TEKNOLOGI
Jenis & Klasifikasi Teknologi
Tingkat Teknologi
TI PE TEKNOLOGI
Materials
Technology
Production
Technology
Transportation
Technology
Testing
Technology
Processing
Technology
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KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI
a. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan
b. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk c. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses d. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi
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KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (1)
New technology: new introducted or implemented technology (explicit impact on the way a company produces products or provides services)
Emerging technology: not yet fully commercialed but will become so within about five year
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Low technology: refers to technologies that have permeated large segments of human society
Medium technology: refers to mature technologies
Appropriate technology: used to indicate a good match between the technology utilized and the resources required for its optimal use
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (3)
[
BERDASARKAN UNSUR] Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang terdapat secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang
Lima Unsur Teknologi:
(1) Tecnology of energy conversion and utilization: Major types of energy useful to man
Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy
Devices for energy conversion
Devices for energy concentration & control
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KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (4)
[
BERDASARKAN UNSUR](2) Technology of tools & machines
Hand tools
Machines & machine components
Machine tools: stationary power-driven machines for shaping & forming parts made of metal or other materials
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KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (5)
[
BERDASARKAN UNSUR](3) Technology of measurement, observation & control
Theory of measurement
Units & standards of measurement
Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement operate
Common types of measuring instruments
Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research
Major systems of measurement & observation
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[
BERDASARKAN UNSUR](4) Technology involved in the extraction
& conversion of industrial raw materials
The world’s physical & biological resources
Technology of the extraction industries
Primary conversion of raw materials
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (7)
[
BERDASARKAN UNSUR](5) Technology of industrial production
processes
Materials processing: the operations that are used to transform industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or products
Metallurgy
Materials handling in the production process
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KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (8)
[
BERDASARKAN BI DANG] Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia, tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan kemajuan teknologi
Delapan bidang pokok teknologi: (1) Construction technology
General building construction
Construction of civil engineering works
Pre fabrication & shop fabrication
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KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (9)
[
BERDASARKAN BI DANG](2) Technology of major industries
Principles of organization of work & production
Manufacturing industries
The fabrication industries
The process industries
The construction industries
The service industries
The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods
I ndustrial research & marketing of consumer goods
I ndustrial research & development
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[
BERDASARKAN BI DANG](3) Technology of agriculture & food
production
Technology of agriculture
Crop farming, Flock & stock farming Technology of hunting & fishing Food processing, Food preservation
Techniques for controlling the quality of food Food sources & new product development The history of agriculture
KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (11)
[
BERDASARKAN BI DANG](4) Transportation technology
Roads & highways & their construction
Vehicles & devices for transportation across country & roads & highways
Rail transportation
Stationary conveyance systems Water transportation
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KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (12)
[
BERDASARKAN BI DANG](5) Technology of information processing & of communications systems
Communication & information theory
Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers
General information recording devices
Sound recording & reproducing devices
I nformation recording by the production of visual image: the technology of photography
I nformation processing
Major systems of communication
Major system of detection & remote sensing
Electronic component & techniques used in communications
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KLASI FI KASI TEKNOLOGI (13)
[
BERDASARKAN BI DANG](6) Technology of the urban community
Basic engineering services of the city
Technology of the basic social services of the city
Technological responses to new urban problems
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[
BERDASARKAN BI DANG](7) Military technology
Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems Logistic systems
Purely defensive equipment & systems
(8) Technology of earth & space exploration
Techniques & equipment of surface & underground exploration
Techniques & equipment of space exploration Techniques & equipment & space exploration
TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI
Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk baru.
Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)
Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly technological goals, new knowledge, complex systems, sophisticated tools of measurement, analysis of abstract thinking.
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TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
Closed loop; numerical control; self-measuring and–adjusting
Judgment: positional
Feedback A(4)
Repeats cycle; open-loop machine control; automatic screw machine; transfer lines
Diligence: no feedback A(3)
Single-cycle automatics Dexterity (tangkas) : self-feeding
A(2)
Powered machine and tools. Whitney’s milling machine (giling) Energy: muscles replaced
A(1)
Hand tools, manual machine None: Lever (pengungkit), screw
(skrup), pulley (katrol), wedge (baji)
A(0)
Examples Human attribute replaced
Orders of Automation
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TI NGKAT TEKNOLOGI :
KEMAMPUAN KONTROL
Machine is master (Halfrom”2001, A Space Odyssey
Dominance: supermachine; commands others
A(9)
Originality Creativeness: performs design unaided
A(8)
I nductive reasoning; AI Reasoning: exhibits intuition; relates
causes from effects A(7)
Limited self-programming expert systems
Learning: by experience A(6)
Computer control; model of process required for analysis and optimization
Evaluation: adaptive control deductive analysis: feedback from the process A(5)
Examples Human attribute replaced
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