Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa Novel.

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ABSTRACT

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

Code switching is a phenomenon in which people use more than one language in the same discourse (Numan & Carter, 2001). There are pros and cons about code switching. Some people say that code switching is a form of failure in mastering languages. Some other say that code switching is a creative process in acquiring languages. Based on those opinions, the researcher aims to conduct a research on the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara, a main character of “Antologi Rasa” novel written by Ika Natassa.

In doing this research, the researcher used a qualitative method, specifically content analysis. First, the data were selected and coded. After that, the data findings were categorized based on the types and speech functions. The types of code switching were analysed by applying Poplack’s theory (1980), and the speech functions were analyzed by applying Appel and Muysken’s theory (1987).

This research revealed that there are three types of code switching that were used by Keara. Those types are tag, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential switching. The most frequently used is intra-sentential switching (58.95%), while the least frequently used is tag switching (7.3%). For the speech functions, from six functions, there are five functions found in the novel. Those speech functions found in the novel were referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions. There is no directive functions used in the novel. The most frequently used is metalinguistic function (37.4%), and the least frequently used is poetic function (4.6%). There is one more finding, which is the combinations of expressive and phatic functions (5%). It is the proof that code switching is the result of human’s creativity.

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ABSTRAK

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Alih kode atau code switching adalah fenomena dimana dua bahasa atau lebih digunakan dalam waktu yang sama. Fenomena ini menimbulkan pro dan kontra dalam masyarakat sendiri. Beberapa beranggapan bahwa alih kode ini adalah dampak dari penguasaan bahasa yang tidak sempurna. Beberapa lainnya menganggap alih kode adalah suatu proses kreatif dalam mempelajari bahasa. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti tipe-tipe dan fungsi atas penggunaan alih kode oleh seorang karakter utama dalam sebuah novel bertajuk “Antologi Rasa” karya Ika Natassa.

Dalam melakukan penelitian, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan content analysis. Langkah pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah membaca serta mendaftar penggunaan alih kode yang digunakan oleh karakter utama yang terdapat pada novel. Kemudian data yang didapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan tipe dan fungsi penggunaannya. Untuk tipe alih kode, penelitian ini menggunakan teori dari Poplack (1980), dan untuk fungsi penggunaan alih kode digunakan teori dari Appel dan Muysken (1987).

Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada tiga tipe alih kode yang digunakan oleh Keara. Ketiga tipe tersebut adalah tag, intra-sentential, dan inter-sentential switching. Tipe yang paling sering digunakan adalah intra-sentential switching (58.95%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah tag switching (7,3%). Sedangkan untuk fungsi menggunakan alih kode, dari enam fungsi yang ada, ada lima yang digunakan dalam novel. Fungsi-fungsi tersebut adalah referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, dan poetic functions. Fungsi yang paling sering digunakan adalah metalinguistic function (37,4%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah poetic function (4,6%). Selain itu, expressive dan phatic function (5%) juga digunakan secara bersamaan. Hal ini merupakan bukti bahwa code switching merupakan hasil dari kreatifitas manusia.

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TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN ANTOLOGI RASA NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Riesna Nur Hutami

131214003

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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i

TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN ANTOLOGI RASA NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Riesna Nur Hutami

131214003

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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iv

This Thesis is dedicated to my beloved mother Narsilah, S.Pd. and my beloved

father Aries Kuntadi who always support and pray for me, and also to my beloved

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vi ABSTRACT

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

Code switching is a phenomenon in which people use more than one language in the same discourse (Numan & Carter, 2001). There are pros and cons about code switching. Some people say that code switching is a form of failure in mastering languages. Some other say that code switching is a creative process in acquiring languages. Based on those opinions, the researcher aims to conduct a research on the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara, a main character of “Antologi Rasa” novel written by Ika Natassa.

In doing this research, the researcher used a qualitative method, specifically content analysis. First, the data were selected and coded. After that, the data findings were categorized based on the types and speech functions. The types of code switching were analysed by applying Poplack’s theory (1980), and the speech functions were analyzed by applying Appel and Muysken’s theory (1987).

This research revealed that there are three types of code switching that were used by Keara. Those types are tag, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential switching. The most frequently used is intra-sentential switching (58.95%), while the least frequently used is tag switching (7.3%). For the speech functions, from six functions, there are five functions found in the novel. Those speech functions found in the novel were referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions. There is no directive functions used in the novel. The most frequently used is metalinguistic function (37.4%), and the least frequently used is poetic function (4.6%). There is one more finding, which is the combinations of expressive and phatic functions (5%). It is the proof that code switching is the result of human’s creativity.

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vii ABSTRAK

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Alih kode atau code switching adalah fenomena dimana dua bahasa atau lebih digunakan dalam waktu yang sama. Fenomena ini menimbulkan pro dan kontra dalam masyarakat sendiri. Beberapa beranggapan bahwa alih kode ini adalah dampak dari penguasaan bahasa yang tidak sempurna. Beberapa lainnya menganggap alih kode adalah suatu proses kreatif dalam mempelajari bahasa. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti tipe-tipe dan fungsi atas penggunaan alih kode oleh seorang karakter utama dalam sebuah novel bertajuk “Antologi Rasa” karya Ika Natassa.

Dalam melakukan penelitian, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan content analysis. Langkah pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah membaca serta mendaftar penggunaan alih kode yang digunakan oleh karakter utama yang terdapat pada novel. Kemudian data yang didapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan tipe dan fungsi penggunaannya. Untuk tipe alih kode, penelitian ini menggunakan teori dari Poplack (1980), dan untuk fungsi penggunaan alih kode digunakan teori dari Appel dan Muysken (1987).

Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada tiga tipe alih kode yang digunakan oleh Keara. Ketiga tipe tersebut adalah tag, intra-sentential, dan inter-sentential switching. Tipe yang paling sering digunakan adalah intra-sentential switching (58.95%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah tag switching (7,3%). Sedangkan untuk fungsi menggunakan alih kode, dari enam fungsi yang ada, ada lima yang digunakan dalam novel. Fungsi-fungsi tersebut adalah referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, dan poetic functions. Fungsi yang paling sering digunakan adalah metalinguistic function (37,4%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah poetic function (4,6%). Selain itu, expressive dan phatic function (5%) juga digunakan secara bersamaan. Hal ini merupakan bukti bahwa code switching merupakan hasil dari kreatifitas manusia.

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viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This piece of work, a bundle of paper, a bunch of story which is called as a

thesis, the requirement to graduate with S.Pd. title from Sanata Dharma University, I humbly present to those who have encouraged me to finish this

thesis and my study.

I cannot say more to my classmates in Class A, small Class A whom I

cannot mention one by one, for being my biggest reason to be able to graduate as

soon as possible. My best friend with whom I spend and survive in this battleship

“Moon”, I thank him for being my best friend, partner in crime, personal advisor,

and biggest rival.

My special gratitude to my kind-hearted advisor, Truly Almendo Pasaribu, S.S., M.A. for her time, willingness, advice, and guidance. My gratitude goes to my academic advisor, Drs. Y.B.Gunawan, M.A., for being the nicest advisor and lecturer. My favorite lecturer, Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd., who gave me inspiration in the first time to write about Linguistics.

The greatest gratitude goes to my parents, Aries Kuntadi and Narsilah, S.Pd. who always shower me with love, since I was a kid. For the endless love, pray, and support, there is nothing I can do to pay all of those sacrifices. I thank

them for staying by, believing, and encouraging me even when others doubt me.

My little brother, Riesna Deby Mega Rizkia who always becomes my mood booster, I thank for supporting me to finish my study and get a job as soon as

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ix

And last, but not least, Allah SWT, The Creator, The Initiator of All, The Guide, and The Infallible Teacher, without His blessing I would not be here and

this thesis would not have existed. And for He is The True Creator of this life and

the after life.

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x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Blueprint of the Data Sheet of the Types and Speech Functions of Code

Switching Used by Keara ... 30

4.1 The Data Findings of the Types of Code Switching... 33

4.2 The Data Findings of the Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1. Data findings of the types and speech functions of code switching ... 65

2. Synopsis of Antologi Rasa novel ... 222

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the introduction of the research which consists of

four parts. The first part is the background of the study which explains on the

reasons of conducting this research. The second part deals with the research

questions, those which will be discovered in this research. The next part is about

research significant in which the research gives contribution. The last part is

definition of terms which will explain the terms which are used in this research.

A. Research Background

Today, people can easily communicate with other people even when they

are separated by the distance. Distance means nothing in this global and modern

era. As the way to communicate between people from one region and other

regions, even other countries are widely opened now, people nowadays mostly

can speak in more than one, even two languages. The ability to speak more than

one language is one of the factors which influences the society into bilingual or

even multilingual. Hoffman (1991) says that bilingualism is “a natural onset of

interethnic, international, interlinguistic communication” (p. 351).

One of the impacts of bilingual and multilingual societies is the occurrence

of code switching. Code switching is mostly done with spoken action (Nordquist,

2016). However, lately, we can find many code switching used in written articles

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bilingual and multilingual speakers. It even influences the way they write, not

only the way they speak.

There are several studies done in researching about code switching which

is found in written documents such as novels. Here are some of those studies. The

first one is a study of code mixing and code switching by Riana Suherman from

Universitas Pamulang. The study was entitled as “An Analysis of Code Mixing and Code Switching in a Novel ‘Divortiare’ by Ika Natassa”. It was conducted in

2012 with the main focuses were on the types, functions, and reasons of using

code mixing and code switching. In conducting this study, Riana used three

different theories. In analyzing the types of code switching, she used Peter

Stockwell’s theory; in analyzing the functions of code switching, she used

Saville-Troike’s theory; and in analyzing the reasons of using code switching, she used

Mayerhoff’s theory.

The second study is “An Analysis of Code Mixing and Code Switching in the Novel Rojak by Fira Basuki”. It was conducted by Eva Kusuma Dewi, a

student from Universitas Muhammadiah Surabaya in 2013. In this study, Eva

analyzed the types and reasons of code switching used in the novel.

“Code-Switching in N.H Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca Kembali ke Semarang” is the next study which was written by a student from

Sanata Dharma University, Fransisca Galih Permatasari. This study was written in

2014. There were two things which were discussed in this study. The first one was

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(1994). The second one was the reasons of using code switching, which was

analyzed by using Crystal’s theory (1987).

The next study was written in 2015. The study was entitled as “ Code-Mixing and Code Switching Analysis on Ranah 3 Warna Novel”, from a student

of Universitas Diponegoro. There were two things which were discussed here.

The first one was the types and the second one was the factors of code switching.

Both of the types and reasons of code switching were discussed by using Suwito

(1985) and Jendra (2001)’s theory.

Those are some studies which used novels in analyzing the phenomenon of

code switching in a written discourse. Using novels to analyze code switching

provides us with a lot of data. It is because novel contains many pages and it

enables us to get the data which are needed. Based on those studies, the researcher

decided to write a research with the similar topic, which is about code switching

in a novel. However, here, the researcher focuses on the code switching which is

used by the main character of the novel.

In this research, the researcher wants to present an example of a novel

which uses so many code switching. The tittle of the novel is Antologi Rasa. It is a

novel which is written by Ika Natassa, a business banker who now is also a writer

and photographer. She spent her senior high school time in Stanton, Iowa, USA.

