Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi untuk Membuat Beras Analog
Extrusion Process Technology of Analog Rice
Faleh Setia Budi
a- Purwiyatno Hariyadi
ab' Slamet Budijanto
ab’ dan Dahrul Syah
abaD e p a rte m e n llm u d a n T e k n o lo g i P a n g a n , F a k u lta s T e k n o lo g i P e rta n ia n , IP B
S o u th e a s t A s ia n F o o d a n d A g ric u ltu ra l S c ie n c e a n d T e c h n o lo g y (S E A F A S T ) C e n te r, L P P M , IP B
a bJ I. L in g k a r A k a d e m ik , K a m p u s IP B D a rm a g a , B o g o r 1 6 6 8 0
E m a il: h a riy a d i@ s e a fa s t.o rg
Diterima : 16 Juli 2013
Revisi: 19 Juli 2013
Disetujui: 15 Agustus 2013
ABSTRAK
T in g k a t k o n s u m s i b e ra s d i In d o n e s ia m e n c a p a i a n g k a 1 3 9 k g /k a p ita /ta h u n , le b ih tin g g i d a ri k o n s u m s i
ra ta -ra ta d i A s ia T e n g g a ra , s e h in g g a u n tu k m e m e n u h i k e b u tu h a n n y a s e rin g d ila k u k a n im p o r b e ra s .
In d o n e s ia m e m ilik i s u m b e r p a n g a n lo k a l la in s e p e rti ja g u n g , s o rg u m , u b i k a y u , u b i ja la r, s a g u d a n la in -
la in . N a m u n b a h a n p a n g a n n o n b e ra s te rs e b u t k u ra n g p o p u le r d ib a n d in g k a n d e n g a n b e ra s . O le h k a re n a
itu p e rlu d ik e m b a n g k a n te k n o lo g i p ro s e s y a n g p o te n s ia l u n tu k m e n g o la h b a h a n p a n g a n lo k a l n o n b e ra s
m e n ja d i b e ra s a n a lo g . T e k n o lo g i e k s tru s i m e ru p a k a n s a la h s a tu te k n o lo g i y a n g te la h d ig u n a k a n u n tu k
p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g d e n g a n b a h a n b a k u b e ra s p a ta h . B e la k a n g a n , te k n o lo g i in i ju g a m u la i d ig u n a k a n
u n tu k p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g d a ri b a h a n p a n g a n n o n b e ra s . K a ra k te ris tik b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g m irip d e n g a n
b e ra s a la m i d a p a t d ic a p a i d e n g a n m e n g o n tro l p a ra m e te r-p a ra m e te r k ritis e k s tru s i s e p e rti k a ra k te ris tik d a n
k o m p o s is i b a h a n , s u h u e k s tru s i, k e c e p a ta n u lir d a n s e b a g a in y a . S tu d i m e n u n ju k k a n b a h w a b e ra s a n a lo g
b is a d ib u a t d a ri b a h a n p a n g a n n o n b e ra s . K e b e rh a s ila n te k n o lo g i in i ju g a a k a n m e m p e rlu a s p e lu a n g
fo rtifik a s i d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n b e ra s a n a lo g s e b a g a i p e m b a w a z a t g iz i. s e p e rti p ro te in , v ita m in d a n
m in e ra l, s e s u a i d e n g a n tu ju a n n y a . M a k a la h in i m e n g k a ji h a s il-h a s il p e n e litia n p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g
d e n g a n te k n o lo g i e k s tru s i b a ik d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n b a h a n b e ra s p a ta h m a u p u n b a h a n n o n b e ra s y a n g
d is e rta i d e n g a n d a n ta n p a fo rtifik a s i.
k a ta k u n c i: b e ra s a n a lo g , b a h a n p a n g a n n o n b e ra s , te k n o lo g i e k s tru s i d a n fo rtifik a s i
ABSTRACT
Indonesia rice consumption level is very high and up to 139 kg/capita/year, higher than that of average
consumption level in South East Asia, so that import of rice is frequently needed to fill the need of population.
