i
HALAMAN JUDUL
Disertasi –TI 143304
MODEL PENGELOLAAN RISIKO
SUPPLY CHAIN
MEMPERTIMBANGKAN KEPENTINGAN
MULTISTAKEHOLDER
PADA KOMODITAS TUNA
SYARIFUDDIN MABE PARENRENG NRP 2511 301 004
DOSEN PEMBIMBING:
Prof. Ir. I Nyoman Pujawan, M. Eng., Ph.D., CSCP. Putu Dana Karningsih, ST., M. Eng.Sc., Ph.D.
PROGRAM DOKTOR
KONSENTRASI REKAYASA RANTAI PASOK JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI
FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2016
iii
HALAMAN JUDUL ENGLISH
Dissertation –TI 143304
SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT MODEL
CONSIDERING INTEREST OF
MULTISTAKEHOLDER FOR TUNA COMMODITY
SYARIFUDDIN MABE PARENRENG NRP 2511 301 004
SUPERVISORS:
Prof. Ir. I Nyoman Pujawan, M. Eng., Ph.D., CSCP. Putu Dana Karningsih, ST., M. Eng.Sc., Ph.D.
DOCTORATE PROGRAM
LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
SEPULUH NOPEMBER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SURABAYA
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MODEL PENGELOLAAN RISIKO SUPPLY CHAIN
MEMPERTIMBANGKAN KEPENTINGAN MULTISTAKEHOLDER
PADA KOMODITAS TUNA
Nama Mahasiswa : Syarifuddin Mabe Parenreng
NRP : 2511301004
Promotor : Prof. Ir. I Nyoman Pujawan, M.Eng., Ph.D., CSCP. Co-Promotor : Putu Dana Karningsih, ST., M. Eng. Sc., Ph.D.
ABSTRAK Abstrak
Mengelola risiko supply chain adalah topik yang banyak dibahas dalam penelitian, namun hampir semua model atau pendekatan yang ada melihat risiko dari kepentingan satu stakeholder. Di sisi lain, supply chain biasanya melibatkan banyak stakeholder dengan kepentingan yang berbeda-beda. Suatu kejadian bisa berdampak negatif terhadap satu stakeholder, namun tidak terlalu berdampak bagi stakeholder lain. Penelitian ini membahas pengelolaan risiko supply chain yang mempertimbangkan kepentingan lebih dari satu stakeholder. Terbagi dalam dua bagian utama yaitu studi lapangan yang intinya adalah identifikasi risiko dan stakeholder serta bagian kedua adalah pengembangan model.
Observasi lapangan dilakukan pada supply chain tuna. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendapatkan peta proses supply chain, mengidentifikasi stakeholder yang terlibat serta kepentingannya, memetakan risiko yang terjadi di masing-masing tahapan supply chain dan dampak yang ditimbulkan terhadap setiap stakeholder. Tuna merupakan komoditas andalan ekspor Indonesia dan menjadi salah satu penyumbang pendapatan terbesar bagi perekonomian negara sektor perikanan. Menjadikan tuna sebagai kasus pada penelitian ini cukup tepat dalam menggambarkan risiko supply chain karena bisa dilihat dari perspektif stakeholder yang berbeda, dalam hal ini adalah pelaku usaha dan pemerintah. Pelaku usaha berkepentingan terhadap keberlanjutan bisnis sedangkan pemerintah peduli terhadap ketahanan pangan.
Pengembangan model dilakukan dengan memodifikasi model House of Risk (HOR) yang selama ini secara implisit menggunakan asumsi hanya ada satu stakeholder. Ada dua fase yang pada model HOR. Fase pertama adalah mengkaitkan antara kejadian risiko dengan agen risiko. Setiap kejadian risiko dikuantifikasikan besaran dampaknya terhadap masing-masing stakeholder. Fase pertama menghasilkan sejumlah agen risiko yang direkomendasikan untuk dicegah. Fase kedua adalah mendapatkan sejumlah aksi yang dinilai efektif dalam melakukan pencegahan terhadap agen risiko. Model yang dikembangkan ini diuji coba untuk kasus supply chain tuna. Di samping itu, dihasilkan juga model simulasi Monte Carlo yang bisa digunakan untuk menganalisis dampak finansial yang dihasilkan dari masing-masing kombinasi dari upaya aksi pencegahan.
viii Kontribusi penelitian ini meliputi aspek akademik dan manajerial. Pada aspek akademik, penelitian ini melengkapi model pengelolaan risiko dengan mempertimbangkan kepentingan multistakeholder dan mengakomodir semangat kolaborasi dalam supply chain. Pada aspek manajerial, penelitian ini memberi model alternatif dalam penyelesaian masalah yang melibatkan banyak kepentingan stakeholder dalam sebuah organisasi. Pendekatannya bersifat kuantitatif, sederhana dan terbuka bagi setiap stakeholder sehingga memungkinkan untuk mengambil keputusan yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara bersama.
