CITATION AND REFERENCE IN STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC WRITING: A CASE STUDY IN THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES EDUCATION AND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS IN INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION.

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Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

A Case Study in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education

Study Programs in Indonesia University of Education

A Research Paper

Submitted to the Department of English Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Fathimah Salma Zahirah 1003138

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

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FATHIMAH SALMA ZAHIRAH

CITATION AND REFERENCE IN STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC WRITING:

A CASE STUDY IN THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES EDUCATION AND FACULTY OF

ENGINEERING AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS IN INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

approved by:

Main Supervisor

Riesky, M.Ed.

NIP. 198105252005011002

Co-Supervisor

Ernie D. Ayu Imperiani, M.Ed.

NIP. 196609161990012001

The Head of English Language Education Department The Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.

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CITATION AND REFERENCE IN

STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC WRITING:

A CASE STUDY IN THE FACULTY OF

MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL

SCIENCES EDUCATION AND FACULTY

OF ENGINEERING AND VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS IN

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF

EDUCATION

Oleh

Fathimah Salma Zahirah

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sastra pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Oktober 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

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A Case Study in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education Study Programs in Indonesia University of Education Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu |perpustakaan.upi.edu

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Abstract: This study aims to investigate the types of sources, the

appropriateness of the use of citations and references and the types of mistakes

in citations and references in 22 undergraduate students’ 2013 final papers in the

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia University of Education, Bandung. The collected citations and references were examined based on the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines. The study found out that the students tend to use Indonesian books as the main sources in their research papers. In terms of currency, most of the sources were published within the last

five years. Regarding the appropriateness, all of the students’ papers tend to use

improper citations and references. The findings also indicate that there is an indication of pawn sacrifice plagiarism (Weber-Wulff, 2014), where the citations are not stated in the references lists and vice versa, in all of the

students’ final papers. In terms of types of mistakes, the most common mistake in the citations is mechanics while the most common mistake in the references is found in the sources titles.

Keywords: appropriateness, citation, reference, APA, plagiarism, pawn

sacrifice

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai macam jenis

kajian pustaka, kesesuaian penggunaan sitiran dan daftar pusaka dan jenis kesalahan dalam sitiran dan daftar pustaka pada 22 skripsi yang terbit pada 2013 di Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam dan Fakultas Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan di Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung. Sitiran dan daftar pustaka yang didapat diteliti berdasarkan pedoman yang diterbitkan oleh American Psychological Association (APA). Hasil peniliti menunjukan bahwa mahasiswa cenderung menggunakan buku berbahasa Indonesia sebagai sumber utama untuk skripsi. Secara keterkiniannya, kebanyakan sumber diterbitkan pada 5 tahun terakhir. Menurut kesesuaiannya, seluruh skripsi cenderung menggunakan sitiran dan daftar pustaka yang kurang tepat. Hasil penelitian pun menunjukan adanya indikasi plagiarisme berjenis

pawn sacrifice (Weber-Wulff, 2014), dimana kemunculan sumber yang dikutip

dalam sitiran tidak muncul pada daftar pustaka atau sebaliknya, di dalam semua skripsi. Jika dilihat dari jenis kesalahan, kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam sitiran adalah kesalahan mekanis sedangkan kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam daftar pustaka ditemukan pada judul sumber.

Kata Kunci: kesesuaian, sitiran, daftar pustaka, APA, plagiarisme, pawn

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the explanation of the essential aspects that contribute to

conducting the study. It includes the background, statement of the problems and the

objectives of the study. It also describes how the study was undertaken, the list of key

terms and the organization of the paper.

1.1Background

Writing a research paper is a challenge for university students to present their

understandings in their fields. The most important thing in writing a research paper is

its process, starting from writing the proposal, conducting the research and reporting

it as a research paper. During the process, the students are taught how to write a good

academic writing based on the guidelines in writing the research paper. Moreover,

Alwasilah and Alwasilah (2005) argue that the students need a lot of sources in order

to enrich their knowledge. The sources are used to support the students’ papers. They

are often cited in the text with a certain format suggested by the university guidelines.

By using the guidelines, the students are directed to use a proper citation style when

they are using other’s ideas or words.

One way of elaborating sources is through writing a literature review. It helps

the students to elaborate their way of thinking with the existed and credible sources

which are related to their research. Nevertheless, the students’ ideas need to be as

original as possible in writing the literature review. It means they only use sources to

support their research paper, not to present them as their own ideas. It is important for

the students to display their understanding by their own words so they can assure

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can be regarded as plagiarism. Consequently, their research paper may be perceived

as fraud and their academic positions may be executed.

