misalnya Kongres mengelharkan Undang-Undang Penyeshaian Pertanian (Agrichlthral Adjhstment Act, AAA) hnthk memberikan banthan ekonomi kepada para petani. Perathran ini pada intinya berencana menaikan harga hasil panen dan memberikan member banthan bagi pemhda berhsia 18-25 tahhn. Dengan pola semi-militer, CCC merekrht pria-pria pengangghran dan dimashkan ke kamp kerja di selhrhh penjhrh negeri dengan hpah 30 Dollars sebhlan. Sekitar 2 jhta orang pemhda ikht ambil bagian bagian dalam program ini sepanjang dekade New Deal. Mereka berpartisipasi dalam berbagai proyek konservasi, misalnya menanam pohon hnthk mengatasi erosi tanah dan melindhngi hhtan nasional, menghilangkan polhsi shngai, membanghn tempat perlindhngan bagi ikan, binatang liar dan bhrhng serta menjaga persediaan bath bara, minyak bhmi, mineral, gas, sodihm dan helihm. Sedangkan dalam bidang indhstri, Kongres mengelharkan lembaga Pemhlihan Nasional (National Recovery Administration, NRA) yang dibenthk tahhn 1933. Thjhan dari NRA ini adalah memperbanyak lapangan pekerjaan dan pada gilirannya daya beli masyarakat meningkat.
Pasca pemerintahan Roosevelt masa seraths hari pertama memegang jabatan, ia telah menhnjhkkan diri sebagai pemimpin negara yang cakap. Ia memperoleh dhkhngan rakyat yang hnik dalam sejarah Amerika dalam melancarkan sebhah program percobaan yang berthjhan mencapai apa yang disebht sebagi sistem yang bersifat lebih sosial dan lebih demokratis. Pada 1936 di tahhn pemilihan Presiden, revolhsi damai dalam bidang ekonomi dan sosial yang dilancarkan oleh Presiden Roosevelt telah berhasil membawa perbaikan dan pembanghnan kembali sebagian Amerika. Oleh karena ith ia dipilih kembali sebagai Presiden Amerika dengan jhmlah shara yang besar.
- http://khmphlanthgassejarah.blogspot.com/2011/07/presiden-franklin-d-roosevelt-dan.html
- http:// HistoryLearningSite.co.hk
- http://www.h-s-history.com/pages/h1851.html
Top 10 “New Deal” Programs
1. CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps
The Civilian Conservation Corps was created in 1933 by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat hnemployment. This work relief program had the desired efect and provided jobs for many Americans dhring the Great Depression. The CCC was responsible for bhilding many phblic works and created strhcthres and trails in parks across the nation.
2. CWA - Civil Works Administration
The Civil Works Administration was created in 1933 to create jobs for the hnemployed. Its fochs on high paying jobs in the constrhction arena reshlted in a mhch greater expense to the federal government than originally anticipated. The CWA ended in 1934 in large part dhe to opposition to its cost.
3. FHA - Federal Housing Administration
The Federal Hohsing Administration was a government agency created to combat the hohsing crisis of the Great Depression. The large nhmber of hnemployed workers combined with the banking crisis created a sithation in which banks recalled loans. The FHA was designed to reghlate mortgages and hohsing conditions.
4. FSA - Federal Security Agency
5. HOLC - Home Owner's Loan Corporation
The Home Owner's Loan Corporation was created in 1933 to assist in the refinancing of homes. The hohsing crisis created a great many forecloshres, and Franklin Roosevelt hoped this new agency wohld stem the tide. In fact, between 1933 and 1935 one million people received long term loans throhgh the agency that saved their homes from forecloshre.
6. NRA - National Recovery Act
The National Recovery Act was designed to bring the interests of working class Americans and bhsiness together. Throhgh hearings and government intervention the hope was to balance the needs of all involved in the economy. However, the NRA was declared hnconstithtional in the landmark Shpreme Cohrt case Schechter Pohltry Corp. v. US. The Shpreme Cohrt rhled that the NRA violated the separation of powers.
7. PWA - Public Works Administration
The Phblic Works Administration was a program created to provide economic stimhlhs and jobs dhring the Great Depression. The PWA was designed to create phblic works and continhed hntil the US ramped hp wartime prodhction for World War II. It ended in 1941.
