PROCEEDING
PROCEEDING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND EVALUATION
(ICERE)
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND EVALUATION
(ICERE)
“Authentic Assessment for improving Teaching Quality”
“Authentic Assessment for improving Teaching Quality”
November 8-9, 2014
Rectorate Hall and Graduate School Yogyakarta State University
Indonesia
Organized by:
Proceeding
International Conference on Educational Research and Evaluation (ICERE) 2014
Publishing Institute
Yogyakarta State University
Director of Publication Prof. Djemari Mardapi, Ph.D.
Board of Reviewers
Prof. Djemari Mardapi, Ph.D. Prof. Dr. Badrun Kartowagiran Prof. Dr. Sudji Munadi
Prof. Dr. Trie Hartiti Retnowati Dr. Heri Retnowati
Dr. Widihastuti
Editors Ashadi, Ed.D.
Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A. Titik Sudartinah, M.A.
Lay Out
Anggit Prabowo, M.Pd. Rohmat Purwoko, A.Md.
Address
Yogyakarta State University ISSN: 2407-1501
@ 2014 Yogyakarta State University
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior written permission of Yogyakarta State University
BACKGROUND
In its effort to improve the quality of education in Indonesia, the Indonesian government has imposed Curriculum 2013 on schools of all level in Indonesia. The main difference between Curriculum 2013 and the previous curriculum lies in its implementation which uses the scientific approach. For the reason, teachers need to develop teaching strategies different from those they used to apply in the implementation of the previous curriculum. Besides, teachers also
need to develop the techniques of evaluating students’ learning achievement,
which are relevant to the scientific approach. The evaluation has to be able to
show the students’ learning achievement in observing, experimenting, social
networking, etc.
Authentic assessment conducted in the classroom and focusing on complex and contextual tasks enables students to perform their competence in a more authentic arrangement. It is very relevant to the authentic approach integrated in their teaching process, especially at elementary schools, or for appropriate lessons. It must be able to show which attitude, skill, and knowledge have or have not been mastered by the students, how they use their knowledge, what aspect they have or have not been able to apply, and so on.
On the basis of the above consideration, teachers can identify what materials the students can study further and for what material they need to have a remedial
FOREWORD
In the academic year of 2014, the government in this case the Ministry of Education and Culture has established the policy to run the curriculum of 2013 for the all levels of elementary and intermediate education in Indonesia. It means the schools have to be ready to implement the Curriculum of 2013. Basically, the implementation of the 2013 curriculum is an effort from the government to enhance the quality of education.
One of the characteristics of the 2013 curriculum is make use the scientific approach in the learning process. This approach is to improve the students’ creativity in learning. In general, this approach seems to be a new thing for the teachers in which several problems and obstacles appear in its practice. The teachers are required to develop the learning strategies and the assessment systems which are relevant and appropriate in order to nurture the students’ creativity. One of the assessment methods that can support the concept of scientific approach is by sing the authentic assessment. Authentic assessment can give the description of the knowledge, the attitudes, and the skills as well as what has or has not owned by the students and the way they apply their knowledge. Also, in what case they have or have not been able to implement the learning acquisition.
Based to the above circumstances, the Study Program of Educational Research and Evaluation, Graduate School of Yogyakarta State University (Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta) conduct the international seminar on the theme
“Classroom Assessment for Improving Teaching Quality”. There will be three sub-themes on this seminar, i.e. Issues of Classroom Assessment Implementation, Implementation of Authentic Assessment, and Developing a Strategy of Creative Teaching. By having this seminar, the participants are expected to possess the knowledge and the skills to develop and to apply the authentic assessment.
Yogyakarta, November 8, 2014 Head of Committee
Proceeding International Conference on Educational Research and Evaluation (ICERE) 2014 iv ISSUES OF CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT IMPLEMENTATION Madhabi Chatterji ……….…………. 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT Pongthep Jiraro……….………….. 11
DEVELOPING A STRATEGY OF CREATIVE TEACHING Paulina Panen……….…………. 23
Paper Presenter
Theme 1:
Issues of Classroom Assessment Implementation
ASSESSMENT IN DEVELOPMENT COMPUTER-AIDED INSTRUCTION
Abdul Muis Mappalotteng ……… 35
THE MEASUREMENT MODEL OF INTRAPERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL SKILLS CONSTRUCTS BASED ON CHARACTER EDUCATION
IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Akif Khilmiyah………..