Plagiarism itself has been a crucial academic problem in Indonesia because

nowadays many Indonesian scholars are trapped in plagiarism practice. They seem to

neglect the academic writing code of conduct, for example, the plagiarism case by a

former Economic lecturer in one of the universities in Yogyakarta. He was considered

to plagiarize Hatbonar Sinaga’s article entitled Menggagas Asuransi Bencana. His

essay was similar to Sinaga’s article. As the consequence of this academic violation, the lecturer was resigned from the university (Maharani, 2014). This case shows how

plagiarism can derail an academic reputation.

The academic writing violation like plagiarism happens when a writer claims

that an idea or words are his or her own when in fact they are someone else’s. This is

in line with Wray, Trott and Bloomer’s (1998) assertion that plagiarism is the theft of other people’s words and ideas. In the attempt to avoid plagiarism, the students need to write literature review which is cited accurately. It needs to be done because reader

needs to know the trace of the sources used in the paper. As discussed by Sarno and

Herdiyanti (2010, p. 32), “the list of references and the use of in-text citing help the

readers to clarify the credibility of the research paper”.

From the earlier explanation, it can be inferred that the students need to

understand and apply the proper use of citing and referencing style based on the

available guidelines such as American Psychological Association (APA), Modern

Language Association (MLA) and Harvard styles. By using one of those guidelines,

the students can acknowledge the authors’ existences of the sources used in the paper.

In addition, the students also have to consistently use one citation and reference style

in the entire paper so they can construct credible paper.

Moreover, the appropriate use of citation and reference can affect the

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cited in Sprecker, 2002) explains that the scientists and environmental information

are highly interconnected, contain much uncertainty and risk, entail long time periods

and involve great political and economic pressure. When scientists cannot deliver

their research studies with proper acknowledgement, the public may question whether

their work are trustworthy. Clearly, credibility is valuable, fragile and highly

expected for the scientific papers.

Regarding the use of citation and reference in the scientific papers, there are

some studies on citation and reference analysis. Among others is a study by Junandi

and Zulaikha (2010) that examines the relevancy and use of foreign journal by the

research reports and seek the currency of the cited foreign journal. Furthermore,

Löfström (2011) also conducted a research study on citing but her work focuses more

on the relationship between academic writing, citing and the students’ understandings

of plagiarism. However, it can be seen that there is no study that investigates the way

the inappropriate citation and reference contributes to plagiarism in the students’

research papers. Based on that consideration, this study is conducted to discover

whether the students can use citations and references properly.

As mentioned before, the purpose of using proper citing and referencing style

is to avoid plagiarism. This idea is used as the foundation of the research paper

entitled Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing: A Case Study in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education Study Programs in Indonesia University of Education .

This paper was conducted to examine how appropriate the students, in the Faculty of

Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and

Vocational study programs in Indonesia University of Education, use citations and

references in their research papers. The consideration of this study is that the issue of

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1.2 Statement of the Problems

Research problems of this paper are formulated in these following questions:

1. What kinds of citation and reference sources are used by students in their

research papers?

2. How does the use of inappropriate citation and reference contribute to

plagiarism?

3. What kinds of mistakes are made in citations and references?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Related to the research questions above, this paper aims to find the following:

1. the kinds of citation and reference sources used by the students in their

research papers;

2. the way the use of inappropriate citation and reference contributes to

plagiarism and;

3. the types of mistakes in citations and references.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The focus of the study was to investigate the sources of citations and references

which were used by the undergraduate students and how well they organize it. The

citations and references were taken from the students’ research papers in 22 different study programs, in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and

Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education, in Indonesia University of

Education, Bandung. The graduation year of the submitted papers was limited to

2013 only.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of the study was to give a depth analysis on citations and references

in relation to their appropriate use. This study also shows how citation and reference

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students’ research papers in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia

University of Education, Bandung. This paper was also expected to enrich the

students’ knowledge on citing and referencing in order to make a trustworthy

research paper which is free from plagiarism.

1.6 Classification of Key Terms

The following terms are classified in order to avoid misunderstandings:

a. Citation: mentioning the idea of someone else’s work with the source in the

research paper text (Wray et al, 1998, p. 232).

b. Reference: a list of details of the books and articles that have been mentioned in a

text. It is found at the last page of the research paper, before appendices (Wray et

al, 1998, p. 230).

c. Plagiarism: the use of other people’s words and ideas as writers’ own work.

(Wray et al, 1998, p. 241).

1.7 The Organization of the Paper

The paper consists of five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which

includes the background, statement of problems, the objectives, the reasons and the

limitation of the study, the research methodology and the organization of the study.

The second chapter is the literature review. The third chapter is the elaboration of

conceptual frameworks and methodology. The fourth chapter is the results and

discussions of the analysis of the research papers taken from the study programs in

the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of

Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia University of Education. The last

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the explanation of the research methodology including a

research design, data collection and data analysis. This study aims to answer the

following questions: (1) what kinds of citation and reference sources are used by

students in their research papers?; (2) how does the use of inappropriate citation and

reference contribute to plagiarism?; (3) what types of mistakes are made in citations

and references?