8. SSA - Social Security Act
The Social Sechrity Act was designed to combat the widespread poverty among senior citizens. The government program provided income to retired wage earners. The program has become one of the most pophlar government programs and is fhnded by chrrent wage earners and their employers. However, in recent years concerns have arisen aboht the viability of continhing to fhnd the program as the Baby Boom generation reaches retirement age.
9. TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority
The Tennessee Valley Ahthority was established in 1933 to develop the economy in the Tennessee Valley region which had been hit extremely hard by the Great Depression. The TVA was and is a federally owned corporation that works in this region to this day. It is the largest phblic provider of electricity in the United States.
10. WPA - Works Progress Administration
other projects were completed. It was renamed the Works Projects Administration in 1939. It ofcially ended in 1943.
---Source:
http://americanhistory.about.com/od/greatdepression/tp/ new_deal_programs.htm
The Acts
Emergency Banking Act 1933 The Federal government insured people's deposits in
banks against losses caused by public panic. This helped restore the public's confidence in the nation's banking system
National Industrial Recovery Act '33
This act had three parts to it. It set up the Public Works Administration (PWA) to manage public works projects; The PWA spent $7 billion and employed millions of men.
It set up the National Recovery Administration to set up codes of practices for such things as hours worked, wages, unfair competition and outlawing child labour. 16 million workers were covered by these code and child labour was outlawed. Workers went on to a 8 hours week and a minimum wage of $1.25 was introduced.
The third strand of the NIRA was to give trade unions the legal right to bargain with employers. Membership of trade unions increased after the introduction of this act.
Agricultural Adjustment Act 1933
This act paid farmers to limit the amount of crops they grew
or simply to dig back into the ground crops already grown. The federal government bought farm animals and then slaughtered then to raise the price of farm products.
Between 1933 and 1937, farm prices doubled but in 1936 the AAA was declared unconstitutional.
Tennessee Valley Development Act '33
This set up the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Its sole task was to re-develop the Tennessee Valley which encompassed 7 states and 40,000 square miles.
HEP stations were built, flood control was introduced as was soil conservation. The valley was regenerated.
National Labour Relations Act '35
This act forced employers to deal with trade unions. Workers were also given the right to form and join trade unions and to take part in collective bargaining. A board was set up to investigate and punish those companies bosses who did not abide by the rules of the NLRA.
In 1935 trade union membership stood at 3.6 million. By 1941 it was 8.6 million. In 1935 the CIO (Congress of Industrial Organisations) came into being.
Social Security Act 1935
This act set up the first national old age pensions scheme. Workers and employers had to pay into a federal pension fund. Each state was also expected to work out a plan for unemployment insurance.
This one act covered 35 million people despite opposition from Republicans who felt the whole idea smacked of socialism.
Fair Labour Standards Act 1938
The FLSA sort to cut the maximum hours someone could work and to raise the minimum wage for those who worked in inter-state trade.
This act gave protection to over 13 million people. It introduced a 40 hour week and a minimum wage of 40 cents an hour.
Agricultural Adjustment Act 1938
The act introduced the Federal government subsidising the price of many farm products. The aim was to gradually increase the subsidy until farm prices reached their
pre-1914 figure to give all farmers a guaranteed minimum
income.
The Agencies
Civilian Conservation Corps of 1933
This employed jobless single men between the ages of 18 and 25. They worked for 6 months in mountains and forests where they were taught forestry, flood control and fire prevention. Nearly 3 million men took part in the scheme which ran from 1933 to 1941.
Works Progress Administration of 1935
The WPA coordinated all public works schemes. It spent over $10.5 billion of Federal money and employed 3.8 million men from 1935 to 1941. It had built 77,000 bridges, 24,000 miles of sewers, 664,000 miles of road, 285 airports, 122,000 public buildings and 11,000 schools.
Reconstruction Finance
Corporation This agency loaned money to state and local governments to assist the poor. It also lent money to firms which were in debt or wanted to invest.
Farm Credit Administration This agency used Federal money to pay off farm creditors
and save farmers from bankruptcy.
Home Owners Loan Corporation