She also worked as the apprentice in Australia’s Department of Primary Industry

and Fisheries in Darwin, and ACTEW Corporation Limited in Canberra. She

spent a great deal of her time overseas and therefore it affects the way she speaks.

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This novel is quite unique because it has three different points of view

from the three main characters. In this novel, we are able to see the feeling of

those three characters. Those characters are Keara, Harris, and Ruly. However,

Keara is the one who used code switching more frequent than the others. That is

why the researcher decided to analyze the code switching used by Keara.

Even though there are many studies with the similar topic, there are some

things which make this research different with the previous studies. First, in this

research, the researcher describes the types and speech functions of code

switching used by Keara. Second, as stated in the first reason, the researcher

focuses only on the code switching used by Keara, the main character in the

novel. Therefore, this research will not discuss the code switching in the whole

novel. Third, the researcher uses specific theories to discuss the types and speech

functions of code switching, not a general one.

This research uses the theory from Poplack (1980) in analyzing the types

of code switching. While, in analyzing the speech functions of code switching, the

researcher uses Appel and Muysken’s theory (1987). The reason of using

Poplack’s theory in analyzing the types of code switching, and Appel and

Muysken’s theory in analyzing the speech functions of code switching is that

these theories have not been used by those previous studies which are mentioned

before. By using different theories that have not been used before, it will enable us

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B. Research Questions

In conducting this research, there are several things that will be discussed.

Those things are formulated into two research questions. The research questions

which are discussed in this research are:

1. What are the types of code switching used by Keara based on Poplack’s

theory?

2. What are the speech functions of using code switching by Keara based on

Appel and Muysken’s theory?

C. Research Significance

There are several things that are expected while conducting this research. It

is not only to the researcher, but also to those who read this research. This

research is also expected to give contribution to some parties, which are students

in English Language Education Study Program, lecturers in English Language

Education Study Program, and readers in general.

1. Students in English Language Education Study Program

This research is expected to give contribution in helping those who study

in English Language Education Study Program when they are discussing about

code switching. This research is expected to give another example and

explanation about the use of code switching, that code switching is not only found

in spoken discourse but also in written discourse. By explaining the phenomenon

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better understanding on the related topic. Besides, learning about code switching

will help them obtain better knowledge in language learning.

2. Lecturers in English Language Education Study Program

This research is expected to help the lecturers in English Language

Education Study Program, especially those who teach Sociolinguistics. It is

expected that this research will give them another source of discussing about code

switching. Usually, the lecturers will discuss the phenomenon of code switching

in spoken discourse. Therefore, by this research, it is expected that the discussion

about code switching will be broaden, not only in spoken but also written

discourse. It will also enable us to study more about the phenomenon of code

switching.

3. Readers in general

To the readers of this research, this research is expected to broaden their

knowledge and make them to be more aware of the code switching phenomenon.

Many people think that code switching occurs because of the lack of

understanding and mastering the vocabulary of one language. However, this

research is expected to change their way of perceiving code switching. There are

many reasons of using code switching, other than vocabulary lack.

D. Definition of Terms

Definition of terms are given to avoid misunderstanding and

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some terms which need to be defined. They are character, novel, Antologi Rasa, bilingual and multilingual, and code switching.

1. Characters

Character is one of the attributes or features that makes up and

distinguishes an individual. It is an imagery person which is created by the author

to support his work. There are some kind of characters. The most popular ones are

protagonist and antagonist characters; main and supporting characters; and static

and dynamic characters. A protagonist character is the one who often engages

readers’ interest. In other hand, an antagonist character is often hated by the

readers. In a stereotype view, the protagonist character is usually seen as the good

one or the angel, whereas the antagonist character is seen as the bad one, the evil.

A main character is the one who always or mostly shown in the story. He gets the

biggest part of the story. A supporting character appears in some parts only, not

the whole story. A static character is the one who does not change or develop

throughout the story. In opposite, a dynamic character is the one who grows and

develops throughout the story. In this research, the character which is used is the

main as a dynamic characters.

2. Novels

Novel is an imaginative prose which has certain length and usually deals

with human experiences. It also has sequence events and each event happens in

specific setting. Peck and Coyle (1984) say that novel moves from religious view

of life to the modern complexion of everyday life. Another definition of novel is

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Its purpose is to reflect and express some of human experiences or conducts

(Taylor, 1981). It also carries some meaning and values of life.

3. Antologi Rasa

Antologi Rasa is a novel by Ika Natassa which is published in 2011 and it has been published three times. The last version is included with a visual design

of some scenes in the novel which are made by Natassa herself. Antologi Rasa is one of the special novels. Besides the visual design, this novel also provides us

with three different points of view from the three main characters. The first point

of view is from Keara’s, followed by Harris’s and then Ruly’s point of view. It

makes this novel special and different from Natassa’s previous novels.

4. Bilingual and Multilingual

Bilingual is a condition in which people can understand two languages,

whether they have already mastered it or slightly understood it. Appel and

Muysken (1987) state that bilingualism is an open-ended semantics concept

because it enables the researcher to choose which language suits the best for his

purpose. Salla (2010) also states that bilingualism is an effect of the

communication of people with different languages. Whereas multilingualism is “a

result of historical events which make changes in power, border, and immigration

to new found lands” (Salla, 2010, p. 397).

5. Code Switching

Code switching is the change of one language into two or more languages

which happens in the same occasion. Wardaugh (1986) states that a code is a

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often differentiate between code switching and code mixing, and some other do

not differentiate it. However, in this research, the researcher chooses to use the

same definition for code switching and code mixing as the changes of code or

language in the same discourse. It is supported by Saville-Troike (2003) that “I

avoid that term because of the pejorative connotation that intersentential switching

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10 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides the review of related literature. There are two

sections in this chapter which are theoretical description and theoretical

framework. Theoretical description explains the relevant theories used in this

research. Theoretical framework summarizes and synthesizes all theories which

help the researcher in conducting the research to answer the research questions.

