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LAPORAN AKHIR HASIL
PENELITIAN HIBAH BERSAING INSTITUSI BATCH I
TAHUN ANGGARAN 2012
Judul
: Stabilitas Hasil Tanaman Dan Populasi Mychorhiza Pada
Pola Tanam Tumpangsari Berbasis Ubikayu Setelah 3
Tahun Diberi Biochar
Ketua : Prof.Dr.Ir. Wani Hadi Utomo
Anggota : Kurniawan Sigit Wicaksono, SP.MSc.
Dibiayai oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Melalui DIPA Universitas Brawijaya nomor :
0636/023-04.2.16/15/2012, tanggal 9 Desember 2011, dan berdasarkan SK Rektor Universitas Brawijaya Nomor : 366/SK/2012 tanggal 13 Agustus 2012
Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat
Universitas Brawijaya
2012
ABSTRAK
Dalam rangka mendukung program ketahanan pangan, pemerintah Indonesia menetapkan tanaman ubikayu sebagai salah satu tanaman utama penghasil karbohidrat. Guna mendukung program tersebut maka Pemerintah Indonesia mempunyai target produksi ubi kayu sebesar 60 juta ton pada tahun 2025. Kendala utama yang dihadapi dalam upaya pemenuhan target tersebut ialah sebagian besar penanaman ubikayu dilakukan pada lahan marjinal dan bahkan telah terdegradasi. Kandungan bahan organik lahan marginal tergolong rendah sehingga perlu adanya penambahan bahan organik dari luar guna meningkatkan kesuburan tanahnya. Aplikasi biochar sebagai bahan amendemen tanah merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Namun bagaimana mekanisme terjadinya peningkatan hasil tersebut masih diperdebatkan oleh banyak peneliti. Jadi tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mempelajari stabilitas hasil tanaman ubikayu serta tanaman sisipan setelah 3 tahun diberi biochar, mempelajari stabilitas C-organik tanah, dan mempelajari pengaruh pemberian biochar terhadap mycorhiza.
Penelitian ini berlkasi di Kebun Percobaan Jatikerto sejak bulan Nopember 2011 sampai panen tanaman ubikayu pada bulan Oktober 2012 dan dilanjutkan dengan analisa laboratorium sampai akhir Nopember 2012. Tanah Jatikerto tergolong dalam ordo Inceptisol yang sedang mengalami proses degradasi dengan kedalam efektif tanah kurang dari 30 cm, mempunyai kandungan bahan organik dan kandungan unsur N dan P rendah. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok 3 faktorial yaitu jenis tanaman sisispan, dosis pupuk kandang, dan penggunaan biochar sehingga total ada 10 perlakuan 3 ulangan ialah sebagai berikut: 1)Tumpangsari ubikayu + jagung tanpa pemberian bahan organik (UJ), 2)Tumpangsari ubikayu + jagung diberi pupuk kandang 10 t/ha, diberikan sekali pada tahun pertama (UJPk), 3)Tumpangsari ubikayu + jagung diberi pupuk kandang 10 t/ha, diberikan setiap tahun tanam (UJPk1), 4)Tumpangsari ubikayu+jagung diberi biochar pupuk kandang 7,5 t/ha (UJBpk), 5)Tumpangsari ubikayu+jagung diberi biochar batang ubikayu 7,5 t/ha (UJBuk), 6)Tumpangsari ubikayu+Kctanah tanpa pemberian bahan organik 10 t/ha (UK), 7)Tumpangsari ubikayu+kacang tanah diberi pupuk kandang 10 t/ha, diberikan sekali pada tahun pertama (UKPk), 8)Tumpangsari ubikayu+kacang tanah diberi pupuk kandang 10 t/ha, diberikan setiap tahun (UKPk1), 9)Tumpangsari ubikayu+kacang tanah diberi biochar pupuk kandang 7,5 t/ha (UKBpk), 10)Tumpangsari ubikayu+kacang tanah diberibiochar batang ubikayu 7,5 t/ha (UKBuk).
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh positif penggunaan biochar pada sistem tumpangsari berbasis tanaman ubikayu masih bertahan sampai tanaman tahun ketiga, pemberian pupuk kandang dan biochar berpengaruh positif terhadap perkembangan micorhiza yang dibuktikan dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah spora pada tanah yang diberi pupuk kandang dan biochar, dan penanaman ubikayu secara terus menerus menyebabkan tanah mengalami degradasi, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada penurunan indeks mutu tanah. Penurunan indeks mutu tanah pada tanaman ubikayu dapat dicegah dengan menanam tanaman sisipan dan atau pemberian bahan amandemen organik berupa biochar.
