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TEKNOLOGI

Jenis & Klasifikasi Teknologi

Tingkat Teknologi

TI PE TEKNOLOGI

„

Materials

Technology

„

Production

Technology

„

Transportation

Technology

„

Testing

Technology

„

Processing

Technology

(2)

3

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI

a. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan

b. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk c. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses d. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi

4

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (1)

„ New technology: new introducted or implemented technology (explicit impact on the way a company produces products or provides services)

„ Emerging technology: not yet fully commercialed but will become so within about five year

(3)

5

„ Low technology: refers to technologies that have permeated large segments of human society

„ Medium technology: refers to mature technologies

„ Appropriate technology: used to indicate a good match between the technology utilized and the resources required for its optimal use

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (3)

[

BERDASARKAN UNSUR]

„ Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang terdapat secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang

„ Lima Unsur Teknologi:

(1) Tecnology of energy conversion and utilization: „ Major types of energy useful to man

„ Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy

„ Devices for energy conversion

„ Devices for energy concentration & control

(4)

7

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (4)

[

BERDASARKAN UNSUR]

(2) Technology of tools & machines

„ Hand tools

„ Machines & machine components

„ Machine tools: stationary power-driven machines for shaping & forming parts made of metal or other materials

8

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (5)

[

BERDASARKAN UNSUR]

(3) Technology of measurement, observation & control

„ Theory of measurement

„ Units & standards of measurement

„ Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement operate

„ Common types of measuring instruments

„ Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research

„ Major systems of measurement & observation

(5)

9

[

BERDASARKAN UNSUR]

(4) Technology involved in the extraction

& conversion of industrial raw materials

„ The world’s physical & biological resources

„ Technology of the extraction industries

„ Primary conversion of raw materials

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (7)

[

BERDASARKAN UNSUR]

(5) Technology of industrial production

processes

„ Materials processing: the operations that are used to transform industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or products

„ Metallurgy

„ Materials handling in the production process

(6)

11

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (8)

[

BERDASARKAN BI DANG]

„ Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia, tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan kemajuan teknologi

„ Delapan bidang pokok teknologi: (1) Construction technology

„ General building construction

„ Construction of civil engineering works

„ Pre fabrication & shop fabrication

12

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (9)

[

BERDASARKAN BI DANG]

(2) Technology of major industries

„ Principles of organization of work & production

„ Manufacturing industries

„ The fabrication industries

„ The process industries

„ The construction industries

„ The service industries

„ The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods

„ I ndustrial research & marketing of consumer goods

„ I ndustrial research & development

(7)

13

[

BERDASARKAN BI DANG]

(3) Technology of agriculture & food

production

„ Technology of agriculture

„ Crop farming, Flock & stock farming „ Technology of hunting & fishing „ Food processing, Food preservation

„ Techniques for controlling the quality of food „ Food sources & new product development „ The history of agriculture

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (11)

[

BERDASARKAN BI DANG]

(4) Transportation technology

„ Roads & highways & their construction

„ Vehicles & devices for transportation across country & roads & highways

„ Rail transportation

„ Stationary conveyance systems „ Water transportation

(8)

15

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (12)

[

BERDASARKAN BI DANG]

(5) Technology of information processing & of communications systems

„ Communication & information theory

„ Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers

„ General information recording devices

„ Sound recording & reproducing devices

„ I nformation recording by the production of visual image: the technology of photography

„ I nformation processing

„ Major systems of communication

„ Major system of detection & remote sensing

„ Electronic component & techniques used in communications

16

KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (13)

[

BERDASARKAN BI DANG]

(6) Technology of the urban community

„ Basic engineering services of the city

„ Technology of the basic social services of the city

„ Technological responses to new urban problems

(9)

17

[

BERDASARKAN BI DANG]

(7) Military technology

„ Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems „ Logistic systems

„ Purely defensive equipment & systems

(8) Technology of earth & space exploration

„ Techniques & equipment of surface & underground exploration

„ Techniques & equipment of space exploration „ Techniques & equipment & space exploration

TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI

„ Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk baru.

„ Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)

„ Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly technological goals, new knowledge, complex systems, sophisticated tools of measurement, analysis of abstract thinking.

(10)

19

TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :

KEMAMPUAN KONTROL

Closed loop; numerical control; self-measuring and–adjusting

Judgment: positional

Feedback A(4)

Repeats cycle; open-loop machine control; automatic screw machine; transfer lines

Diligence: no feedback A(3)

Single-cycle automatics Dexterity (tangkas) : self-feeding

A(2)

Powered machine and tools. Whitney’s milling machine (giling) Energy: muscles replaced

A(1)

Hand tools, manual machine None: Lever (pengungkit), screw

(skrup), pulley (katrol), wedge (baji)

A(0)

Examples Human attribute replaced

Orders of Automation

20

TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :

KEMAMPUAN KONTROL

Machine is master (Halfrom”2001, A Space Odyssey

Dominance: supermachine; commands others

A(9)

Originality Creativeness: performs design unaided

A(8)

I nductive reasoning; AI Reasoning: exhibits intuition; relates

causes from effects A(7)

Limited self-programming expert systems

Learning: by experience A(6)

Computer control; model of process required for analysis and optimization

Evaluation: adaptive control deductive analysis: feedback from the process A(5)

Examples Human attribute replaced

(11)

21

KEMAMPUAN KONTROL

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