Indonesia is actually rich in local food sources other than rice; such as corn, sorghum, cassava, sago, etc.
but they are not as popular as rice. Therefore technology for the production of analog rice using the
local-based non-rice food sources is needed. Extrusion technology has been used to produce analog rice from
broken rice as its raw material. Recently; extrusion technology has also been used to develop analog rice
using non-rice food material. The characteristic of analog rice which is similar with the natural rice could be
achieved by controlling the critical extrusion parameters, such as the characteristics and composition of raw
material, the temperature of extrusion, the speed of screw etc. The success of the analog rice production
from the non rice food material will open up opportunities for fortification program using analog rice as
a carrier for the nutrient target. This paper reviews the research reports for analog rice production with
extrusion technology using variety of raw materials; including broken rice and the non-rice food material,
with and without fortification.
keywords : analog rice, non-rice food material, extrusion technology and fortification
Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog
Faleh Setia Budi, Purwiyatno Hariyadi,Slamet Budijanto, dan Dahrul Syah
Gambarl.
J a lu r K o n s u m s i P a n g a n S u m b e r K a rb o h id ra t In d o n e s ia y a n g S u d a h D im o d ifik a s i (M a c h m u r, d k k ., 2 0 1 1 ).g e la tin is a s i b a ik s e c a ra p a rs ia l m a u p u n to ta l (M is h ra , d k k .,
2 0 1 2 ). T e k n o lo g i in i s u d a h d ia p lik a s ik a n s e c a ra k o m e rs ia l d i C h in a d a n F ilip in a .
S e d a n g k a n e k s tru s i d in g in m e ru p a k a n p ro s e s y a n g s a m a te ta p i d ig u n a k a n u n tu k m e m b u a t p a s ta ta n p a m e n g g u n a k a n in p u t e n e rg i p a n a s ta m b a h a n d a n h a n y a m e n g a n d a lk a n p a n a s y a n g d ih a s ilk a n o le h p ro s e s frik s i (te m p e ra tu r re n d a h d ib a w a h 7 0 °C ). P ro s e s p e m b e n tu k a n m e n g h a s ilk a n
grain
y a n g m e n ta h , b e rw a rn aopaque
d a n le b ih m u d a h m e m b e d a k a n d a ri k e rn e l b e ra s re g u la r. P ro s e s in i m e n g g u n a k a n e k s tru d e r p e m b e n tu k y a n g s e d e rh a n a y a n g ju g ad ik e n a l s e b a g a i p a s ta p re s s y a n g d ig u n a k a n o le h V ig u i (Ita li) d a n P A T H u n tu k m e m p ro d u k s i U ltra R ic e (A la v i, d k k ., 2 0 0 8 ). P ro s e s e k s tru s i
ju g a d a p a t d ik la s ifik a s ik a n m e n ja d i d u a tip e m e n u ru t k a d a r a ir b a h a n y a n g d iu m p a n k a n k e d a la m e k s tru d e r, y a itu : e k s tru s i b a s a h d a n
e k s tru s i k e rin g . K a d a r a ir b a h a n p a d a e k s tru s i b a s a h a d a la h 3 0 - 4 0 p e rs e n d a n 1 2 -1 8 p e rs e n u n tu k e k s tru s i k e rin g (R ia z , 2 0 0 0 ).
III.
BAHAN YANG DIGUNAKAN UNTUK
MEMBUAT BERAS ANALOG
O le h k a re n a b e ra s m e ru p a k a n s u m b e r
k a rb o h id ra t m a k a b e ra s a n a lo g h a ru s d ib u a t d a ri b a h a n y a n g ju g a d ik e n a l s e b a g a i s u m b e r k a rb o h id ra t y a n g b ia s a n y a te rs im p a n p a d a
ta n a m a n d a la m b e n tu k p a ti. B a h a n la in y a n g d ip e rlu k a n d a la m p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g a d a la h s e ra t a ta u te p u n g (p a ti y a n g m e n g a n d u n g s e ra t), a ir,
lipid,
b a h a n p e n g ik a t d a n p e n y e ttin g s e rta b a h a naditif
y a n g b e rs ifa t o p s io n a l s e p e rti p e w a rn a ,flavor,
fo rtifik a n d a n a n tio k s id a n .3.1. Pati
P a d a p rin s ip n y a s e m u a b a h a n b a k u y a n g
m e n g a n d u n g p a ti b a ik y a n g b e rb e n tu k s e re a lia m a u p u n u m b i d a p a t d ig u n a k a n s e b a g a i b a h a n b a k u u ta m a d a la m p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g
(G a m b a r 1 ). B a h a n b a k u te rs e b u t b is a d ig u n a k a n d a la m b e n tu k m u rn i m a u p u n c a m p u ra n d e n g a n
b a h a n la in p a d a ra s io te rte n tu . S te ig e r (2 0 1 0 ) m e n g g u n a k a n b e ra s p a ta h s e b a g a i s u m b e r b a h a n p a ti d a la m p e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g . N a m u n a d a ju g a y a n g m e n g g a n tik a n s e b a g ia n te p u n g b e ra s p a ta h d e n g a n te p u n g k e d e la i y a n g s u d a h d ih ila n g k a n le m a k n y a (K a to , 2 0 0 6 ). W id a ra , (2 0 1 2 ) m e n g g u n a k a n b a h a n c a m p u ra n te p u n g s o rg u m , m o c a f, ja g u n g d a n s a g u ta n p a
m e n g g u n a k a n te p u n g b e ra s .
