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VIOLATION OF CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS IN

THE AVENGERS MOVIE

A THESIS

Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

By:

DAVID HAMONANGAN SIHITE

Registration Number 2113220004

ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

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DECLARATION

I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic Integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, has been

expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for

assessment.

I understand that his paper may be screened electronically or otherwise for

plagiarism.

Medan, September 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Great thanks and praise to the Almighty God who has blessed and given

the ability to the writer to complete his thesis as the partial fulfillment of the

requirements for degree of Sarjana Sastra at the English and Literature

Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.

This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and the

help of several individuals who always contributed and extended their valuable

assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The writer’s special appreciation goes to:

Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of Medan.

Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean Faculty of Language and Arts, State University of Medan.

Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English and Literature Department, Dra. Meisuri, MA., the Secretary of English and Literature

Department, Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English

Literature Program and Nora Ronita Dewi, S.Pd., S.S., M.Hum., the

Head of English Education Program, Faculty of Languages and Arts,

State University of Medan.

Dra. Sri Juriaty Ownie, M.A., as his Thesis Supervisor.

Drs. Lidiman Sahat Martua Sinaga, M.Hum., as his Academic Supervisor and Thesis Examiner, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and Neni

Afrida Sari Harapan, S.Pd., M.Hum as his Thesis Examiners.

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facing the life. Thanks also given to his brothers and sister for all their

supports.

All his beloved friends in English Literature A and B 2011, thanks for their support, kindness, great love and care to the writer, also warm

hearted encouragement friendship in finishing this thesis to the writer.  The people who direct or indirectly contributed in this study, your

kindness means a lot to him.

Medan, September 2015

The writer,

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ABSTRACT

Sihite, David Hamonangan, 2113220004. Violation of Conversational Maxims in The Avengers Movie. A Thesis, English, Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan, 2015.

The study deals with the types of maxims violation in The Avengers movie’s script. The objectives of the study were to discover the types of maxims violation, the most dominant maxim violation, and to explain the implication of the most dominant maxim violation in The Avengers movie. The source of the data was the conversations in The Avengers movie. The data was the script of The Avengers movie. There were 55 maxim violations in this research. The descriptive qualitative design was used to analyze the data. The results showed that all types of maxim were violated; 34 utterances (68%) maxim violation of relation, 8 utterances (16%) maxim violation of quality, 5 utterances (10%) maxim violation of quantity, 3 utterances (6%) maxim violation of manner. The most dominant type of maxim violation was the maxim violation of relation. The implication of maxim violation of relation as the dominant type of maxims in the script of The

Avengers movie was a strategy from the speakers to hide something, to hide the

truth, and to create humor by giving irrelevant answer or changing the topic.

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E. The Significance of the Study ... 5

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Design ... 28

B. Data and Source of Data ... 28

C. The Technique of Data Collection ... 28

D. The Technique of Analyzing Data ... 29

CHAPTER IV : DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS A. The Data ... 30

B. The Data Analysis ... 30

1. Discussions on Each of the Maxim ... 32

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CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions ... 41

B. Suggestions ... 41

REFERENCES ... 43

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LIST OF TABLE

Pages

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Pages

APPENDIX A. Analyzing maxims violation... 45

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Background of the Study

People express their intentions to others by communication. In

communication, conversation is the most common. Conversation is the most basic

form of the activities did by humans in communicating information between two

or more persons involved. In phenomenon of pragmatics, it always works.

In conversation what the speaker literally say, sometimes, is different from

what they actually mean. So, the hearer should be able to understand what a

speaker means if he says something implicitly. To understand what the speaker

says, there is a set of rules including conversational maxims in order to make

language users do effective communication.

Successful conversation depends upon the various speakers‟ approach to

interaction. The way to make successful conversations is called the cooperative

principle which is stated by Grice (1975). Philosopher Grice (1975) proposes four

conversational maxims that involve in the pragmatics of natural language. The

maxims are based on his cooperative principle, which states, „Make your

conversational contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs,

by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are

engaged‟. The principle describes how effective communication in conversation is

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maxims, namely Maxim of Quality, Quantity, Relevance and Manner (Grice in

Yule 1996:37).