A. Theoretical Description

In this section, before we go further to code switching, there are some

terms in which should be discussed in order to know more on the phenomenon of

code switching. Code switching is believed as the result of bilingual and

multilingual societies. In bilingual and multilingual societies, people have the

ability to understand and speak more than one or two languages. Therefore, the

first thing which will be discussed is bilingual and multilingual, followed by code

switching, a brief description about Antologi Rasa and Keara, types of code switching, and the last one is speech functions of code switching.

1. Bilingual and Multilingual

In this era, there are so many bilingual and multilingual societies.

According to Hoffman (1991) bilingual is “a natural phenomenon born over the

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friendly, commercial or belligerent” (p. 1). In addition, Hoffman (1991) also states

that “bilingualism arises as a result of contract, spreads throughout community

and is maintained depends on whether the conditions for its development are

right” (p. 3). One of the factors of bilingualism and multilingualism is “the

constant contacts that always influence in some way the speech behavior of the

people involved – and therefore, eventually, their languages are affected by

borrowing or change” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 1). As there are some people in

bilingual and multilingual societies who are able to speak in more than one or two

languages, there are some effects which appear as the results. One of the effects is

code switching.

2. Code Switching

The terms of code switching is not strange anymore. Actually, code itself is

“a verbal component that can be as small as a morpheme or as comprehensive and

complex as the entire system of language” (Ayeomoni, 2006, p. 91). Whereas

code switching, according to Numan and Carter (2001) is “a phenomenon of

switching from one language to another in the same discourse” (as cited in Sert,

2005, p. 1). In addition, Poplack (2000) says that “code switching has been

defined as the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence, or

constituent” (as cited in Pollard, 2002, p. 3). Furthermore, Bokamba (1989)

defines code switching as “the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two

distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within the same

speech event”. Therefore, we can conclude that code switching is the change of

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Code switching can be said as the result of bilingual and multilingual

societies, as stated before. It is supported by Gal (1988) that code switching is “a

conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to

create evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations”

(as cited in Wardaugh, 1986, p. 103). Code switching is also the most creative

aspect as the result of bilingual speech (Hoffman, 1991). However, some people

argue that code switching is the result of human creativity. Some of them think

that code switching occurs because of the lack of vocabulary that bilingual person

has. It is also considered as “linguistic decay” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 109). Hammink

(2000) comments that code switching is a result of incomplete mastery of the two

languages, and considered as a low prestige form, incorrect, and poor language.

3. Brief Description of Antologi Rasa and Keara

Antologi Rasa is the fourth book by Ika Natassa after A Very Yuppy Wedding, Divortiare, and Underground. Even though she is a banker, she still manages her time to write an interesting and addictive novel such as this one.

Different from the three other novels of her, this novel presents the readers with

three points of view from the three main characters, Keara, Harris, and Ruly.

This novel tells us about four squares of love from the main characters,

who work in the same bank, Harris to Keara, Keara to Ruly, Ruly to Denise. This

novel also allows the readers to see directly what is on the main characters’ mind.

Even though the theme is kind of a classic love between friends, Ika can easily

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own life, this novel describes briefly what a banker does in the office with

additional ‘ingredient’ called love.

Even though there are three characters in the novel but this novel mainly

deals with Keara. The readers can know the characteristics of Keara from her

monologues and other characters’ opinions. It is told that Keara is a shopaholic,

witty woman who falls in love with her working partner, Ruly. Regardless on

what she has, about her appearance and ability, she is a little bit arrogant. She

spent her university life in New York. It is also said that she ever lived in USA

during her childhood. It is one of the reasons on why she uses code switching a

lot. Besides shopping, her hobby is also to take pictures. Keara has two best

friends, Dinda and Harris. However, Dinda is the one who becomes the real diary

for Keara. As for Keara, works in a bank is the way to fulfill her needs for

shopping. She is not the type of workaholic.

4. Types of Code Switching

There are some theories about the types of code switching. According to

Saville-Troike, there are two types of code switching. He states in his work that

“yet another dimension to be distinguished is the scope of switching, or the nature

of the juncture at which language change takes place” (1986, p. 50). The first type

of code switching according to Saville-Troike is intersentential switching. It is a

code switching which occurs between sentences or speech acts. The second type is

intrasentential switching. Intrasentential switching is code switching which occurs

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However, long before Saville-Troike states his opinion on the types of

code switching, Poplack in 1980 has already stated her opinions on types of code

switching. She classifies the types of code switching into three different

categories. The first two categories are similar with that are said by

Saville-Troike, which are inter-sentential and intra-sentential code switching. The other

one is named as tag switching.

a. Tag Switching

Tag switching is the least complicated switching. It is because it needs a

little integration of the two languages. Tag switching is related to the inclusion of

a tag (Jalil, 2009, p. 4). Poplack (1980) says that the insertion of a tag has no

influences to the rest of the sentence. The insertion of the tag also can be moved

freely and attached almost in anywhere. The example of English tags which

usually used are ‘you know’, ‘I mean’, ‘yeah’, etc. The use of tag switching can

be seen in the following monologue from Ika Natassa’s Antologi Rasa novel

(2012):

Yeah, bro, mimpi aja terus. (Monologue, Ruly, p. 120)

Keara gue itu—yeah, I wish—malah tertawa. (Monologue, Harris, p. 126) Untuk sekolah dan lulus itu hal yang mudah, yang susah itu pas nanti

nyari kerjanya, yeah.

The use of ‘yeah’ word is one of the most common tag switching used by people.

It is because the word ‘yeah’ can simply explain what is difficult to be explained.

