Perhitungan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca
Kegiatan Peternakan dan Contoh
Perhitungan
Dr.Ir. Idat Galih Permana, MSc.
Fakultas Peternakan IPB
Email:
permana@ipb.ac.id
Telp. 081380263993
Peningkatan Kapasitas - Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Kegiatan
Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Penggunaan Lainnya
Emisi GRK dari Sektor Pertanian
Rice Cultivation (CH
4)
Cropland Burning (CO
2, CH
4,
N
2O, N
2O)
Liming (CO
2)
Urea Fertilizer (CO
2)
N
2O Emission from Managed Soil (N
2O)
Direct N
2O Soil
Indirect N
2O Soil
Livestock
Enteric Fermentation (CH
4)
Jenis Ternak
Ruminansia:
sapi (sapi perah, sapi potong),
kerbau, domba dan kambing
Non Ruminansia (Pseudoruminant):
kuda
Unggas:
ayam (broiler, petelur, ayam
buras), itik, puyuh dll
Populasi Ternak Nasional
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,000
Populasi Ternak di Indonesia (2000-2011)
Populasi Ternak Nasional
Jenis
Ternak 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sapi
Potong 11,008 11,137 11,298 10,504 10,533 10,569 10,875 11,515 12,257 12,760 13,582 14,824
Sapi Perah 354 347 358 374 364 361 369 374 458 475 488 597
Kerbau 2,405 2,333 2,403 2,459 2,403 2,128 2,167 2,086 1,931 1,933 2,000 1,305
Kuda 412 422 419 413 397 387 398 401 393 399 419 416
Kambing 12,566 12,464 12,549 12,722 12,781 13,409 13,790 14,470 15,147 15,815 16,620 17,483
Domba 7,427 7,401 7,641 7,811 8,075 8,327 8,980 9,514 9,605 10,199 10,725 11,372
Distribusi Emisi Methan berdasarkan dari
Sektor Pertanian berdasarkan Sumbernya
15.5%
2.0%
38.7% 43.9%
Distribusi Emisi Methan dari Fementasi
Enterik berdasarkan Jenis Ternak
10.2%
10.3%
46.1%
13.4% 1.7%0.7% 6.6% 1.1% 4.4% 1.9% 3.5% Beef Cattle Dairy Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pig Horse Local Chicken Broiler Layer Duck
Emisi GRK dari Peternakan
Enteric Fermentation
Methan (CH
4)
Manure Management
Methan (CH
4)
Direct N
2O
Indirect N
2O
Ternak ruminansia (sapi potong,
sapi perah, kerbau, domba,
kambing), kuda, babi
menghasilkan
methan
.
Gas yang dihasilkan ternak
ruminansia adalah CO
2, CH
4, H
2S,
H
2O
Methan dihasilkan dari proses
methanogenesis di dalam rumen
dengan bantuan bakteri
methanogen.
CO
2+ 4H
2==>
CH
4+ 2H
2O
Manure Management
Methan:
Dihasilkan dari proses
penanganan manure (manure
management) pada semua
jenis ternak (sapi perah, sapi
potong, kerbau, domba,
kambing, babi, itik, ayam ras,
ayam kampung, ayam
petelur) secara anaerobik
Direct N
2O
Dihasilkan dari proses
kombinasi nitrifikasi dan
detrifikasi N dari manur
selama dalam penyimpanan.
Proses nitrifikasi adalah
perubahan N-ammonia
menjadi N-nitrat dalam
kondisi oksigen yang cukup.
Indirect N
2O
Dihasilkan dari N-volatile
seperti NH
3atau NO
xN
2
O
N
2
O
Manure Management
Faktor Emisi pada ternak
tergantung dari berbagai hal:
Jenis dan Bangsa Ternak
Berat Badan, Umur
Produksi Susu/Kerja
Status reproduksi
Kualitas Pakan
Sistem Pemberian Pakan
Sistem Pemeliharaan
IPCC Guideline
2006 IPCC Guideline for
National Greenhouse
Gas Inventory
Vol 4 – Agriculture
Chapter 10 –
Emission
from Lovestock and
Manure Management
Dilengkapi Worksheet
IPCC Worksheet
3A1 Enteric Fermentation
3A2 Manure Management
3C4 Direct N
2O Soils
3C5 Indirect N
2O Soils
ALU Tool Software
Digunakan untuk
inventory GRK pada
sektor peternakan dan
Land Use.
