CONTENT
Page
SHEET OF LEGITIMATION... i
DECLARATION... ii
ABSTRACT... iii
PREFACE...v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vi
CONTENTS... viii
LIST OF TABLES... xi
LIST OF FIGURES... xii
LIST OF APPENDICES... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background... 1
B. Research Problem... 4
C. Research Questions... 4
D. Limitation of Problem... 4
E. Research Objectives... 5
F. Research Benefits...
G. Organization Structure of Research Paper... 5
6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Nature of Science...
1. Empirical Nature of Science...
2. Scientific Theories and Laws...
3. Creative and Imaginative Nature of Scientific Knowledge... 7
8
9
4. Theory-laden Nature of Scientific Knowledge...
5. Social and Cultural Embeddedness...
6. Tentative Nature of Scientific Knowledge... 11
11
12
B. Students’ Conceptual Understanding... 13
C. Constructed Response Test Item... 16
D. Interaction of Organisms and Its Environment...
1. Biotic Component...
2. Abiotic Component...
3. Food Chain...
4. Food Web...
5. Ecological Pyramid...
6. Classification of Organisms... 17
E. Relevant Research... 24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method and Research Design...
1. Research Method...
2. Research Design... 26
26
26
B. Population and Sample...
C. Operational Definition... 27
27
D. Research Instrument... 27
E. Data Collection... 29
F. Instrument Analysis...
1. Validity...
2. Reliability...
3. Difficulty Index...
4. Discriminating Power... 31
H. Data Analysis Technique... 36
J. Research Scheme... 39
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Result...
1. Students’ Nature of Science (NOS)...
B. Research Discussion...
1. Students’ Nature of Science (NOS)... 40
40
52
52
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion...
B. Recommendation... 58
59
REFFERENCES... 61
APPENDICS... 67
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Cognitive Process Skills Level (C1-C4)... 14
Table 2.2 Bloom’s Taxonomy Revised... 16
Table 2.3 The Analysis of Core Competence and Basic Competence on Interaction of Organisms and Its Environment... 18
Table 3.1 Blueprint of Nature of Science (NOS) and Conceptual Understanding before Validation... 28
Table 3.2 Blueprint of Nature of Science and Conceptual Understanding after Validation... 29
Table 3.3 The Blueprint Indicator of Nature of Science... 30
Table 3.4 Validity Interpretation... 31
Table 3.5 Reliability Interpretation... 32
Table 3.6 Difficulty Level Interpretation... 34
Table 3.7 Discrimination Power of the Answer According to D Value... 35 Table 3.8 Blueprint of Nature of Science Limited Test Analysis Result by ANATES... 36 Table 3.9 Data Collecting Instrument... 36
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2.1 Examples of Terrestial and Marine Food Chains... 21
Figure 2.2 An Antartic Marine Food Web... 21
Figure 2.3 An Idealized Pyramid of Net Production... 23
Figure 3.1 Flow Chart of Research Plot... 39
Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 The Percentage of Nature of Science Aspect Achieved by the Students... Students’ Result of Empirical Nature of Science Aspect.. 40 44 Figure 4.3 Students’ Result of Scientific Theory and Law Aspect.... 45
Figure 4.4 Students’ Result of Creative and Imaginative Nature of Scientific Knowledge Aspect... 46
Figure 4.5 Students’ Result of Theory-laden Nature of Scientific Knowledge Aspect... 48
Figure 4.6 Students’ Result of Social and Cultural Embeddedness of Scientific Knowledge... 50
LIST OF APENDICES
Page
A. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Appendix A.1 Instrument Judgement... 68
Appendix A.2 Instrument Test before Validation... 71
Appendix A.3 Instrument Test after Validation... 74
Appendix A.4 Nature of Science (NOS) Scoring Guide... 77
B. RESULT OF RESEARCH DATA Appendix B.1 Data Processing of Nature of Science (NOS) Result... 81
Appendix B.2 Result of Students’ Nature of Science... 83
Appendix B.3 Students’ Result of Nature of Science (NOS) in Each Aspects and Class... 86