47
LEARNING ASSESSMENT ON VOCATIONAL SUBJECT MATTERS OF THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM OF THE
VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL IN APPROPRIATE TO CURRICULUM 2013
Amat Jaedun ………..
63
ACCURACY OF EQUATING METHODS FOR MONITORING THE PROGRESS STUDENTS ABILITY
Proceeding International Conference on Educational Research and Evaluation (ICERE) 2014 v EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ON
STUDENTS’THE ACHIEVEMENT IN PHYSICS HIGH SCHOOL Aswin Hermanus Mondolang ………...
86
TEST ITEM ANALYSIS PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT WITH RASCH MODEL ONE PARAMETER FOR TESTING THE ITEM DIFFICULTY LEVEL OF MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST USING BLOODSHED DEV C ++ APPLICATIONS
Dadan Rosana, Otok Ewi Amsirta ……… 93
EFFECTIVENESS OF REASONED OBJECTIVE CHOICE TEST TO MEASURE HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS IN PHYSICS
IMPLEMENTING OF CURRICULUM 2013
Edi Istiyono, Djemari Mardapi, Suparno ………
101
DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ SELF-ASSESSMENT AND STUDENTS’ PEER -ASSESSMENT OF THE SUBJECT-MATTER COMPETENCY OF
PHYSICS EDUCATION STUDENTS
Enny Wijayanti, Kumaidi, Mundilarto ………..
111
THE RESULT OF ASSESSMENT FOR STUDENTS IN SOLVING EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS PROBLEMS (CASE STUDY IN GRADE X CLASS MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE (MIA) 2 STATE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 DEPOK 2014/2015)
Fajar Elmy Nuriyah ………..
123
RELIABILITY RANKING AND RATING SCALES OF MYER AND BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)
Farida Agus Setiawati ……….
131
THE COMPARISON OF ITEMS’ AND TESTEES’ABILITY
PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN DICHOTOMOUS AND POLITOMUS SCORING (STUDIES IN THE READING ABILITY OF TEST OF ENGLISH PROFICIENCY)
Heri Retnawati ………...………
139
STUDENTS’ CHARACTER ASSESSMENT AS A REFERENCE IN TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS AT SMPK GENERASI UNGGUL KUPANG
KorneliusUpa Rodo, Netry E.M. Maruckh, Joko Susilo ………..
151
MEASUREMENT ERROR ESTIMATION OF CUT SCORE OF ANGOFF METHOD BY BOOTSRATP METHOD
Sebastianus Widanarto Prijowuntat ………..
Proceeding International Conference on Educational Research and Evaluation (ICERE) 2014 vi THE ACTUALIZATION OF PROJECT-BASED ASSESSMENT IN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION BASED ON LOCAL
EXCELLENCE IN MEASURING SKILLS OF VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Sukardi ………..
168
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF THE INSTRUMENTS AND RUBRICS OF CREATIVE THINKING SKILLS–BASED ASSSESMENT PROJECT IN THE LEARNING OF CONSUMER EDUCATION
Sri Wening ……….
177
PROJECT WORK USED IN A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT TO MEASURE COMPETENCES OF UNDERGRADUATE
ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Sudiyatno………
194
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SET OF INSTRUMENT FOR STUDENT PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
Supahar ……….
202
DEVELOP MODEL TASC TO IMPROVE HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS IN CREATIVE TEACHING
Surya Haryandi ………..
210
THE EFFECT OF NUMBER’S ALTERNATIVE ANSWERSON
PARTIAL CREDIT MODEL (PCM) TOWARDESTIMATION RESULT PARAMETERS OF POLITOMUS ITEM TEST
Syukrul Hamdi ………..