Kata kunci: Risiko, supply chain, multistakeholder, konflik kepentingan, tuna, keberlanjutan bisnis, ketahanan pangan.
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SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT MODEL CONSIDERING INTERESTOF MULTISTAKEHOLDER
FOR TUNA COMMODITY
Name : Syarifuddin Mabe Parenreng Student ID : 2511301004
Supervisor : Prof. Ir. I Nyoman Pujawan, M.Eng., Ph.D., CSCP. Co- Supervisor : Putu Dana Karningsih, ST., M. Eng. Sc., Ph.D.
Abstract
Managing risk in supply chain is an emerging topic in supply chain and risk management research, but most of the published models or approaches consider the risk from interests of one stakeholder only. On the other hand, supply chain typically involves multistakeholders with different interests. An event can have a negative impact on one stakeholder, but less impact on the other stakeholders. This study addresses supply chain risk management that considers the interests of more than one stakeholder. This research is divided into two main parts: A field study that is essentially a process for identification of risks and relevant stakeholders and the second part is the development of risk supply chain risk management that consider multi-stakeholders.
Field study was conducted on tuna supply chain. The objective was to get a map of the supply chain processes, identify the relevant stakeholders and their interests, mapping the risks event at each stage of the supply chain and the risk impact on each stakeholder. Tuna is an export commodity from Indonesia and became one of the largest revenue contributors to national economic income of the fisheries sector. Tuna as a case in this study is quite appropriate in describing the risk of supply chain from different perspective of stakeholders, in this case are business players and government. Business players concern for business sustainability while government interest on food security.
The model development was done by modifying the House of Risk (HOR) model which has been implicitly uses the assumption that the risks were relevant to one stakeholder only. There are two phases in the HOR. The first phase is determining the degree of relationship between risk events and risk agents. Every risk event was assessed in terms of its impact on each stakeholder. The first phase results in a number of recommended risk agents that need to be prioritized , and the second phase is to select a number of preventive actions that are considered cost effective to mitigate. The model was tested for the case of tuna supply chain.
x In addition, the model used a Monte Carlo simulation to analyze the financial impacts resulting from each combination of preventive actions.
The studies contribute to the academic and managerial sides. In the academic side, this study complements the risk management model considering the interests of multistakeholder and accommodates the spirit of collaboration in the supply chain. At the managerial side, this study provides an alternative model for mitigating risks that involve the interests of multistakeholders. The approach is quantitative, simple and allowing each stakeholder to partisipate for making joint decision.
Keywords: supply chain, risk, multistakeholder, conflict of interest, tuna, business sustainability, food security.