ABSTRACT
In order to support the food security program, the government of Indonesia has set a cassava plant as one of the major crop-producing carbohydrates. To support this program, the Government has targeted cassava production by 60 million tons by 2025. The main obstacle encountered in the fulfillment of these targets is largely made of cassava cultivation on marginal land and even degraded. Organic matter content of degraded land is very low, that it needs the addition of organic matter from the outside in order to improve the fertility of the soil. Application of biochar as a soil amendment is a solution that can be used to overcome these problems. But how the mechanism of the increase results are still debated by many researchers. So the purpose of this research is to study the stability of the cassava crop yield and crop inserts after 3 years given biochar, study the stability of C-organic soil, and study the effect of biochar on mycorhiza.
This study has located in Garden Experiments Jatikerto since November 2011 until October 2012 and followed by laboratory analysis on November 2012. Soil characteristic in Jatikerto has classified on to Inceptisol which is undergoing a process of land degradation into effective less than 30 cm, has the organic matter content and the content of N and P low. The design of experiments using three factorial randomized block design that are various of mixcroping, manure doses, and use of biochar. Total of treatments are 10 as follows: 1) Intercropping cassava + maize without giving organic matter (UJ), 2) Intercropping cassava + corn manure 10 t / ha, given once in the first year (UJPk), 3) Intercropping cassava + maize manure 10 t / ha, given annually planting (UJPk1), 4) Intercropping cassava + maize given manure biochar 7.5 t / ha (UJBpk), 5) Cassava Intercropping of maize + cassava stems were biochar 7.5 t / ha (UJBuk), 6) + Kctanah Intercropping cassava without giving organic matter 10 t / ha (UK), 7) Intercropping cassava + peanut manure 10 t / ha, given once in the first year (UKPk), 8) Intercropping cassava + peanut manure 10 t / ha annually (UKPk1), 9) Intercropping cassava + peanuts manure biochar soil were 7.5 t / ha (UKBpk), 10) + peanut Intercropping cassava cassava stems diberibiochar 7.5 t / ha (UKBuk).
The results showed that the positive effect of the use of biochar on crop cassava-based cropping systems survived the third year's crop, manure and biochar positive influence on the development of micorhiza as evidenced by an increase in the number of spores in the soil manure and biochar, and the planting of cassava is continuously causing soil degradation, as shown in the index decreased soil quality. Decline in soil quality index on cassava plants can be prevented by planting or providing material inserts and organic amendments such as biochar.
RINGKASAN
Dalam upaya untuk diversikasi sumber karbohidrat dan sekaligus mencapai ketahanan dan kedaulatan pangan, pemerintah Indonesia telah memilih tanaman ubikayu sebagai salah satu tanaman utama yang perlu dikembangkan. Disamping itu, dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan energi, pemerintah telah mengeluarkan PP No.5/2006, yang menetapkan tanaman ubikayu sebagai tanaman penghasil energi untuk menggantikan bahan bakar minyak. Untuk dapat memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, target produksi yang harus dicapai pada tahun 2025 adalah 60 juta ton.
Kendala utama dalam budidaya tanaman ubikayu adalah rendahnya kesuburan tanah yang ditanami ubikayu. Hal ini disebabkan karena sebagian besar tanaman ubikayu tumbuh pada lahan marjinal dan bahkan telah terdegradasi dengan kedalaman efektif tanah sangat dangkal dan kandungan bahan organik tanah rendah. Dengan demikian strategi untuk mendapatkan produktivitas tinggi dan berkelelanjutan pada tanaman ubikayu adalah dengan meningkatan kandungan bahan organik. Permasalahan dalam pengelolaan bahan organik tanah adalah tingginya dosis yang diberikan. Pada fihak lain, dalam kondisi iklim tropis basah seperti halnya di Indonesia, pelapukan bahan organik berjalan sangat cepat, dan dengan demikian pemberian bahan organik harus diberikan secara berulang setiap musim tanam.Hal ini menyebabkan pemberian bahan organik sulit dilakukan dan tidak ekonomis. Dengan demikian, adanya bahan organik tahan dekomposisi semacam ”biochar” akan sangat berharga sebagai sumber bahan organik untuk pertanian.