216
THE CONTENT VALIDITY OF THE TEACHER APTITUDE INSTRUMENT
Wasidi ….………...
227
DEVELOPING COGNITIVE DIAGNOSTIC TESTS ON LEARNING OF SCIENCE
Yuli Prihatni ……….
233
DIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF STUDENT LEARNING DIFFICULTIES BASED ON NATIONAL EXAM
Zamsir, Hasnawati .…………..……….
246
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL OF ACADEMIC ATTITUDE AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Sumadi ...
Proceeding International Conference on Educational Research and Evaluation (ICERE) 2014 vii
Theme 2:
Implementation of Authentic Assessment
IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT OF CURRICULUM 2013 AT STATE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN PABELAN
Abdul Mu’in, NiningMarianingsih, WoroWidyastuti ……….
265
AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT OF STUDENT LEARNING MATHEMATICS WITH TECHNOLOGY
Ida Karnasih ……….
278
AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT : UNDERSTANDING LEVELS AND CONSTRAINTS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TEACHER IN THE CITY OF LHOKSEUMAWE ACEH PROVINCE
M. Hasan ………..
286
AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT DETERMINANT IN ISLAMIC
RELIGION EDUCATION EXECUTION TOWARDS COGNIZANCE QUALITY HAVES A RELIGION IN STUDENT AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AND MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH AT KUDUS REGENCY Masrukhin ...
295
AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT FOR IMPROVING TEACHING
QUALITY: PORTFOLIO AND SLC IN PAPUA HARAPAN SCHOOL Noveliza Tepy, Sabeth Nuryana, Putri Adri ……….
307
Theme 3:
Developing a Strategy of Creative Teaching
THE EFFECT OF MATH LESSON STUDY IN TERMS OF MATHEMATICS TEACHER’S COMPETENCE AND MATH STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
‘AfifatulMuslikhah………...
319
AN EVALUATION OF THE ENGLISH TEACHING METHODS IMPLEMENTED AT BUJUMBURA MONTESSORI PRIMARY SCHOOL: WEAKNESSES AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Alfred Irambona ………...
323
TEAMS GAME TOURNAMENT FOR IMPROVING THE STUDENTS’
INTEREST TOWARD MATHEMATICS
Anggit Prabowo …..………..
Proceeding International Conference on Educational Research and Evaluation (ICERE) 2014 viii DEVELOPING LEARNING KIT TO IMPROVE HOTS FOR FLAT SIDE OF SPACE COMPETENCE
THE EFFECT OF QUESTION PROMPTS AND LANGUANGE
ABILITY ON THE QUALITY OF THE STUDENT’S ARGUMENT
BambangSutengSulasmono, HennyDewiKoeswanti ………
364
THE USE OF RESPONSE ACTIVITIES IN DEVELOPING READING SKILLS AMONG INTERMEDIATE EFL STUDENTS
Beatriz Eugenia Orantes Pérez ……….
378
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSTRUCTIVISM AND CONVENTIONAL LEARNING KIT OF MATHEMATICS VIEWED FROM ACHIEVEMENT AND SELF CONFIDENCE OF STUDENTS IN VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN YEAR XI OF SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 2
YOGYAKARTA)
DwiAstuti, Heri Retnawati ………...
389
THE EFFECT OF CLASS-VISITATION SUPERVISION OF THE SCHOOL PRINCIPAL TOWARD THE COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF PANGUDI LUHUR AMBARAWA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
Dwi Setiyanti, Lowisye Leatomu, Ari Sri Puranto, Theodora Hadiastuti, Elsavior Silas………..
394
THE ‘REOP’ ARCHITECTURE TO IMPROVE STUDENTS
LEARNING CAPACITY
Edna Maria, Febriyant Jalu Prakosa, Christiana, Monica Ganeip Pertiwi .... 403
E-LEARNING-BASED TRAINING MODEL FOR ACCOUNTING TEACHERS IN EAST JAVA
Endang Sri Andayani, Sawitri Dwi Prastiti, Ika Putri Larasati, Ari Sapto ...