Dikembangkan oleh
Colorado State
University
2006 IPCC Software
Digunakan untuk
inventory GRK untuk
berbagai sektor.
Choise of Method
TIER 1: BASIC CHARACTERISATION FOR
LIVESTOCK POPULATION
TIER 2: ENHANCED CHARACTERISATION FOR
LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS
Definitions for livestock subcategories;
Livestock population by subcategory, with
consideration for estimation of annual population
as per Tier 1;
Feed intake estimates for the typical animal in
each subcategory.
Step 1: Populasi Ternak
Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE)
Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis
ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara
bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki
EF untuk peternakan.
Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006)
Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi
STEP 1: Animal Population
Misalnya: Ayam broiler umumnya dipelihara selama 60 hari.
Jika produksi broiler di suatu provinsi 1.000.000 ekor/tahun,
maka rataan populasi per tahun:
AAP = 60 x (1.000.000/365) = 164.383 ekor/tahun
Populasi ternak disesuaikan dengan Struktur Populasi
(Dewasa
No
Species Type
Enteric Fermentation
(kg/head/year)
1
Beef Cattle
47
2
Dairy Cattle
68
3
Bufallo
55
4
Sheep
5
5
Goat
5
6
Pig
1
7
Horse
18
8
Local Chicken
-9
Broiler
-10
Layer
-11
Duck
-Faktor Emisi Fermentasi Enterik
STEP 3: Total Emisi
Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia
adalah 14,8 juta, maka total emisi methan adalah:
Emisi CH
4dari fermentasi enterik =
Step 1: Populasi Ternak
Step 2: Faktor Emisi (FE)
Faktor Emisi harus sesuai dengan jenis
ternak. FE yang sesuai dengan negara
bersangkutan. Indonesia belum memiliki
EF untuk peternakan.
Menggunakan Default (IPCC 2006)
Step 3: Menghitung Total Emisi
STEP 2: Total Emisi
STEP 2: Total Emisi
No
Species Type
Manure Management
(kg/head/year)
1
Beef Cattle
1
2
Dairy Cattle
31
3
Bufallo
2
4
Sheep
0.20
5
Goat
0.22
6
Pig
7
7
Horse
2.19
8
Local Chicken
0.02
9
Broiler
0.02
10
Layer
0.02
11
Duck
0.02
Faktor Emisi Manajemen Manure
STEP 3: Total Emisi
Misalnya: Pada tahun 2011 populasi sapi potong di Indonesia
adalah 4,8 juta, maka total emisi methan dari manajemen
manur adalah:
Emisi CH
4dari manajemen manur =
Total Emisi
698.6; 97.93%
14.8; 2.07%
Emisi Methan dari Sapi Potong
Definition of Manure Management System
System
Definition
Pasture/Range/Paddock
The manure from pasture and range grazing
animals is allowed to lie as deposited, and is not
managed.
Daily spread
Manure is routinely removed from a confinement
facility and is applied to cropland or pasture
within 24 hours of excretion.
Solid storage
The storage of manure, typically for a period of
several months, in unconfined piles or stacks.
Manure is able to be stacked due to the presence
of a sufficient amount of bedding material or loss
of moisture by evaporation.
Dry lot
A paved or unpaved open confinement area
without any significant vegetative cover where
accumulating manure may be removed
Definition of Manure Management System
System Definition
Liquid/Slurry Manure is stored as excreted or with some minimal addition of water in either tanks or earthen ponds outside the animal housing, usually for periods less than one year.
Uncovered anaerobic lagoon
A type of liquid storage system designed and operated to combine waste stabilization and storage. Lagoon supernatant is usually used to remove manure from the associated confinement facilities to the lagoon.
Anaerobic lagoons are designed with varying lengths of storage (up to a year or greater), depending on the climate region, the volatile solids loading rate, and other operational factors. The water from the lagoon may be recycled as flush water or used to irrigate and fertilise fields.