People will understand the meaning of ‘yeah’ easily. Moreover, when it is

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From the two examples above, we can also see that the insertion of the

word ‘yeah’ is vary. It can be in the beginning of the sentence just like in the first

example, or it can be in the middle of the sentence as in the second example. We

can also infer that tag switching does not require high understanding of a certain

language to use it.

b. Inter-sentential Code Switching

Inter-sentential code switching happens between sentences. It can also

occur in the clause or sentence level where its caluse or sentence is in diffirent

languages. The difference between clause and sentence is that a clause cannot

stand alone, but a sentence can. The speaker does not have to master the

languages to use inter-sentential code switching. However, it is one level higher

than tag switching. The following dialogue is the example of inter-sentential

switching.

Andrea : Adjie! Kamu barusan moto kita?? Adjie : Trus kenapa?

Andrea : Adjie! Kamu tuh kayak anak kecil banget sih! Makan belepotan, ciuman aja pake difoto…

Adjie : Sayang, sebelum kamu ngomel-ngomel, liat bener-bener dulu dong fotonya! You’re so beautiful and photogenic in this one! (Natassa, 2007, p.187)

The use of inter-sentential switching is shown in Adjie’s dialogue, when he used

code switching from Indonesian to English. The code switching used by Adjie is

in the form of a sentence. Here, we can see that inter-sentential switching has

lower risk of violating grammatical and syntactic rules. It is because when the

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rules. On the other hand, when the speaker speaks in English, he uses grammatical

English rules.

c. Intra-sentential Code Switching

Intra-sentential code switching occurs within a clause or sentence. Since

the occurance of this type is relatively in a small discourse, it is said to be the

most complicated one. The reason is that the code switching here is in the form of

phrases that should be fit into the clause or sentence. It is supported by Poplack

(1980, p. 215) that “this type requires a lot of integration and is usually associated

with the most fluent bilinguals”. Jalil (2009) states some examples of intra

-sentential code switching, as shown bellow:

Example 1:

“Yeah, I have… you know what’s my problem… I remember… when I used to go to school, I always had a problem when I, I had to sit straight to the teacher, and I have um complexo about my nose, and you know, like my…” (p. 9)

Example 2:

“We throw flores pra Iemanjá, that’s like a queen…” (p. 9)

From those examples, we can see that intra-sentential code switching is used

within a sentence and usually in the form of word or phrase. Both of the examples

are mostly in English which use code switching in Portuguese. In the first

example, the code switching is in the form of noun phrase, um complexo. In English, um complexo means ‘a complex’. Just as the same with the first example,

the second example is also a noun phrase, flores pra Iemanjá. The English words

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We can also see that in intra-sentential switching, we need a good

understanding of both languages. The use of part of speech should be used in a

proper way. That is why intra-sentential switching is said to have high risk of

violating grammatical or syntatic rule. Therefore, it needs high awareness and

understanding of both languages.

5. Speech Functions of Code Switching

Even though some people think that code switching is “a sign of linguistic

decay” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 109), there are some others that think if code switching

helps us a lot in a matter of communication. Hoffman states that code switching

“involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same

utterance or during the same conversation” (1991, p. 110). Trudgill (2000) also

says that “speakers switch to manipulate or influence or define the situation as

they wish, and to convey nuances of meaning and personal intention” (p. 105).

This quotation refers to the functions of code switching as self-expression and

personal intention. There are other functions of code switching according to some

researchers, such as identity maker (Gumperz, 1982; Woolard, 1989; Kroskrity,

1993; Nishimura, 1995; Sridhar, 1996; Fought, 2003; Shin, 2010), solidarity

maker (Bradby, 2002), dominance and prestige (Waseem, 2000; Wong, 2000),

preciseness (Bonvillain, 1993), strategy of neutrality (Scotton, 1993), style

shifting (Bradby, 2002), reiteration, personalization, address specification,

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More specifically, Appel and Muysken (1987) define the speech functions

of code switching as referential function, directive function, expressive function,

phatic function, metalinguistic function, and poetic function. Here are the

definitions of those functions.

a. The Referential Function

The referential function involves the lack of knowledge or facility in a

language. Chen (2007) states that “referential functions vary according to the

following: speakers might want to switch terms lack availability in other

language, terms lack semantically, and speakers refer to the language in which

such words are available” (as cited in Othman, 2015, p. 31). Here, bilingual or

multilingual who can speak in two or more languages find that sometimes, some

words cannot be translated to other languages. Therefore, they choose to code

switch to other languages which have the right or suitable words.

Indonesian teenagers, nowadays often do not understand the Indonesian

term of some English words. For instance, they use the word ‘download’ instead

of ‘mengunduh’ or ‘update’ instead of ‘memperbarui’. Moreover, children have

been accustomed to use gadget since they are in elementary school or even earlier.

They only know that download is an activity of getting or saving something (song,

picture, video, movie, etc.) from internet to their phone or PC. They do not know

the Indonesian word of download. It can also be said that the referential function

mostly involves in technology’s term. Since technology are mostly produced in

America and aboard, the terms which are related to technology are also in English.

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The referential function can also refer to the use of code switching when

there is no suitable word in certain languages. For example, the English term of

‘fighting’ does not have the suitable Korean term. ‘Fighting’ here does not mean

to hit each other or to join in a war. ‘Fighting’ here means that we have the spirit

to do something or to give support or encourage others. However, some Korean

pronounce it as ‘hwaiting’ instead of ‘fighting’.

b. The Directive Function

The directive function aims to include or exclude a person from a part of

conversation. The directive function to exclude someone usually happens when

people talk about secret that they do not want other people to know. The directive

function of excluding someone is often used by girls when they gossip other girls.

For example, a group of girls who speak Javanese and Indonesian are

hanging out in a café. Suddenly, a girl from different group who does not

understand Javanese passes by.