408
CONCEPT AND CONTEXT RELATIONSHIP MASTERY LEARNING AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS CONCEPT ABOUT MANGROVE FOREST
Eva Sherly Nonke Kaunang ………..
Proceeding International Conference on Educational Research and Evaluation (ICERE) 2014 ix THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING MULTIMEDIA ON TOPIC OF
THREE DIMENSIONS IN TERMS OF THE MATHEMATICS
LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT AND INTEREST OF STATE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Lisner Tiurma, Heri Retnawati ……….
439
BUILDING THE STUDENT CHARACTER THROUGH THE ACADEMIC SERVICE
M. Miftah ………..
448
THE TEACHING EVALUATION OF GERMAN TEACHER IN MALANG
Primardiana Hermilia Wijayati ... 464
SUPPORTING PHYSICS STUDENT LEARNING WITH WEB-BASED ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING
Sentot Kusairi, Sujito ………. 479
AMONG LEARNING AS A CULTURE BASED LEARNING OF TAMAN
MUDA TAMAN SISWA AS CONTRIBUTION TO THE LEARNING
PROCESS OF 2013 CURRICULUM AND CHARACTER EDUCATION OF THE NATION
Siti Malikhah Towaf ………..
490
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BACHELOR EDUCATION IN-SERVICE TEACHERS PROGRAMME (ICT-BASED BEITP) BACHELOR GRADUATED AND ITS DETERMINANT
Slameto ……….
513
DEVELOPING LEARNING TOOLSOF A GAME-BASED LEARNING THROUGH REALISTIC MATHEMATICS EDUCATION (RME) FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING BASED ON CURRICULUM 2013 Sunandar, Muhtarom, Sugiyanti ….………...
525
PREPARATION OF COMPUTER ANIMATION MODEL FOR
LEARNING ELECTRICAL MAGNETIC II PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAM STUDENTS SEMESTER IV TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY SARJANAWIYATA TAMANSISWA
UNIVERSITY 2014
Sunarto ………...
536
IMPROVEMENT ACTIVITIES AND STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES IN READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH
COOPERATIVE LEARNING TYPE TEAMS-GAMES-TOURNAMENT (TGT) CLASS V SD NEGERI 8 METRO SOUTH
Teguh Prasetyo,Suwarjo, Sulistiasih ………
Proceeding International Conference on Educational Research and Evaluation (ICERE) 2014 x PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR AFFECTING ENGLISH SPEAKING
PERFORMANCE FOR THE ENGLISH LEARNERS IN INDONESIA Youssouf Haidara ……….
389
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSTRUCTIVISM AND CONVENTIONAL LEARNING KIT OF MATHEMATICS VIEWED FROM ACHIEVEMENT AND SELF CONFIDENCE OF STUDENTS IN VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOL
(AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN YEAR XI OF SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 2 YOGYAKARTA)
Dwi Astuti, Heri Retnawati
Mathematics Education Program Graduate School Yogyakarta State University
dwi.astuti.06@gmail.com, retnawati.heriuny1@gmail.com
Abstract
This research was aimed to describe and compare constructivism and conventional learning kits of mathematics viewed from achievement and self confidence of students in vocational high school. This research was a quasi experimental study using the pretest-posttest nonequivalent comparison-group design. The research population comprised all Year XI students, consisting of 5 classes of SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta. From the population, two classes, Class XI TKJ 1 and Class XI TKJ 2, were selected randomly as the
research sample. Students‟ Class XI TKJ 1 learned through the constructivism learning kit
and students‟ Class XI TKJ 2 learned through the conventional learning kit. The data
collecting instruments consisted of learning achievement test and student‟s self-confidence questionnaires. To test the effectiveness of the constructivism and conventional learning kits, the one sample t-test was carried out. Then, to test the more effectiveness of the constructivism learning kit than the conventional learning kit, the MANOVA was carried out and then continued by the t-Benferroni test. The results of the study show that the constructivism and conventional learning kits are effective and the constructivism learning kit is more effective than the conventional learning kit in probability viewed from viewed from achievement and self confidence of students in vocational high school.