Pit storage below animal confinements
Definition of Manure Management System
System Definition
Anaerobic digester Animal excreta with or without straw are collected and anaerobically digested in a large containment vessel or covered lagoon. Digesters are designed and operated for waste stabilization by the microbial reduction of complex organic compounds to CO2 and CH4, which is captured and flared or used as a fuel
Burned for fuel The dung and urine are excreted on fields. The sun dried dung cakes are burned for fuel.
Cattle and Swine deep bedding
As manure accumulates, bedding is continually added to absorb moisture over a production cycle and possibly for as long as 6 to 12 months. This manure
management system also is known as a
bedded pack manure management system and may be combined with a dry lot or pasture.
Composting - invessel Composting, typically in an enclosed channel, with forced aeration and continuous mixing.
Composting - Static pile
Definition of Manure Management System
System Definition
Composting - Intensive
windrow Composting in windrows with regular (at least daily) turning for mixing and aeration. Composting - Passive
windrow Composting in windrows with infrequent turning for mixing and aeration. Poultry manure with litter Similar to cattle and swine deep bedding except usually not
combined with a dry lot or pasture. Typically used for all poultry breeder flocks and for the production of meat type chickens (broilers) and other fowl.
Poultry manure without litter May be similar to open pits in enclosed animal confinement facilities or may be designed and operated to dry the
manure as it accumulates. The latter is known as a high-rise manure management system and is a form of passive
windrow composting when designed and operated Properly Aerobic treatment The biological oxidation of manure collected as a liquid with
either forced or natural aeration. Natural aeration is limited to aerobic and facultative ponds and wetland systems and is due primarily to photosynthesis. Hence, these systems
Direct N
2O
Dihasilkan dari proses
kombinasi nitrifikasi dan
detrifikasi N dari manur
selama dalam penyimpanan.
Proses nitrifikasi adalah
perubahan N-NH
3menjadi
N-nitrat dalam kondisi oksigen
yang cukup.
Indirect N
2O
Dihasilkan dari N-volatile
menjadi NH
3atau NO
x.N
organic yang mudah menjadi
volatil adalah urea dan ureic
acid
N
2
O
N
2
O
Emisi N
2
O dari Manur
Nitrogen Exretion Rate (N
rate
)
No
Species Type
N Exreation Rate
(kg N/1000 kg mass/day)
1
Beef Cattle
0.34
2
Dairy Cattle
0.47
3
Bufallo
0.32
4
Sheep
1.17
5
Goat
1.37
6
Swine
0.50
7
Horse
0.46
8
Local Chicken
0.82
9
Broiler
1.10
10
Layer
0.82
11
Duck
0.83
Nitrogen Exretion Rate (N
rate
)
No
Species Type
Typical Animal Mass of
Livestock Category
1
Beef Cattle
350
2
Dairy Cattle
319
3
Bufallo
330
4
Sheep
28
5
Goat
30
6
Swine
28
7
Horse
238
8
Local Chicken
0.9
9
Broiler
1.2
10
Layer
1.8
11
Duck
1.5
Typical Animal Mass of
Livestock Category (TAM)
Banyaknya N yang diekresikan
seekor ternak per tahun.
Tergantung pada exretion N dan animal
body mass
N
ex
= N
rate
x TAM x 365 / 1000
(N kg/animal/year)
Annual Nitrogen Exretion per
Banyaknya N yang diekresikan oleh
seluruh populasi ternak per tahun.
NE
MMS
= T x N
ex
x MS
(N kg/jenis ternak/year)
NE
MMS
= ex = N
rate
x TAM x 365 /
1000
N kg/animal/year
No
Species Type
Emission Factor for Direct
N
2O
1
Beef Cattle
0.02
2
Dairy Cattle
0.02
3
Bufallo
0.02
4
Sheep
0.02
5
Goat
0.02
6
Swine
0.02
7
Horse
0.02
8
Local Chicken
0.001
9
Broiler
0.001
10
Layer
0.001
11
Duck
0.001
Faktor Emisi untuk Direct N
2
O
N
2
O emission = NE
MMS
x EF x 44/28
(kg N
2O per year)
44/28 is conversion (N
2O-N) to (N
2O)
Fraction of managed livestock manure
nitrogen that volatilises
Fraksi N
yang volatil
untuk setiap
jenis ternak
dan
manajemen
manur