Untuk membantu mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dilaksanakan percobaan lapangan dengan tujuan mempelajari (1) stabilitas hasil tanaman ubikayu pada pola tanam tumpangsari setelah 3 tahun diberi biochar, (2) mempelajari stabilitas bahan sumber organik tanah khususnya pupuk kandang dan biochar serta pengaruhnya terhadap kesuburan tanah, dan (3) Mempelajari pengaruh biochar terhadap jasad mikro tanah, khususnya micorhyza. Percobaan dilakukan di kebun percobaan Universitas Brawijaya, Jatikerto, Malang. Perlakuan percobaan meliputi 2 pola tanam (ubikayu + jagunga dan ubikayu + kacang tanah) dan 5 perlakuan bahan amandemen (tanpa bahan amandemen sebagai control, diberi pupuk kandang sekali selama percobaan, pupuk kandang diberikan setiap awal tanam ubikayu, biochar dari pupuk kandang diberikan sekali, biochar batang ubikayu diberikan sekali). Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 3 ulangan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh positif penggunaan biochar pada sistim tumpangsari berbasis tanaman ubikayu masih bertahan sampai tanaman tahun ketiga. Pengaruh positif pupuk kandang hanya bertahan selama satu tahun, dan untuk mempertahankan pengaruh positifnya pupuk kandang harus diberikan stiap musim tanam. Hasil tanaman ubikayu pada tahun pertama adalah: 16,44 t/ha; 17,10 t/ha; 18,33 t/ha; 18.66 t/ha; 18,88 t/ha; 21,66 t/ha; 21,44 t/ha; dan 20,04 t/ha, masing masing untuk perlakuan ubikayu + jagung tanpa bahan amandemen, ubikayu + jagung ditambah pupuk kandang, ubikayu + jagung ditambah biochar pupuk kandang, ubikayu + jagung ditambah biochar batang ubikayu, ubikayu + kacang tanah tanpa bahan amandemen, ubikayu + kacang tanah ditambah pupuk kandang, ubikayu + kacang tanah ditambah biochar pupuk kandang, dan ubikayu + kacang tanah ditambah biochar batang ubikayu. Sedang hasil ubikayu tahun ketiga untuk perlakuan tersebut berturut turut adalah
16,44 t/ha; 17,10 t/ha; 18,33 t/ha; 18.66 t/ha; 18,88 t/ha; 21,66 t/ha; 21,44 t/ha; dan 20,04 t/ha. Untuk mempertahankan pengaruh positif pupuk kandang, bahan ini harus diberikan setiap kali musim tanam. Pemberian bichar berpengaruh positif terhadap perkembangan micorhiza.
SUMMARY
In order to achieve of food security, Indonesian government has selected cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as one of the food crops that should be developed. In addition, with the government decree (Peraturan Pemerintah) No. 5/2006, cassava has been selected as one of the crops to produce bio energy as a replacement of fuel energy. To obtain these goals, it is expected that by the year of 2025 Indonesia can produce 60 ton cassava tuber/year.
In Indonesia, cassava is mostly planted on marginal or degraded soil with poor fertility status, which is becoming the main limitation of cassava development to attain tose target. The main reason for a low soil fertility of cassava fields is due to the low soil organic matter content, therefore increasing soil organic matter is the most important job to do increasing cassava yield. The major problem of soil organic matter management in wet tropical such as Indonesia is the rapid decomposition of organic matter in the soil. This make the addition of organic matter should be done every year, it means uneconomically. Therefore, the it is orthwhie to study the effect of a recalcitrant organic matter source, such as “biochar” on yield and yield stability of cassava crops.
The experiment described here was aimed to study crop yield stability on cassava based cropping system after 3 years of biochar application, and the stability of soil organic matter of biochar applied soil, and the effect of biochar on mycorrhiza growth. The field experiment was done in Brawijaya University field station at Jatikerto, Malang, Indonesia. The treatments consist of 2 inter cropps (maize and peanuts), and 5 organic amendment application (No organic amendment; farmyard manure (FYM) applied once at the first year crop, FYM applied at every cassava planting, FYM biochar applied once, and cassava stem biochar applied once). These 10 tretment combinations were arranged in a Randomized Block Design with 3 replications.
The experimental results showed that the species of plant used as the intercrop and the sources of organic amendment significantly influenced crop yield stability. Until the third year of application, the yield of cassava in cassava + peanuts intercropping was relatively stable. However, the yield of cassava in maize intercropping used the yield of cassava in cassava + maize intercropping was influenced by organic amendment sources. In no organic amendment and FYM applied once, the yield decreased for the second and the third year cassava. The yield of biochar applied cassava was relarively stable. The yield of maize intercropp follows the trend of cassava yield. The yield of peanuts intercrop, however, did not significantly influenced by organic amandmend resources.
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