Keywords: Learning Kit, Achievement, Self Confidence
Introduction
Regulation of the Educational and Cultural Ministry (Permendikbud) No. 54 of 2013
states that to achieve national education goals required qualifications profile outlined in the
ability of graduates Graduate Competency Standards (SKL). SKL is a qualifying criterion
regarding the ability of graduates that includes attitudes, knowledge, and skills. SKL will be
elaborated on their core competencies and core competencies which will be elaborated on the
basis of competence achievement indicators. This also indicates that the achievement of the
basic indicators of achievement of competence is very important to be able to determine the
graduation of students in certain subjects, including mathematics courses for a particular
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The achievement of the indicators related to the achievement of basic competencies of
mathematics learning achievement of students. Regarding the importance of the study of
mathematics, Lovat, et al. (2011, p.6) states that "since the early 1990s, there has been a
concentration of effort Aimed at maximizing student achievement in school education." That
since the 1990s, the concentration of teaching in schools is to maximize the learning
outcomes of students.
National Education Standards Agency's (BSNP) data on the reported results of a
national exam (UN) mathematics vocational technical group in the city of Yogyakarta to
material probability in the school year 2010/2011 showed that the absorption rate reached
55.94 and the absorption capacity of the school year 2011/2012 reached 58.38. For two
consecutive years, the material absorption is low opportunities. One of the causes of low
achievement of competency shown above is mastery of concepts by students is still low.
Many students are confused where problems can be solved by permutation and which should
be solved by the concept of combination.
In fact, apart from the cognitive problems as just described above, also need to be
considered in terms of psychological problems or affective. Kloosterman revealed that
self-confidence is very important for students to be successful in learning mathematics (Yates,
2002, p.5). This is supported by several previous studies revealed the existence of a
relationship between self-confidence by learning achievement. Hannula, et al. (2004, Q17)
revealed that the mathematics learning achievement is influenced by confidence in
mathematics, especially by self-confidence in mathematics. Permendikbud No. 54 of 2013 is
mentioned that one of the graduation competencies of the students which the students have
confidence in life.
With regard to confidence, Nunes, et al. (2009, p.24) found “one can form a measure of
children‟s self-confidence by considering their answers about how much they like maths and
also how good they think they are in the subject”.
The confidence of students towards mathematics is confidence in the ability of students
to learn and deal with the problems of mathematics. The aspects confidence of learners
towards mathematics, which are: (1) confidence in mathematical ability; (2) a realistic and
rational thinking; (3) positive thinking; and (4) firmness. (Margono, 2005, pp.48-49; Lie,
2003, p.4; Ghufron Risnawati, 2012, pp.35-36; Preston, 2007, p.14).
Based on observations made in research on mathematics learning in class XI TKJ SMK
Yogyakarta city is seen that at the time of learning, the sel confidence of the students is still
391
confidence of the students because it is part of the confidence indicator. Therefore, when
encountered a problem, the students with a sense of low self confidence are often reluctant to
try to find a solution and chose to wait it out answer will be given the teacher or see the
answers belong to another friend.
Constructivism learning is a learning model that tailored to the circumstances of
students, the character of each indicator, and the competencies to be achieved in each
indicator. Constructivist approach provides opportunities for students to construct their
knowledge and understand through the experiences and thoughts on his experience
(Matthews, 2003, p.60).
With regard to constructivism, Piaget (1971, pp.77-78) found:
For the genetic epistemologist, knowledge result from continuous since each act of
understanding, some degree of invention is involved, in development, the passage from the
one stage to the next is always characterized by the formation of new structure which did not
exist before, either in the external worl or in the subject‘s mind. The central problem of
genetic epistemology concerns the mechanism of this construction of novelties which creates
the need for the explanatory factors which we call reflexive abstraction and self regulation.
With regard to learning constructivism, Vygotsky suggests three principles: (1) socially
meaningful activity (Vygotsky, 1986, p.xxiii-xxiv); (2) ZPD (zone of proximal development)
(Vygotsky, 1986, p.xxxv); and (3) mediated learning (Vygotsky, 1986, p.xxxv).