R a s io te p u n g p re g e la tin is a s i/tid a k te rg e la tin is a s i d i d a la m k o m p o s is i a d o n a n ju g a p e n tin g . J ik a ra s io k u ra n g d a ri 3 0 p e rs e n d a ri
te p u n g p re g e la tin is a s i m a k a p ro d u k b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g te rb e n tu k m e m p u n y a i s ifa t re h id ra s i y a n g re n d a h . N a m u n a p a b ila p e rb a n d in g a n p a ti p re g e la tin is a s i le b ih d a ri 7 0 p e rs e n a k a n
Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog
e k s tru d e r. S e b e lu m m a s u k k e d a la m e k s tru d e r
mikronutrient
s e p e rti v ita m in d a nantioksidan
d a p a t d ita m b a h k a n u n tu k m e n in g k a tk a n n ila i
g iz i b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g d ih a s ilk a n n a n tin y a (S te ig e r, 2 0 1 0 ).
4.3. Ekstrusi
P a d a ta h a p e k s tru s i a d o n a n a k a n
m e n g a la m i p ro s e s p e m a n a s a n la g i p a d a s u h u y a n g s e d ik it le b ih tin g g i d ib a n d in g p ro s e s s e b e lu m n y a . D i s a m p in g itu a d o n a n ju g a a k a n
m e n g a la m i p ro s e s h o m o g e n is a s i le b ih la n ju t, p e n g a lira n (
shearing
) d a n p e m b e n tu k a n k e tik a k e lu a r d a ridie.
P ro s e s d e g ra d a s i p a ti m e n ja d i m o le k u l-m o le k u l y a n g le b ih k e c il d im in im a lk a n s e h in g g a fu n g s i b e ra s a n a lo g s e b a g i s u m b e rk a rb o h id ra t te ta p d a p a t d ip e rta h a n k a n . P e m b u a ta n b e ra s a n a lo g d e n g a n p ro s e s e k s tru s i b is a d ila k u k a n d e n g a n e k s tru d e r u lir tu n g g a l m a u p u n u lir g a n d a . N a m u n e k s tru d e r u lir g a n d a
le b ih b a n y a k d ig u n a k a n k a re n a m e m p u n y a i k e m a m p u a n d a n fle k s ib ilita s y a n g le b ih b e s a r u n tu k m e n g e n d a lik a n p a ra m e te r p ro s e s d a n p ro d u k . D e s a in y a n g fle k s ib e l m e m u n g k in k a n
p e ra w a ta n
screw
d a nbarrel
le b ih c e p a t d a n m u d a h (G u y , 2 0 0 1 ).Barrel
e k s tru d e r y a n g d i d a la m n y a te rd a p a tscrew
d ib a g i m e n ja d i tig a d a e ra h a ta u z o n a , y a itu : d a e ra h p e m a s u k a n a d o n a n (feeding
zone),
d a e ra h p e n g a d o n a n (kneading zone)
d a n d a e ra h p e m a s a k a n (cooking zone)
(G a m b a r 3 ).Feeding zone
m e ru p a k a n d a e ra h te m p a t m a s u k n y a p a rtik e ldiskret
b a h a n b e rdensity
re n d a h k e d a la m
barrel.