A1 : Liat deh, ada si B. A2 : Eh sama siapa dia?

A3 : Sstt… Lho ya karo pacare kan? A1 : Ngawur. Yange de’e kui si D. A2 : Lha kae sopo? Bribikane sing liya? A3 : Ha ya mboh. Adimu.

The dialogue shows that they use code switching from Indonesian to Javanese

when they talk about someone else who does not understand Javanese. The

directive function here is to exclude the person they were talking about.

Another example is the directive function to include someone who joins in

the middle of a conversation between bilinguals who speak Indonesian and

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M : The Hunger Games movie is quite good. I like the character played by Jennifer Lawrence.

N : Ah, the one who played as Katniss Everdeen. Yeah, I like her as well. She seemed so natural.

L : Hai seru banget kayanya. Lagi ngomongin apa? M : Eh dari mana aja? Kita nungguin kamu.

N : Kamu udah nonton Hunger Games belum?

The dialogue above shows a conversation between two people who firstly spoke

in English. Both of M and N can speak and understand English. However, a third

person who does not speak English comes and joins the conversation. The three of

them are close friends, and therefore they do not want to exclude the other from

the conversation. In order to include the third person into the conversation, they

use code switching to Indonesian, so the third person can understand about what

they are talking about.

c. The Expressive Function

The expressive function tends to stress self-identity or feeling. It suggests

that those who code switch want to express their emotion or feeling. The emotion

and feeling can be in the form of happiness, sadness, anger, etc.

The following monologue is an example of a person who uses code

switching to express his feeling. He can speak Javanese, Indonesian, and English.

Ah kalo tau bakal kuis dadakan mending tadi ga usah masuk sekalian. Asyemm tenan… mau dapet berapa coba nilainya?! Bodo ah. Whatever will be, will be.

The monologue above explains about the feeling of a person who just has a

sudden quiz. He speaks in Indonesian and then uses code switching to Javanese

and followed by English. The Javanese words ‘asyemm tenan’ is an expression of

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the English words ‘whatever will be, will be’ refers to the feeling of giving up. It

means that he will accept whatever his result is.

Another example of the expressive function is explained in the following

illustration. It is illustrated the situation in an English Department class when they

are discussing about case study implemented in a research.

So, I found this research, randomly. I just want to make sure that you understand about what case study is. I will read the title of the research and you should mention what is or are wrong from this. First, ‘A Case Study of Bilingualism in English Department Students’. From the title, it is stated that the research will use case study. But in the Research Method, she wrote that she will use questionnaire to get the data, and she will distribute it only once. Lha terus piye carane case study?

Here, the lecturer uses code switching from English to her native language,

Javanese. It shows her emotion clearly when she mixes her native language and

English. She speaks like that because she thinks that she has explained the

material about case study well, therefore some of the students still do not

understand about it.

d. The Phatic Function

The phatic function aims to show a change in tone and emphasize parts of

conversation which are important. As its function is to emphasize or to give stress

on something important, people usually use phatic functions only in some words

which are considered as important. Appel and Muysken (1987) state that “this

type of language alternation can be found in when a stand-up comedian tells the

whole joke in the standard variety, yet brings the last line of joke that provides

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e. The Metalinguistic Function

The metalinguistic function is when a person uses code switching in order

to comment on another language. It can be used to comment directly or indirectly

on a specific language feature. Some people say that metalinguistic function is

used when people want to show off their linguistic skills. Scotton (1979) states

that “one example of metalinguistic function is when speakers switch between

different codes to impress the other participants with a show off linguistic skills”

(as cited in Appel and Muysken, 1987, p. 120). This research gives examples on

the metalinguistic function as a sign of showing off someones’s linguistic skill.

The dialogue of some girls here is one of the examples of the metalinguistic

function in showing off their linguistic skill.

Nita : Mbak Andrea ya? Gue Nita, Mbak, sekertaris barunya Pak Abi.

Andrea : Hai, Nit, dulunya dimana?

Nita : Dulu di Consumer Loan, tapi waktu gue denger Pak Abi butuh tambahan sekertaris, ya gue apply aja. (Natassa; p. 226; ch. 11).

Here, both of Nita and Andrea are bilinguals. Hoffman (1991) states that in

informal situation, bilinguals may code switch a lot, moreover when they are with

someone they are close to. Nita and Andrea are not close friend. However, in the

dialogue Nita uses code switching by saying ‘apply’ which refers to ‘mendaftar’

in Indonesia. It indicates that Nita uses metalinguistic function. Instead of saying

‘mendaftar’, she prefers to say it in English which is counted as a code switching.

The speech function of code switching here is metalinguistic function, since its

function is to show off Nita’s linguistic skill. She wants to show off her linguistic

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f. The Poetic Function

The poetic function is often used by bilinguals to tell jokes, stories, songs,

and poetic quotations for amusement or entertainment purpose. We often find

some people code switch in order to tell jokes or stories. Moreover, when the

origin of the jokes or the stories are in other languages. It creates different

atmosphere when the jokes or the stories are not delivered in their origin,

sometimes it even creates other meaning and does not deliver the fun things in a

right way.

This is the example of the poetic function which is found in one of Ika

Natassa’s novels.

Yang bikin percetakannya pusing adalah puisi Pablo Neruda yang kami taruh di halaman pertama undangan. Ya maklum deh, puisi itu dalam bahasa Spanyol, yang ejaannya aneh-aneh. Aku dan Ajie suka banget puisi ini karena kata-katanya indah. Mau tau ga bunyinya apa?

Ay, amar es un viaje con agua y con estrellas, con aire ahogado y bruscas tempestades de harina: amar es un combate de relampágos y dos cuerpos por una sola miel derrotados. (p. 220; ch. 11).