Vygotsky emphasized the importance of utilizing the learning environment. The
neighborhood around the student includes the people, the culture, including experience in that
environment. Other people are part of the environment, the acquisition of the student‘s knowledge stems from the social sphere, between individuals, and then the scope of the
individual as an internalization event.
In its development, constructivism is widely used in learning. With regard to the
principle of construction of knowledge during the learning process that refers to the theories
of constructivism. According Karagiogi & Symeou (2005, p.24) that:
Today, learning is approached as a constructive, self-regulated, situated, cooperative,
and individually different process. In a world of instant information, constructivism can
become a guiding theoretical foundation and provide a theory of cognitive growth and
learning that can be applied to several learning goals.
Some constructivist learning principles are stated by Clements and Battista (2009,
pp.6-7), namely (1) Knowledge is actively created or invented by the child, not passively received
392
their physical and mental actions; (3) No one true reality exists, only individual
Interpretations of the world; (4) Learning is a social process in the which children grow into
the intellectual life of those around them.
Constructivism learning model through the following stages: (1) motivation; students
are encouraged and motivated to put forward the concept of knowledge initially subject or
sub-subject to be discussed; (2) discussion and inquiry; students are given the opportunity to
investigate and discover the concepts and issues in groups; (3) presentation; students provide
an explanation and a solution based on observations with explanations of teachers; and (4)
application; students apply the concept of understanding the topic at that time with the help of
a teacher. (Brown & Abell, 2007, p.58; Gagnon & Collay 2006, pp.4-6)
Based on the descriptions above, the goal of this research is to describe the
effectiveness of learning (constructivism and conventional) and the effectiveness of
constructivist learning device compared with the conventional learning opportunities on the
material terms of aspects of the learning outcomes and the confidence of students in
vocational schools. The research will be able to contribute to the learning of mathematics,
especially those related to the constructivism learning, conventional learning devices, and
how the effectiveness of the devices in vocational learning.
Method
The research is a quasi experimental pretest-posttest design with nonequivalent
comparison-group design. This research was conducted at SMK Muhammadiyah 2
Yogyakarta from May to June 2014. The population was all students of Grade XI SMK
Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta academic year of 2013/2014 consisting of 5 classes. By
choosing randomly, the students of XI TKJ 1 and XI TKJ 2 are selected as the sample of the
research.
The independent variable in this study is the learning kits (constructivism and
conventional) and the dependent variable are the learning achievement and self confidence of
students. The instrument used to measure learning achievement is achievement test consisting
of 13 essay questions. The instrument used to measure the confidence of students is student‘s self confidence questionnaire.
In this study, data analysis was done by describing the data and inferential statistical
analyzes of the data obtained. Description of the data is done by finding the average, standard
deviation, variance, minimum score, and the maximum score from the data obtained, both for
393
To test whether the learning kits (constructivism and conventional) is effective in terms
of the learning achievement and the self confidence of students in vocational school used one
sample t-test with the following formula:
̅ √
(1)
(Tatsuoka, 1971, p. 77) where:
̅ = the average value obtained
After obtaining T2 Hotteling's value, then the value is transformed to obtain the value of
the F distribution with the following formula:
(3)
(Stevens, 2009, p. 151), where p is the number of dependent variables. Rejection criteria of H01 : if Fhit ≥ F( ; p; n1 + n2 – p – 1).
Having in mind that there is no difference between the two classes beginning ability
samples, the test and questionnaire data after treatment were tested to see whether there are
differences in the effectiveness of learning kits (constructivism and conventional) in terms of
learning achievement and self confidence in vocational school students using MANOVA
394
tested by t-Benferroni to know what constructivism learning kit is more effective than the
conventional learning kit terms of these two aspects by using the following formula:
̅ ̅
√
(4)
(Stevens, 2009, p. 147).
Rejection criteria of H02 and H03 : if ≥ t( ; n1+n2-2).