D ikneading zone
b a h a n m u la i k e h ila n g a n b e n tu k g ra n u la n y a d a n d e n s ita s n y a m u la i m e n in g k a t. P a rtik e l
d is k re t b a h a n m u la i
mengaglomerisasi
k a re n a m e n in g k a tn y a s u h u a k ib a t d a ri p a n a s k o n d u k s i,p a n a s in je k s i d a n e n e rg i
dissipasi
a k ib a t g e s e k a n s e h in g g a te rb e n tu k m a s s a a d o n a n y a n g m e n g a lir le b ih k o m p a k . D icooking zone
s u h u d a n te k a n a n m e n in g k a t p a lin g c e p a t a k ib a t k o n fig u ra s i
screw
d a n k o m p re s i y a n g m a k s im u m s e h in g g a m e n im b u lk a n la ju g e s e r y a n g tin g g i (R ia z , 2 0 0 0 ).Ekstrudat
y a n g k e lu a r d a ridie
e k s tru d e r a k a n m e m ilik i te k s tu r, d e n s ita s , w a rn a d a n s ifa t-s ifa t fu n g s io n a l p ro d u k y a n g d iin g in k a n .
U n tu k m e n g h a s ilk a n b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g m e m ilik i s ifa t-s ifa t k im ia fis ik a , p e n a n a k a n
d a n te k s tu r y a n g m irip d e n g a n b e ra s p e rlu m e m p e rh a tik a n b e b e ra p a v a ria b e l d a n p a ra m e te r y a n g te rlib a t d a la m p ro s e s e k s tru s i. V a ria b e l-v a ria b e l te rs e b u t m e lip u ti v a ria b e l in p u t y a n g te rd iri d a ri k o m p o s is i b a h a n (p a ti, p ro te in , s e ra t, le m a k ), k a d a r a ir, u k u ra n p a rtik e l d a n a d itif d a n v a ria b e l p ro s e s y a n g b e rk a ita n d e n g a n k o n d is i o p e ra s io n a l p ro s e s s e p e rti s u h u , k e c e p a ta n
screw,
la ju a lir u m p a n d a n k e c e p a ta n p is a u p o to n g . S e d a n g k a n p a ra m e te r s is te m e k s tru s i m e n c a k u pspecific mechanical energy
(S M E ), e n e rg i
thermal,
w a k tu tin g g a l, v is k o s ita s le le h a n , s u h u d a n te k a n a n p ro d u k , lu a s b u k a a ndie
d a n ju g a h a m b a ta n a lira n . P a ra m e te r o u tp u t p ro s e s e k s tru s i la in n y a a d a la h g e la tin is a s i a d o n a n d i d a la mbarrel
e k s tru d e r, k a d a r a ir d a n s u h u p ro d u k (C a m p a n e lla , d k k ., 2 0 0 2 ). N a m u n s e m u a k a ra k te ris itk p ro d u k te rs e b u t h a n y a d ip e n g a ru h i s e c a ra la n g s u n g o le h e m p a t p a ra m e te r p e n g o la h a n k ritis y a itu : k a d a r a ir a d o n a n d i d a la m p ro s e s e k s tru s i, e n e rg i m e k a n ik m a s u k , e n e rg i p a n a s m a s u k d a n w a k tu tin g g a l b a h a n d i d a la mbarrel
e k s tru d e r (R ia z , 2 0 0 0 ). D e s k rip s i d a ri p a ra m e te r k ritis in i d ije la s k a n p a d a T a b e l 1 . In te ra k s i a n ta ra v a ria b e l b e b a sd a n p a ra m e te r k ritis d a p a t te rja d i d a n d a p a t d ip a h a m i m e la lu i T a b e l 2 .