From many forms of conversations that happen in daily life, the speaker

sometimes disobey or violate the maxims (maxims violation) that finally lead to

misunderstandings and even conflict among the actors of the conversations. This

is because some factors, such as they can not catch the information properly from

their partner in conversation and sometimes they have an intention to lie or hide

the truth. For example:

Neymar : How do I look?

Messi : Well, your shoes are nice!

In this case Messi‟s answer breaks the cooperative principle because he

does not give the information as Neymar expected. Messi just comment Neymar

shoes, he does not say that the shirt and jeans do not look nice but from his answer

he knew that Neymar will understand the implication.

Another example from the conversations on the movie that the writer will

analyzed:

Setting: Somewhere out in the European mountains, Thor throws Loki into the side of the mountain. He raises the mighty hammer, Mjölnir. He looks down at his brother, who he thought to be dead and is angry to see him alive in this fashion.

Thor:

Where is the Tesseract? Loki:

(laughs) I missed you too.

From the dialogue above it can be seen Loki did not give a relevant

response to Thor‟s question about where the Tesseract was. He instead laughed

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Teserract. He violated the maxim of relation by changing the topic and giving the

irrelevant response or answer to Thor. Loki‟s missing in not apparently relevant to

the discussion about where the Teserract is.

The reason why the writer chooses conversational maxims was because

the writer also finds the same situations in a movie titled The Avengers (2012)

with the explanation above. This movie caught the writer intention while some of

their conversations on the movie showed conversations that needed a context

understanding to get the meaning of the conversations. The writer later on did

library research and read some pragmatics books. And the writer finally got a

pragmatics study concerned with conversations. The pragmatics concept is

cooperative principle proposed by Paul Grice (1975). This movie has many

interesting conversations to analyze in the scope of pragmatics study especially in

conversational maxims. That‟s why the writer is interested to find out and learn

more why the actors do the misunderstanding or implicit and ambiguous meaning

of their conversations. These explanations also become the reason why the writer

chose The Avengers movie as the object of the study.

The previous researcher related to the Conversational Maxim Violation

has been done by Roya Friskila (2011). In her research, she analyzed maxim

violation in a movie titled “An Analysis of Violated Maxim in Sherlock Holmes

Movie”. This research discovered the kinds of maxims and the dominant maxim

and explained the implication of the dominant maxim. She has found three types

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Maxim of quantity, Maxim of quality and Maxim of relation. Maxim of Quantity

is violated dominantly.

Another previous research related to the conversational maxim violation,

Indah Sari Lubis in 2012 researched Conversational Implicatures of Indonesia

Lawyers Club Program on TV ONE. She found that all types of maxims occurred

in Indonesia Lawyers Club program. Maxim of quantity is dominantly cause

conversational implicatures of Indonesia Lawyers Club program on TV One. She

found three contexts deal with this as, (1) to show up pain and core of the problem

to the audiences, (2) to save ones face, (3) to defend certain group and blame the

government.

Therefore, based on the explanation, reason and previous researches that

support this study, the writer decided to analyze one of box office movie, an

action superhero movie in 2012 The Avengers. The explanation above makes the

writer curious to discover whether the phenomena of conversational maxims

occur in The Avengers movie.

B. The Problems of the Study

In accordance with the background of the study, the problems of the study

are formulated as follows.

1. What maxims are violated in the conversations of The Avengers movie?

2. What maxims are dominantly violated in the conversations of The

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3. What is the implication of the dominant maxim which is violated in the

conversations of The Avengers movie?

C. The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are described as follows.

1. To find out the types of maxims which are violated in the conversations of

The Avengers movie,

2. To find out the most dominant type of maxims which is violated the

conversations of The Avengers movie,

3. To describe the implication of the dominant maxims violated in the

conversations of The Avengers movie.