However, before doing the analysis, first tested the assumption that the multivariate
normality test and the test of homogeneity of variance-covariance matrix, for both groups
before and after treatment. Multivariate normality test was performed using the Mahalanobis
distance test ( ) with the decision criteria that if the data is said to be normally distributed
about 50% of the data have value (Johnson & Wichern, 2007, p. 184). Test
homogeneity of variance-covariance matrix is done by using Box's M test with the decision
criteria that the data is said to be homogeneous if the significance value of F is greater than
0.05 (Rencher, 1998, pp. 139-140).
Finding and Discussion
Implementation of constructivism and conventional learning kit are going according to
the learning activities that have been defined. Although all of these learning activities have
been implemented but found some limitations that constrain the implementation of this study,
especially at the initial meetings, such as the allocation of time between learning activities
less attention and students tend to be afraid to give feedback during class presentations
conducted. However, at the next meeting the issue does not look up again.
Data description of learning achievement and the self confidence of student, for both
classes of constructivism (KKT), as well as for the conventional class (KKV) can be seen in
395
Table 1. Data Description of Learning Achievement and Self Confidence of Students
Description
Learning Achievement Self Confidence
KKT KKV KKT KKV
Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest Average 21.86 81.71 24.71 77.71 79.78 90.93 79.96 87.07
learning achievement, both for class constructivism, as well as conventional class before
treatment has not reached an average value of 75 and after the treatment has reached an
average value above 75. For aspects self confidence of students showed that the average total
score of the questionnaire, both for constructivism class, as well as the conventional class
before treatment has not achieved an average score of 80 and after the treatment has reached
an average score above 80.
Test assumptions for the two groups either class test for normality and homogeneity
tests are reached. Because the test assumptions are reached then proceed to test the
hypothesis. The test results on the effectiveness of the devices in terms of learning
achievement and self confidence of students of vocational school are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Results of One Sample t-test
Aspect KKT KKV
T Sig. t Sig.
Learning Achievement 14.362 0.000 8.497 0.000
Self Confidence 10.915 0.000 6.693 0.000
According to Table 2, the results showed that the significance of t for all aspects is less
than 0.05. Constructivism and conventional learning kit are effective in terms of learning
achievement and self confidence of vocational students.
The test results on whether there is a difference between the two classes before
treatment and after treatment are given in terms of learning achievemenr and self confidence
396
Table 3. Results of MANOVA Before and After Treatment
F Sig. Class (Before Treatment) 1.473 0.247
Class (After Treatment) 30.946 0.000
Based on Table 3 note that the significance value before treatment is less than 0.05,
There is no difference between the average of the two classes of experiments. Because there
is no difference, then two classes are given a different treatment. After treatment, the data
show that the significance is more than 0.05, means that there are differences in the
effectiveness of learning kit in terms of learning achievement and self confidence of students
in vocational school.
After that there are differences in effectiveness between the two learning kits, there will
be a t-Benferroni test to see that constructivism learning kit is more effective than
conventional learning kit terms of learning achievement and self confidence of students in
vocational school. T-Benferroni test results can be seen in Table 4.
Table 4. Results of t-test Benferroni
Aspect t-Benferroni
Learning Acievement 7.049 2.0049
Self Confidence 2.650 2.0049
Based on Table 4, the information obtained t-Benferroni is more than t-tab. Or in other
words, constructivism learning kit is more effective than the conventional learning kit in
terms of learning achievement and self confidence of students in vocational school.
These results are consistent with the theory that the constructivism learning allows
students to be more active and construct the concepts independently. The student‘s activeness will be able to increase the self confidence of the students. While the concept is constructed
independently, it will improve the learning achievement of students in vocational schools.
Conclusion and Suggestion
Conclusion
The learning kits (constructivism and conventional) are effective and the constructivism
learning kit is more effective than the conventional learning kit on the probability material in
397
Suggestion
Although the results of this study are consistent with the study of theory, but as noted
there are some limitations which become obstacles in the implementation of this study. Based
on this, then there are a few things suggested, among other things: the allocation of time for
each learning activity is taken to ensure that the allocation of time between learning activities
are not mutually reduce each other and the teacher should be to convince the students not to
be afraid to give a response at the classroom presentations.
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