Tabel 1
. P a ra m e te r-P a ra m e te r K ritis p a d a P ro s e s E k s tru s iP a ra m e te r D e s k rip s i
K a d a r a ir K a d a r a ir a k tu a l d i d a la m p ro s e s
E n e rg i m e k a n ik m a s u k
G M E : G ro s s M e c h a n ic a l E n e rg y S M E : S p e c ific M e c h a n ic a l E n e rg y
E n e rg i th e rm a l m a s u k U n tu k p e m a n a s a n
barrel
e k s tru d e r D in y a ta k a n d a la m s a tu a n y a n g s a m a s e p e rtis a tu a n e n e rg y m e k a n ik = k J /k g a ta u k W ja m /k g
F lu id a p a n a s P a n a s s te a m P a n a s lis trik
U n tu k p e m a n a s a n la n g s u n g
ekstrudat
In je k s i u a p la n g s u n g In je k s i u a p a ta u c a ira n la in W a k tu tin g g a l
t = w a k tu tin g g a l ra ta -ra ta
W a k tu to ta l d i s e tia p b a g ia n d a ri p ro s e s
M = J u m la h
ekstrudat
d i d a la m p ro s e s m = la ju a lir m a s s at = M /m
S u m b e r: R ia z , 2 0 0 0 .
K a d a r a ir m e ru p a k a n s a la h s a tu p a ra m e te r k ritis d a la m p ro s e s e k s tru s i. P e n in g k a ta n k a d a r a ir p a d a p ro s e s p re k o n d is i d a n e k s tru s i a k a n m e n in g k a tk a n k a d a r a ir d a la m a d o n a n s e h in g g a v is k o s ita s a d o n a n a k a n m e n u ru n a ta u te rja d i p la s tis a s i. P e n a m b a h a n a ir d a la m b e n tu k s te a m
m e n y e b a b k a n a d a n y a p e n in g k a ta n e n e rg i
thermal
y a n g m a s u k d a n te rja d i p e le le h a n p a rtik e l p a ti s e h in g g a a d o n a n m e n ja d i le b ih lu n a k d a n m e n u ru n k a n e n e rg i m e k a n ik . T u ru n n y ae n e rg i m e k a n ik m e n g a k ib a tk a n m e n u ru n n y a k e c e p a ta n
screw
s e h in g g a w a k tu tin g g a l a d o n a n d i d a la mbarrel
a k a n m e n ja d i le b ih la m a (T a b e l 2 ). P a n a s d a n a ir y a n g d ita m b a h k a n k ed a la m a d o n a n s a a t m e le w a ti p re k o n d is i d a n e k s tru d e r a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n p a ti m e n g a la m i g e la tin is a s i. P e n a m b a h a n p a n a s d a n a ir h a ru s d ia tu r u n tu k m e n d a p a tk a n d e ra ja t g e la tin is a s i
te rte n tu s e h in g g a d a p a t d ip e ro le h p ro d u k b e ra s a n a lo g d e n g a n k a ra k te ris tik y a n g d iin g in k a n (m e n d e k a ti k a ra k te ris tik b e ra s p a d i) (A k d o g a n , 1 9 9 9 ).
P ro s e s e k s tru s i s a n g a t re s p o n s if te rh a d a p p e ru b a h a n
screw,
k h u s u s n y a e k s tru d e rtwin
screw.
P e n in g k a ta n k e c e p a ta nscrew
a k a n m e n y e b a b k a n m e n in g k a tn y a e n e rg i m e k a n ik y a n g m a s u k , m e n u ru n n y a e n e rg ithermal
a k ib a t m e n u ru n n y a g a y a g e s e k a n ta ra a d o n a n d e n g a n p e rm u k a a n
barrel
d a nscrew
s e rta m e n u ru n n y a w a k tu tin g g a l b a h a n d i d a la mbarrel
(T a b e l 2 ). M e n in g k a tn y a k e c e p a ta nscrew
ju g a m e n g a k ib a tk a n m e n in g k a tn y a e n e rg i m e k a n ik y a n g b e rd a m p a k p a d a n a ik n y ad e ra ja t g e la tin is a s i p a ti (Y e h a n d J a w , 1 9 9 9 ). O le h k a re n a itu k e c e p a ta n
screw
ju g a h a ru s d ik e n d a lik a n a g a r d ip e ro le h d e ra ja t g e la tin is a s i te rte n tu s e h in g g a b is a m e n d a p a tk a n b e ra sa n a lo g d e n g a n k a ra k te ris tik y a n g m e n d e k a ti b e ra s p a d i.
