RINGKASAN
Pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan mempunyai perbedaan jika dibandingkan dengan bidang yang ada didaratan misalnya kehutanan, terhadap hutan dilakukan pengukuhan kawasan hutan untuk membedakan antara hutan negara dengan hutan hak, tidak demikian terhadap bidang kelautan. Merumuskan rezim “property rights” di wilayah pesisir dan laut tidak semudah seperti merumuskannya di wilayah hutan. Pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan bagian dari pengelolaan sumber daya alam (agraria dalam arti luas), sehingga pengelolaan kelautan perlu untuk melihat dan menyesuaikan dengan prinsip-prinsip yang ada dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam, dengan demikian perlu digali seperti apakah pengelolaan kelautan yang berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip hukum sumber daya alam, termasuk terkait masalah konsepsi penguasaan negara atas sumber daya alam, khusus dengan sumber daya kelautan hal ini akan berkaitan juga dengan konsep kedaulatan dan hak berdaulat.
Pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan kelautan istilah kelautan secara umum berhubungan dengan kegiatan di laut yang meliputi dasar laut dan tanah di bawahnya, badan air, landas kontinen termasuk sumber kekayaan yang ada di dalamnya, kegiatan di permukaan laut, dan ruang di atasnya. UUPA menjadikan laut sebagai bagian dari air dapat dilihat pada Pasal 1 ayat (1) Seluruh wilayah Indonesia adalah kesatuan tanah air dari seluruh rakyat Indonesia, yang bersatu sebagai bangsa Indonesia. (2) Seluruh bumi, air dan ruang angkasa termasuk kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya dalam wilayah Republik Indonesia, sebagai karunia Tuhan Yang Maha Esa adalah bumi, air dan
ruang angkasa bangsa Indonesia dan merupakan kekayaan nasional. Laut tidak mungkin dipagari secara fisik sebagai tanda batas wilayah atau pun diduduki sepanjang tahun sebagai penguasaan. Hak Penguasaan oleh Negara tidak lepas dari wilayah yang di kuasai oleh Negara, demikian juga jika dikaitkan dengan hak menguasai Negara atas sumber daya alam dalam hal ini khusunya sumber daya kelautan juga sangat terkait dengan wilayah Negara.
Wilayah Hukum Kelautan Indonesia ialah wilayah atau daerah dimana dapat dilakukan pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan berdasarkan ketentuan- ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan Negara Republik Indonesia dan terkait langsung dengan wilayah laut Indonesia. Perairan Indonesia adalah laut teritorial Indonesia beserta perairan kepulauan dan perairan pedalamannya. Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia memiliki: a. kedaulatan pada perairan pedalaman, perairan Kepulauan, dan laut teritorial; b. yurisdiksi tertentu pada Zona Tambahan; dan c. hak berdaulat pada Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif dan Landas Kontinen. Sedang untuk pelaksanaannya lebih lanjut disebut dalam Kedaulatan, yurisdiksi tertentu, dan hak berdaulat di dalam wilayah perairan dan wilayah yurisdiksi dilaksanakan berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan dan hukum Internasional.