3.1 Research Design

This study used a descriptive qualitative method to describe the condition of the

undergraduate students’ collected citations and references in their research papers in order to examine the types of sources used, the way the inappropriate citation and

reference contributes to plagiarism and the types of mistakes in citations and

references. Fraenkel and Wallen (2009) see a qualitative research study as a study in

which the investigator attempts to examine naturally occurring phenomena in all their

complexity based on certain context. The qualitative research study is descriptive in

nature which means that the researcher describes his or her findings based on the

collected data and relates them to the relevant theories. In addition, Neuman (2007)

states that a descriptive method aims to provide a detailed and highly accurate picture

of the study. In this study, the collected citations and references were investigated

based on the APA manual, in A Guide to Referencing (6th ed.) (2010), since all of the

students in this research study used this citing and referencing system.

The collected citations and references were calculated based on their

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used the frequency of each classification as data, it also used descriptive statistics to

Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education,

were thoroughly analyzed. The case study research is a qualitative research approach

that focuses on a particular case or set of cases in which a researcher carefully

Table 3.1 The List of Research papers in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education

No Study Program Gender

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2 Biology Male

3 Physics Education Female

4 Physics Male

5 Computer Science Education Female

6 Computer Science Male

Table 3.2 The List of Research papers in the Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education

No Study Program Gender

1 Agro-industrial Engineering Education Female

2 Family Welfare Education Female

3 Culinary Education Male

4 Fashion Education Female

5 Architecture Engineering Education Male

6 Building Engineering Education Female

7 Electrical Engineering Education Female

8 Electrical Engineering Male

9 Mechanical Engineering Education Male

10 Civil Engineering Education Female

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years and (2) over 21 years. The second step was to analyze the collected data based

on the citations and references style. All of the citations and references found in all of

the students’ research papers were written in the APA style. Therefore, the analysis of

the inappropriate citation and reference was based on this style. To discover that

problem, the citations and references were classified whether they were correct. In

addition, the sources were also clarified if they were simultaneously stated in the

in-text citations and references lists.

The third step was to classify the mistakes found in the students’ citations and

references. There were five criteria of mistakes for each citing and referencing. The

mistakes in citation were divided into (1) the mistake in author’s name, (2) year published, (3) secondary source, (4) mechanics and (5) other mistakes which are

uncommon (e.g. the citation does not follow any citing and referencing guidelines).

The classification of the mistakes in reference consists of (1) the mistake in author’s

name, (2) year published, (3) source title, (4) place and publication house and (5)

other additional mistakes which are found in the data examination process. The last

step was to discuss the data based on the theoretical frameworks of academic writing,

plagiarism and previous related studies in the chapter two.

In this study, some tables were used to examine the frequency of citation and

reference sources, the appropriate use of citations and references and the mistakes in

citations and references. Moreover, the comparison tables were used to compare each

category in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty

of Engineering and Vocational Education. In order to make the analysis easy to

interpret, the classifications and the frequency were being processed in Microsoft

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusion and suggestions of the study. It describes the

overview of the citation and reference analysis in the Faculty of Mathematics and

Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in

Indonesia University of Education, Bandung. It also gives some recommendations for

scholars in terms of academic writing, especially the proper use of citation and

reference.

5.1 Conclusion

This study aims to investigate three problems in students’ citations and references.

Firstly, it examined the kinds of citation and reference sources used by the

undergraduate students in their research papers. Secondly, it investigated the way the

inappropriate citation and reference contributes to plagiarism. Lastly, it shows the

kinds of mistakes in citations and references.

To begin with, the first problem was examined by classifying the sources used

in the students’ research papers based on their types. The findings show that the students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty

of Engineering and Vocational Education tend to use Indonesian books as the main

sources in their research papers. There is also a frequent use of English journal

articles in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education. However, the

use of online sources such as web pages and blogs is also frequent. In terms of

currency, most of the sources were published within the last five years so the research

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The second problem was investigated through the classification of the

inappropriate use of the citations and references. The citations and references are Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering

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system. The students can also translate the international scale journal articles to the

source language so they can use them as references to increase the credibility of their

research papers. In addition, the students should verify the reliability of the online

sources first before they use them.

Secondly, the academic supervisors in the university can set up an academic

writing training to teach the students how to avoid plagiarism, especially by using the

proper citing and referencing system. They can also suggest the students to use

current theories for their studies. Moreover, it is better for the lecturers to check

whether the students’ papers contain some plagiarisms before they are submitted.

Thirdly, the next researcher can develop the same study by using different

variables such as gender, study program, degree of the students, occupation, other

types of plagiarism and other types of citing and referencing system. The next

researcher can also give deeper analysis on the quotation and how the students

paraphrase the sources. Furthermore, he or she can examine the references lists,

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