S e la in fa k to r s u h u , k a d a r a ir d a n k e c e p a ta n
screw,
p a ra m e te r la in y a n g ju g a m e m p u n y a i p e n g a ru h te rh a d a p b e n tu k b e ra s a n a lo g a d a la h b e n tu k d a n u k u ra n lu b a n gdie
s e rta p is a u p e m o to n g d a n k e c e p a ta n p e m o to n g a n n y a(k e c e p a ta n p u ta r). A d a d u a p e n d e k a ta n b e n tu k
die
y a n g d a p a t d ig u n a k a n y a itu k e a ra h p a n ja n g (D ie h l, 1 9 8 8 ) d a n k e a ra h le b a r (H a rro w a n d M a rtin , 1 9 8 2 ; S te ig e r, 2 0 1 0 ). D im e n s i lu b a n gdie
h a ru s m e n y e s u a ik a n d e n g a n u k u ra n b e ra s p a d i y a n g m e n ja d i re fe re n s i a g a r p ro d u k b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g d ih a s ilk a n m e m p u n y a i b e n tu kd a n u k u ra n y a n g s a m a . U n tu k m e n g h in d a ri p e m b e n tu k a n ra n ta i d a ri
ekstrudat
te rp o to n g (b e ra s a n a lo g ) y a n g le n g k e t, p is a u d ila p is id e n g a n b a h a n
teflon
(polytetrafluoro ethylene)
(H a rro w d a n M a rtin , 1 9 8 2 ) d a n k e d a la m a d o n a n d ita m b a h k a n
Glycerol Monostearate. Ekstrudat
b e ra s a n a lo g d ip o to n g s e c a ra o to m a tis o le h b ila h p is a u p e m o to n g d e n g a n s u d u t 4 5 °C d a n k e c e p a ta n te rte n tu .
Teknologi Proses Ekstrusi Untuk Membuat Beras Analog 2 6 9
T a b e l 2 . In te ra k s i A n ta ra V a ria b e l B e b a s d a n P a ra m e te r K ritis
V a ria b e l b e b a s P a ra m e te r k ritis
K a d a r a ir E n e rg i m e k a n ik E n e rg i th e rm a l W a k tu tin g g a l
L a ju u m p a n + + -
-L ip id X - X +
K a d a r a ir + + + - - - + + +
E n e rg i u a p + - - + + + +
K e c e p a ta n
screw
X + --S u h u
barrel
X - + +H a m b a ta n a lira n e k s tru d e r X + + * +
L u a s b u k a a n
die
X - --x : tid a k a d a p e ru b a h a n , + : p e n in g k a ta n , -: p e n u ru n a n d a n *: d a ta tid a k te rs e d ia
S u m b e r: R ia z , 2 0 0 0 .
G a m b a r 4 . B e ra s A n a lo g (a ), d a n N a s i (b ) d a ri T e p u n g J a g u n g d a n S o rg u m (W id a ra , 2 0 1 2 )
G a m b a r 5 . B e ra s A n a lo g (a ) d a n N a s i (b ) d a ri B e ra s P a ta h (Z h u a n g , d k k ., 2 0 1 2 ).
B e ra s a n a lo g y a n g d ih a s ilk a n o le h e k s tru d e r d ire n d a m d i d a la m a ir m e n d id ih y a n g m e n g a n d u n g g a ra m p e n
setting
s e la m a 3 - 2 0m e n it d a n k e m u d ia n d ic u c i u n tu k m e n g h ila n g k a n la ru ta n g a ra m y a n g m e n e m p e l. S e la n ju tn y a b e ra s a n a lo g d id in g in k a n u n tu k m e re tro g ra d a s i
p a ti y a n g te la h m e n g a la m i g e la tin is a s i s a a t
p ro s e s e k s tru s i s e h in g g a d id a p a tk a n b iji b e ra s a n a lo g y a n g p a d a t (C o x a n d c o x , 1 9 9 3 ).
4.4. Pengeringan
B e ra s a n a lo g y a n g d ip e ro le h m a s ih
P h y s ic a l P ro p e rtie s o f D ie ta ry F ib e r a n d O th e r C o m p o n e n ts o f W h o le W h e a t a n d W h e a t B ra n a n d o n T h e B a k in g Q u a lity o f W h e a t B ra n .
Cereal Chemistry.