D. The Scope of the Study

Conversational maxims occur not only in real daily conversation but also

in the movie conversations. The writer limited the analysis of the four types of

conversational maxims based on Grice‟s theory (1975), they are maxims of

quality, maxims of quantity, maxims of relation, and maxims of manner. Thus, the

writer will focus on the superheroes and enemy‟s conversations or utterances in

The Avengers movie script.

E. The Significances of the Study

The findings of this study have two general significances, theoretical and

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Theoretically, the results of this study are useful for:

1. The enrichment of knowledge in theory of pragmatics especially in

maxims violations.

2. The further studies as the references.

Practically, the results of this study are useful for:

1. The students of English Department

This study will help their understanding about the maxims violations. It

will be able to help them to avoid having wrong interpretation.

2. The lecturers of English Department

This study will be helpful for the lectures as their teaching material.

3. The other researchers

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40

There were 34 utterances (68%) maxim violation of relation, 8 utterances

(16%) maxim violation of quality, 5 utterances (10%) maxim violation of

quantity, 3 utterances (6%) maxim violation of manner.

2. The result showed that the most dominant type of maxims which was

violated in The Avengers movie was the maxim violation of relation.

3. The implication of maxim violation of relation as the dominant type of

maxims in the script of The Avengers movie was a strategy from the

speakers to hide the truth and to create humor by giving irrelevant answer

or changing the topic.

B. Suggestions

Having conducted a research about an analysis of maxim violation, it is

useful to consider the following suggestions:

1. It is advisable for readers to understand the cooperative principle with its

maxims, especially the four types of maxim violation in order to avoid

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through his utterances on the conversation. Breaking the maxim or

violating the maxim can make the wrong perception for the listener.

2. It is suggested to other researchers and the students of English and

Literature who are taking pragmatics, start to analyzing and understanding

further research in order to master the maxim violation deeply.

3. It is suggested for the readers should have a good knowledge of the use of

maxim, and avoid the maxim violation because not every person knows

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REFERENCES

Cook, Guy. 1989. Discourse. “Language Teaching: A Scheme for Teacher Education”. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cutting, Joan. 2002. “Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for Student”. Florence, KY, USA: Routledge.

Dawson, Catherine. 2002. “Practical Research Methods”. Oxford, United Kingdom

Grundy, Peter. 2000. “Doing Pragmatics”. London, Oxford University Press

Horn, Laurence R., Ward, Gregory. 2004. “The Handbook of pragmatics” UK, Blackwell Publishing.

Leech, G. 1983. “Principles of Pragmatics”. London: Longman.

Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. “Pragmatics”. United Kingdom, Cambridge

University Press.

Mey, Jacob L. 2009. “Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics” Denmark, University of Denmark.

Mukaro L, Mugari V, & Dhumukwa A. 2013. Violation of Conversational Maxims in Shona. Journal of Comparative Literature and Culture (JCLC), II (4) 161-168.

Peccei, Jean Stilwell.1999. “Pragmatics Language Worksbooks”. London, Taylor and Francis Routledge

Sobhani & Saghebi. 2014. The Violation of Cooperative Principles and Four Maxims in Iranian Psychological Consultation. Open Journal of

Modern Linguistics, (4) 91-99

Tupan A.H. & Natalia H. 2008. The Multiple Violations of Conversational Maxims in Lying Done by the Characters in Some Episodes of Desperate Housewives. Journal of English Department, Faculty of Letters, Petra

Christian University, X (1) 63-78

Yule, George. 1996. “Pragmatics”. New York: Oxford University Press.

Yule, George. 1985. “The Study of Language: An Introduction”. New York: Cambridge University Press.

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(http://www.biography.com/people/joss-whedon-17181746#work-in-film). Retrieved on 04 March 2015

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)). Retrieved on 25 February 2015

Gambar

Table 4.1 The percentage overview of maxims violation .....................................

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