Prinsip hukum dalam pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan tidak dapat lepas dari prinsip hukum dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam, Jika dilihat secara garis besar penerapan prinsip pengelolaan sumber daya alam dalam bidang kelautan maka dapat di rangkum dalam tiga prinsip yaitu; (1) Prinsip keberlanjutan, Untuk dapat memanfaatkan sumber daya kelautan bagi pengembangan wilayah nasional
secara berkelanjutan serta menjamin kepentingan umum secara luas, diperlukan sebuah konsep pengelolaan wilayah yang bertujuan agar seluruh sumber daya dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya dapat dikelola dan dimanfaatkan secara optimal. (2) Prinsip keterpaduan dan kordinasi, Pengelolaan kelautan terkait dengan penataan ruang laut yang merupakan upaya untuk mewujudkan keterpaduan penggunaan berbagai sumberdaya, merekatkan dan menyeimbangkan pembangunan nasional dan kesatuan wilayah nasional, meningkatkan keserasian antar kawasan, keterpaduan antar sektor pembangunan melalui proses penataan ruang dalam rangka pencapaian tujuan pembangunan nasional, salah satu prinsip yang mendasar dalam kerangka penataan ruang yang berfungsi untuk memberikan landasan untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai kepentingan baik yang bersifat kewilayaan maupun sektoral. Hal ini disebabkan karena pengelolaan subsistem yang satu berpengaruh terhadap subsistem yang lain dan pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi sistem wilayah ruang nasional secara keseluruhan. Selain hal-hal yang dikemukakan diatas, terdapat pula beberapa hal pokok yang menjadi dasar dari prinsip keterpaduan yakni keterpaduan perencanaan sektoral secara horizontal dan vertikal; keterpaduan ekosistem darat dan laut; keterpaduan sains dan manejemen; dan keterpaduan antar negara. (3) Prinsip otonomi dan Desentralisasi dalam Kerangka Negara Kesatuan, Pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan terkait
dengan konsep tata ruang, penataan ruang laut bersifat keseluruhan dalam wilayah Negara Indonesia mulai dari tingkat nasional, propinsi dan kebupaten kota masing-masing mempunyai fungsi dan wewenang yang harus saling menguatkan.
dengan adanya otonomi daerah, penataan ruang juga laut menjadi bagian penting
bagi daerah dalam pengaturan batas wilayah pengelolaan sumber daya di wilayah laut sesuai dengan kewenangannya. Karena itu pengaturan yang jelas terhadap batas wilayah perencanaan, khususnya dalam batas wilayah laut yang menjadi batasan kewenangan pemerintah pusat dan daerah, yang akan menjadi wilayah kewenangannya.
Implementasi pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan dalam Perundang- undangan di Indonesia, hendaknya merupakan perwujudan dari prinsip keberlanjutan, prinsip keterpaduan dan kordinasi, dan prinsip otonomi dan desentralisasi dalam kerangka Negara kesatuan. Beberapa permasalahan terkait pengelolaan sumber daya kelautan ialah hak apa yang dapat diberikan dan pembagian kewenangan serta kelembagaannya, peruntukan Kawasan dan Izin Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Kelautan.
SUMMARY
Management of marine resources have differences when compared with the existing fields on land eg forestry, forest conducted the inaugural forests to distinguish between state forests with forest rights, not so for the maritime field.
Formulating the regime "property rights" in the coastal and marine areas is not as easy as it formulates in forest areas. Management of marine resources section of natural resource management (agrarian in the broad sense), so that the management of marine needs to see and adjust the existing principles in the management of natural resources, thus need to be explored such as whether marine management based on the principles natural resources law, including issues related to the conception of state control over natural resources, specifically with marine resources this will relate well to the concept of sovereignty and sovereign rights.
Management of marine resources can not be separated by marine marine term generally associated with activities at sea which includes the seabed and the subsoil thereof, bodies of water, including the continental shelf source of wealth that is in it, the activities at sea level, and the space above it. UUPA make the sea as part of the water can be seen in Article 1 (1) The whole territory of Indonesia is the unity of the homeland of all Indonesian people, who are united as a nation of Indonesia. (2) The whole earth, water and air space, including natural resources contained within the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, as a gift of God Almighty is the earth, water and space of Indonesia and is a national treasure. Sea may not be physically fenced off as a sign of boundaries or occupied throughout
the year as mastery. Tenure by the State can not be separated from the territory controlled by the State, as well as if it is associated with the State the right to control over natural resources in this regard especially marine resources is also strongly linked to the territory.
Maritime Law Indonesian region is the area or areas where it can do the management of marine resources under the provisions of the legislation of the Republic of Indonesia and directly related to the sea area of Indonesia. Indonesia is the territorial sea waters of Indonesia and archipelagic waters and inland waters.