V o l.7 0 . N o .6 . p p .7 0 7 -7 1 1 . IS S N 0 0 0 9 -0 3 5 2 .W e n g e r, M .L . d a n H u b e r, G .R . 1 9 8 8 .
Low Shear
Extrusion Process for Manufacture of Quick
Cooking Rice.
U S P a te n t. 4 7 6 9 2 5 1 .W id a ra , S .S . 2 0 1 2 .
Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Gizi
Beras Analog Terbuat dari Campuran Tepung
Sorgum, Mocaf, Jagung, Maizena dan Sagu
Aren.
S k rip s i d i F a k u lta s T e k n o lo g i P e rta n ia nIP B B o g o r.
Y e h , A .I., d a n J a w , Y .M . 1 9 9 9 . E ffe c t o f F e e d R a te a n d S c re w S p e e d o n O p e ra tin g C h a ra c te ritic s a n d E x tru d a te P ro p e rtie s D u rin g S in g le - S c re w E x tru s io n C o o k in g o f R ic e F lo u r.
Cereal
Chemistry.
7 6 ( 2 ) : 2 3 6 -2 4 2 .Y o s h id a , T ., S a g a ra , T ., O jim a , T ., T a k a h a s h i, R ., d a n T a k a h a s h i, M . 1 9 7 1 .
Process for Producing
Enriched Artificial Rice.
U S p a te n t n o 3 .6 2 0 .7 6 2 . Y u , L ., R a m a s w a m y , H .S ., d a n B o y e , J . 2 0 0 9 . T w in - s c re w E x tru s io n o f C o rn F lo u r a n d S o y P ro te in Is o la te (S P I) B le n d s : A R e s p o n s e S u rfa c e A n a ly s is ,Food Bioprocess Technology.
Z h u a n g , H ., A n , H ., C h e n , H ., X ie , Z ., Z h a o , J ., X u , X . d a n J in , Z . 2 0 1 0 . E ffe c t o f E x tru s io n P a ra m e te rs o n P h y s ic o c h e m ic a l P ro p e rtie s o f H y b rid In d ic a R ic e (T y p e 9 7 1 8 ) E x tru d a te s .
Journal of Food
Processing and Preservation.
3 4 . 1 0 8 0 -1 1 0 2 .B IO D A T A P E N U L IS :
F a le h S e tia B u d i m e n y e le s a ik a n p e n d id ik a n S 1 d i J u ru s a n T e k n ik K im ia , F a k u lta s T e k n ik , U n iv e rs ita s D ip o n e g o ro (1 9 9 4 ) d a n m e la n ju tk a n s tu d in y a d i In s titu t T e k n o lo g i B a n d u n g u n tu k b id a n g T e k n o lo g i P o lim e r (M T ; 2 0 0 1 ) d a n s a a t in i s e d a n g m e n g a m b il S 3 d i S e k o la h P a s c a s a rja n a IP B B o g o r u n tu k b id a n g llm u P a n g a n .
P u rw iy a tn o H a riy a d i m e n y e le s a ik a n p e n d id ik a n S 1 d i D e p a rte m e n llm u d a n T e k n o lo g i P a n g a n , F a k u lta s T e k n o lo g i P e rta n ia n , IP B (1 9 8 4 ) d a n m e la n ju tk a n s tu d in y a d i U n iv e rs ity o f W is c o n s in - M a d is o n , U S A u n tu k b id a n g llm u P a n g a n (M S c ; 1 9 9 0 ) d a n P e n g o la h a n P a n g a n d a n T e k n ik K im ia (P h D ; 1 9 9 5 ).
S la m e t B u d ija n to m e n y e le s a ik a n p e n d id ik a n S 1 d i D e p a rte m e n llm u d a n T e k n o lo g i P a n g a n , F a k u lta s T e k n o lo g i P e rta n ia n , IP B (1 9 8 5 ). P ro g ra m M a s te r d is e le s a ik a n p a d a ta h u n 1 9 9 0 d i T o h o k u U n iv e rs ity , J e p a n g u n tu k b id a n g K im ia p a n g a n d a n d ila n ju tk a n d e n g a n P ro g ra m D o k to r y a n g d is e ls e s a ik a n n y a p a d a ta h u n 1 9 9 3 u n tu k b id a n g llm u y a n g s a m a .