From those two paragraphs, the first one was the narration of the novel which is

written from Andrea’s point of view. She talks about her wedding invitation, and

that in the first page of the invitation, there is a poem from Pablo Neruda. The

second paragraph is the poetic function of code switching. She writes the poem of

Pablo Neruda directly, which is written in Spain without translating it into

Indonesian.

Another example of using the poetic function is when someone quotes a

song. It happened in this illustration, a conversation between two best friends.

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J: Do you know the song of iKON? The tittle is Wait for Me. K: Yes, of course I know.

J: Please tell me the lyric of the song before this part. gidaryeo jigeum neoegero gal tenikka, eodie itgeon gal tenikka.

K: Ah, that part. Oh neowa na gateun haneul arae isseodo mannal sun eobtjiman nareul mideojwo I’ll be there for you.

The poetic function of the conversation occurs two times here. The first one is

when J sang the song in order to ask K about the part before that part. The second

one is when K sang the lyric before the part that J asked before.

B. Theoretical Framework

This section briefly describes the summarized and synthesized theories

which are used to answer the research questions. As this research has two research

questions, which are related to the types of code switching and the speech

functions of code switching, there are also two theories which are used. The first

research question will be analyzed by using Poplack’s theory. The second

question will be analyzed by using Appel and Muysken’s theory.

The researcher used a theory which is proposed by Poplack in 1980 to

answer the first research question. According to Poplack (1980), there are three

types of code switching. The first one is called as tag switching; the second one is

inter-sentential code switching; and the last one is intra-sentential code switching.

1. Tag switching is code switching which includes the use of a tag, for example I mean, yeah, you see, anyway, etc.

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3. Inter-sentential switching is code switching which happens between sentences and is usually in the form of a clause or a sentence.

In analyzing the speech functions of code switching, the researcher used a

theory from Appel and Muysken (1987). According to Appel and Muysken

(1987), there are six speech functions of code switching. They are referential,

directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions.

1. The referential function is oftenly mistaken by people as the result of lacking in mastering and understanding languages.

2. The directive function is aimed to include or exclude a person from the part of conversation or discussion.

3. The expressive function is used to express the speakers feeling, whether it is joy, sadness, anger, excitement, etc.

4. The phatic function is used when the speakers want to stress or emphasize some words which are considered as important things.

5. The metalinguistic function is used when someone wants to show off his or her linguistic skills in order to impress other people.

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26 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the methodology used by the researcher in

conducting this research. There are four sections in this chapter. The first section

is research method, which describes the method used in this research. The second

section is source of data, in which it provides the source used in gathering the data

of the research. The third section provides the instruments and data gathering

techniques. The last section describes the technique used in analyzing the data.

A. Research Method

In this research, the researcher used qualitative research. According to

Hancock (2002, p. 6), “qualitative research is concerned with developing

explanations of social phenomenon”. In addition, Taylor and Bogdan (2000) state

that qualitative research aims to present rich descriptions of phenomena. Besides,

qualitative research also “aims to help us to understand the social world in which

we live and why things are the way they are” (Hancock, Ockleford, and

Windridge; 2009, p. 6). Mayring in 2014 also adds that qualitative research is an

open, explorative, descriptive, and interpretive conception. As addition, Grix

(2004) states that qualitative research usually involves in-depth investigation of

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above, this research presents an explanation of social phenomenon of code

switching which was used by Keara in a descriptive way. Qualitative research

helped the researcher in gaining deeper understanding about the types and speech

functions of code switching used by Keara in the novel.

In order to answer the research questions of this research, the researcher

conducted a content analysis. Silverman (2001) states that “content analysis is an

accepted method of textual investigation, particularly in the field of mass

communication” (p. 159). In 2004, Krippendorff defines that content analysis is “a

research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other

meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use” (p. 233). He adds that content

analysis can be taken with any written materials. As what Krippendorff said, the

data can be taken from any written materials such as books, magazines, articles,

novels, documents and newspaper. However, other materials or sources such as

songs, videos, movies, and speeches can also be used by using their transcript. In

this research, the source which is used is in the form of a novel.

B. Source of Data

In conductiong this research, the researcher used a novel entitled Antologi Rasa which is written by Ika Natassa as the main source to gather the data. The novel has been published in two editions, and the latest edition was completed

with some illustrations of the scenes. All of the editions of the novel were

published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama in Jakarta. The novel is written in

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written in English. The switch of language between Indonesian to English (code

switching) happens quite often in the novel, therefore the researcher could get a

lot of data from the novel. However, in this research, the researcher only focused

on analyzing the code switching used by Keara, the main character of the novel.

Therefore, it i makes this research different from other research.

C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

In order to acquire the data, the researcher used content analysis as this

research is qualitative research. Therefore, there were two instruments which were

used here. The first one was human instrument and the second one was document.

1. Human Instruments

In qualitative research, just like this research, the researcher can be

included as the instrument of data collection (Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). It meant

that the data are gathered through this human instrument or the researcher. The

role of the researcher is more etic—from an outside view, therefore the role of the

researcher is more objective. According to Poggenpoel and Myburgh (2003), the

researcher is the key in obtaining the data for the research. The researcher also

acts as the data collector in answering the research questions.

2. Documents

Another instrument which was used in this research was in the form of a

document. In order to get the data, the researcher read the document which in this

research is a novel. Annum (2016, p. 4) says that:

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and privates documents such as letters, biographies and diaries to enable the researcher obtain the language and words of informants who may not be alive at the time of the research.

Ary, Jacobs, and Razavich (2002, p. 424) also support the statement, that in

qualitative research which “dealt with human situation, researcher need a flexible

instrument who could read that documents or talk with other people”. Therefore

the instruments used in the research were the researcher (human instrument) and

the document (novel).