xiii
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul ... i
Lembar Pengesahan ... iii
Abstrak ... vii
Kata Pengantar ... xi
Daftar Isi... xiii
Daftar Gambar ... xvii
Daftar Tabel ... xix
Bab 1 PENDAHULUAN ... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ... 1
1.2 Relevansi Penelitian ... 6
1.3 Rumusan Masalah... 9
1.4 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian ... 10
1.5 Cakupan dan Fokus Penelitian ... 11
1.6 Batasan Masalah ... 12
1.7 Manfaat Penelitian ... 13
1.8 Desain dan Sistematika Penulisan ... 14
Bab 2 KAJIAN PUSTAKA ... 17
2.1 Supply Chain Management ... 17
2.1.1 Supply Chain Produk Komoditas ... 19
2.1.2 Definisi dan Klasifikasi Produk Komoditas ... 21
2.1.3 Penelitian Terdahulu Tentang Supply Chain Produk Komoditas ... 24
2.1.4 Tantangan Penelitian Pada Supply Chain Produk Komoditas ... 25
2.2 Risiko dan Ketidakpastian ... 26
2.2.1 Penilaian Risiko ... 27
xiv
2.3 Supply Chain Risk Management ... 32
2.3.1 Definisi dan perkembangan Supply Chain Risk Management ... 34
2.3.2 Klasifikasi dan sumber risiko supply chain ... 36
2.3.3 Penelitian Terdahulu Tentang Supply Chain Risk Management ... 38
2.3.4 Risiko Supply Chain Komoditas ... 49
2.3.5 Tantangan Penelitian Risiko Supply chain Produk Komoditas ... 51
2.4 Stakeholder Management ... 51
2.4.1 Teori dan Definisi Stakeholder ... 52
2.4.2 Analisis Stakeholder ... 54
2.4.3 Multistakeholder dalam supply chain risk management ... 56
2.5 Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (Sustainable development) ... 58
2.5.1 Ketahanan Pangan (Food security) ... 59
2.5.2 Definisi dan Dimensi Food security ... 61
2.5.3 Penelitian Terdahulu Risiko Supply Chain terkait Food Security ... 62
2.5.4 Peluang Penelitian Risiko Supply Chain dan Food Security 64 2.6 Metodologi Pengelolaan Risiko Supply Chain ... 65
2.7 Gap Penelitian ... 67
Bab 3 METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ... 71
3.1 Pendahuluan ... 71
3.2 Desain Penelitian... 71
3.3 Framework Penelitian ... 73
3.3.1 Pemetaan Supply chain ... 74
3.3.2 Penilaian risiko ... 74
3.3.3 Perlakuan Risiko ... 75
3.4 Metode Penelitian ... 76
xv
3.4.2 Simulasi ... 81
Bab 4 IDENTIFIKASI RISIKO, PROSES DAN STAKEHOLDER PADA SUPPLY CHAIN TUNA ... 87
4.1 Pendahuluan... 87
4.2 Komoditas Tuna ... 88
4.3 Identifikasi risiko supply chain tuna ... 91
4.3.1 Fishing ... 91
4.3.2 Trading ... 95
4.3.3 Processing ... 97
4.3.4 Distribution ... 98
4.4 Stakeholder supply chain tuna ... 101
4.5 Analisis ... 105
4.6 Kesimpulan ... 111
Bab 5 PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PENGELOLAAN RISIKO SUPPLY CHAIN MULTISTAKEHOLDER ... 115
5.1 Pendahuluan... 115
5.2 Pengembangan Model ... 117
5.2.1 House of Risk (HOR)... 118
5.2.2 Model HOR Multistakeholder ... 120
5.3 Studi Kasus HOR Multistakeholder pada Supply Chain Tuna Bitung 125 5.3.1 Framework multistakeholer supply chain tuna ... 125
5.3.2 Pelaku dan Proses Supply Chain Tuna ... 127
5.3.3 Identifikasi Risiko Supply Chain tuna Bitung... 128
5.3.4 Penilaian Risiko Supply Chain Tuna Bitung... 137
5.3.5 Memilih Preventive Action (PA) ... 143
5.4 Analisis dan Diskusi ... 150
5.5 Kesimpulan ... 153
Bab 6 ESTIMASI DAN SIMULASI BIAYA RISIKO ... 155
xvi
6.2 Estimasi Biaya Risiko ... 156
6.2.1 Estimasi Biaya Risk event (RE) Supply chain Tuna ... 157
6.2.2 Estimasi Biaya Preventive Action (PA) Supply chain Tuna167 6.3 Simulasi Biaya Risiko ... 176
6.3.1 Biaya risk event/ risk event cost (REC) dan Biaya preventive action/ preventive action cost (PAC) ... 176
6.3.2 Variabel Keputusan dan Fungsi Obyektif ... 177
6.3.3 Pelaksanaan Simulasi ... 178
6.3.4 Hasil Simulasi ... 181
6.3.5 Perbaikan Kondisi Risiko Supply Chain Tuna ... 187
6.4 Analisis... 191
6.5 Kesimpulan ... 193
Bab 7 RINGKASAN DAN KESIMPULAN ... 195
7.1 Ringkasan ... 195 7.2 Kesimpulan ... 197 7.3 Kontribusi... 200 7.4 Keterbatasan ... 201 7.5 Penelitian lanjut... 201 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ... 203 LAMPIRAN ... 209
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