Unitary Republic of Indonesia has: a. sovereignty in inland waters, the waters of the islands, and the territorial sea; b. certain jurisdictions Supplement Zone; and c.
sovereign rights in the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf. As for further implementation is called the sovereignty, jurisdictions, and the sovereign rights in the waters and the territorial jurisdiction conducted under the provisions of the legislation and international law.
Legal principles in the management of marine resources can not be separated from the principle or principles of law in the management of natural resources, If seen in outline the application of the principles of natural resource management in the marine sector can be summarized in three principles, namely;
(1) The principle of sustainability, to be able to exploit marine resources for sustainable development of national territory and ensure the public interest at large, needed a concept that aims to make management of all resources and the natural resources contained within it can be managed and utilized optimally. (2) The principle of integration and coordination, management of marine related to
marine spatial planning which is an attempt to create an integrated use of various resources, glue and balancing national development and unity of the national territory, increasing intra-regional harmony, integration between the construction sector through the process of spatial planning in order the achievement of national development goals, one of the fundamental principles in spatial planning framework that serves to provide a foundation for integrating the various interests of both kewilayaan or sector. This is because the management subsystem that one affects the other subsystems and can ultimately affect the system as a whole territory of the national space. In addition to the things mentioned above, there are also some key points that form the basis of the principle of integration of the integration of sectoral planning horizontally and vertically; integration of terrestrial and marine ecosystems; integration of science and the management; and integration between countries. (3) The principle of autonomy and decentralization in a unitary state framework, management of marine resources associated with the concept of spatial, marine spatial planning is the overall in the territory of Indonesia ranging from national, provincial and district cities each have the functions and authority that should be mutually strengthen. with the regional autonomy, marine spatial planning is also an important part of the region in setting boundaries in the management of marine resources in accordance with their authority. Because of the clear arrangement of the planning area boundaries, especially in the sea boundaries that limit the authority of the central and local governments, which would be within their authority.
Implementation of the management of marine resources in the Legislation in Indonesia, should be a manifestation of the principle of sustainability, the principle of integration and coordination, and the principle of autonomy and decentralization within the framework of unity. Some problems related to the management of marine resources is what can be given rights and distribution of authority and institutional designation Permit Areas and Marine Resources Management.
ABSTRACT
Management of Marine Resources on Legal Agrarian Basri
The marine resource management is a part of natural resource management, which aims to improve people's welfare. Management of marine resources has characteristics typical utilization can be done in three dimensions, namely the sea surface, column and seabed and marine natural resources contained therein.
During this marine area management arrangements tend to be exploitative, inefficient, and unsustainable Many of the factors that led to the ineffectiveness of these coastal resources management, among others, the ambiguity of the ownership and control of resources, legal uncertainty, and conflict management, it encourages the various stakeholders to exploit the resource coastal areas and marine excessive, and trends. Various regulatory legislation related to natural resource management activities in the field of marine had been enacted by the government, either by the central government and local government, the activities stipulated in the legislation generally sectoral. This will hamper from the purpose of the prosperity of the People.
Type of this research is normative legal research, the approach consists of:
Approach Statute, Conceptual Approach, Comparative Approach, Case Approach.
Legal principles marine resources should be in line with the principles as set out in the Decree on Agrarian Reform and Natural Resources Management which require, among other things, "Management of natural resources contained on land, sea and sky done optimally, equitable, sustainable and friendly environment
"philosophy, principles and implementation of the characteristics of marine resources. in addition to the management of marine resources are some of the most important principles of covering the three principles, namely, (1). The principle of sustainability; (2). The principle of integration and coordination; (3).
The principle of autonomy and decentralization within the framework of unity.
Implementation of the management of marine resources in Legislation in Indonesia, should be a manifestation of the principle of sustainability, the principle of integration and coordination, and the principle of autonomy and decentralization within the framework of unity. In order to create a regulatory harmonization should begin with a zoning plan for the marine space menharmoniskan institutional and marine management authority, designation and management of marine resources permit.