The data in this research were gathered by the researcher through the

novel. First, the researcher listed all the code switching which was used by Keara

in the novel. After all the data were gathered, the next step was coding and

classifying the data into two categories, based on the types and speech functions

of code switching.

D. Data Analysis Technique

To analyze the data, there are two steps which can be used: giving codes

and arranging them according to the theme or the hypotheses we have; or through

content analysis. Therefore, here the researcher, in order to analyze the data, made

some codes and put them into a table of categorizations. The table was made

based on the research questions in this research which are the types and speech

functions of code switching used by Keara. After the table was formed, the

researcher then classified those listed words into the suitable column. The

following table was the blueprint which will be used by the researcher to analyze

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Table 3.1. Blueprint of the Data Sheet of the Types and Speech Functions of Code

Switching Used by Keara

#

Speech functions of Code Switching

P Pr T T meaning of

happiness IntCS : Inter-sentential code switching

ItrCS : Intra-sentential code switching

RF : Referential function DF : Directive function EF : Expressive function PF : Phatic function

MF : Metalinguistic function PoF : Poetic function

EP : Expressive and Phatic functions

The table helped the researcher in listing the code switching used by Keara. Here,

the researcher added a new category as there are some words which explain more

than one functions. Those words represent expressive and phatic functions. After

the data were gathered, those data were put into the table in a complete version (in

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on the page number. Then, the context of the dialogues or monologues was added

to support the analysis. The next step was classifying the data according to the

types and speech functions of using code switching. Last, the total frequency of

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32 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter provides the research findings and the discussion. The first

section discusses about the research findings on the types and speech functions of

code switching. The second section deals with the discussion of the types and

speech functions of code switching.

A. Research Findings

1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa

This part aims to present the findings on the types of code switching used

by Keara. It is to answer the first research question as stated in Chapter I. In

analyzing the types of code switching, this research is using Poplack’s theory

(1980). According to her, there are three types of code switching: tag switching,

inter-sentential, and intra-sentential code switching. Based on the theory, the

researcher had made a list of the data findings. The findings showed that there are

726 code switching used by Keara. Therefore, the result showed that the most

frequent type used in the novel is intra-sentential code switching, while the least

used is tag switching. The complete data of the findings is presented in the table

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Table 4.1. The Data Findings of the Types of Code Switching

Types of Code Switching Quantity Percentage (%)

Tag Switching 53 7.3%

Inter-sentential Code Switching (IntCS) 246 33.8% Intra-sentential Code Switching (ItrCS) 428 58.95%

Total 726 100%

As seen on the table above, the most frequent type used by Keara is

intra-sentential switching. It is because Keara used code switching mostly in the form

of words or phrases within a single sentence. Even though intra-sentential

switching is said to be the most difficult, however Keara showed that she could

use intra-sentential switching well enough without violating the grammar rules. It

is also a proof that she has good understanding in both languages, English and

Indonesian.

2. The Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa This part presents the findings on the speech functions of using code

switching by Keara. As stated in Chapter I, this research uses Appel and

Muysken’s theory (1987) in order to classify the speech functions of code

switching. There are six speech functions: the referential function, directive,

expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions. The result showed that

there are 41 referential functions, 0 directive function, 197 expressive functions,

146 phatic functions, 271 metalinguistic functions, 34 poetic functions, and 37

combinations of expressive and phatic functions. In order to make it clearer, the

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Table 4.2. The Data Findings of the Speech Functions of Code

Switching Used by Keara

Speech Functions of Code Switching Quantity Precentage (%)

Referential functions 41 6%

Directive functions 0 0%

Expressive functions 197 27%

Phatic functions 146 20%

Metalinguistic functions 271 37.4%

Poetic functions 34 4.6%

Combination of Expressive and Phatic

functions 37 5%

Total 726 100%

From the data findings above, it can be seen that the most frequent speech

function of code switching used by Keara is metalinguistic function. Therefore,

the least frequently used speech function of code switching used by Keara is the

poetic function. Here, Keara did not use the directive function. As the explanation

on the previous chapter, one of the goals of using the directive function is to

exclude some people from the part of a conversation. Keara was the type of

person who spoke only to people she liked. She did not talk with stranger or else.

She was also a woman who talked about everything she liked.

B. Research Discussion

The data findings showed on how frequent Keara used code switching. It

seemed that she has been accustomed to code switch in her daily activities in

communicating with others especially her close friends. The use of code switching

here was also influenced by the background of Keara and other characters. It was

stated in the novel that all of the characters had been spending their time abroad,

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Hoffman (1991) states that there are various reasons of code switching, it

can be contextual, situational, and personal. He also adds that bilingual or

multilingual, in informal situation may code switch a lot. Keara had moved from

one town to another, from one country to another. When she was 9 years old, her

father got a duty to work in Houston, Texas, and it made her moved to Houston. It

is also stated in the novel that Keara continued her study as a freshmen in New

York University. It is one of the reasons on why someone, whether a bilingual or

multilingual uses code switching. Moreover, they have already known each other

well and shared the same educational, socio-economic background, and ethnic.

Here, Keara often used code switching when she talked with her friends, Dinda,

Harris, and Ruly who were also working as bankers. They shared the same

educational, socio-economic background, and ethnic. Keara also used code

switching when she talked to Panji. Even though Panji was not a banker, but they

shared the same socio-economic background and ethnic.

Furthermore, the discussion on the types and speech functions of code

switching were explained in the separate sections. It was in order to make the

explanation clearer since the same topic was discussed in the same section. The

first section was about the types of code switching, and the second section was

about the speech functions of code switching.

1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa

This research used Poplack’s theory (1980) in discussing about the types of

Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa Novel.

TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN ANTOLOGI RASA NOVEL

TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN ANTOLOGI RASA NOVEL

Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF APPENDICES