CommTech Training Center
Network Management :
QOS , Physical Connection
Wireless Technology and standard,
Calculating bandwidth
Periyadi, M.T.
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Preface
•Networking is largely about connecting together devices so that information can be shared between them.
• A very important characteristic of any network is itsspeed: how fast can data be transmitted and received?
•Needreliabledelivery of data
how important is performance to you?
Before you answer this question, recall the old auto racing adage: speed costs money—ho fast do ou a t to go?
Preface
Co pa ies a e o sta tl o i g out ith the latest a d g eatest high-performance networking technologies
•Remember that designing a network is usually not an i e e si le ,permanent decision.
•Networks can be upgraded and expanded. While it is prudent to build some sla k into any network to allow for growth, it is not wise to spend too much on planning for the future when changes can be made later.
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Balancing Network Performance with Key
Non-Performance Characteristics
•Design and Implementation Cost
•Quality
•Standardization.
•Reliability.
•Expandability and Upgradability.
•Ease of Administration and Maintenance.
•Premises and Utility Issues.
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Performance Measurement Terms
•Speed: it refers to theratedornominal speed of a particular networking technology
•Bandwidth: Bandwidth is a widely-used term that usually refers to the data-carrying capacity of a network or data transmission medium, the maximum amount of data that can pass from one point to another in a unit of time
•Throughput: Throughput is a measure of how much actual data can be sent per unit of time across a network, channel or interface
•Latency : Refers to thetimingof data transfers on a communications channel or network. One important aspect of latency is how long it takes from the time a request for data is made until it starts to arrive. Low latency is considered better than high latency.
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Understanding Performance Measurement Units :
Bits and Bytes
•the apitalized B is supposed to e used fo te , a d the lo e-ase for bit
•A byte is normally eight bits; sometimes the termoctetis used instead
•with people mistaking bits for bytes and accidentally thinking that networks are running eight times faster or slower than they really are.
•Ex :
•The k i a k ode ea s ,000 its, ot ,000 tes, of theo eti al t a sfe
speed, actualy speed was 56,000/8 equal 7000 bytes or 7 KB
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Throughput Measurement Units and the Kilo,
Mega and Giga Multipliers
•The sta da d u it fo it th oughput is the it pe se o d , o o l a e iated it/s , ps o /s . The te u it is te pe se o d , a e iated tes/s , Bps o B/s
•This means that the maximum theoretical throughput of 100BASE-TX (100 Mbps) Ethernet is about 12 MB/s
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Major Categories of Real-World Performance
Impact Factors
•Normal Network Overhead Every network has some degree of normal network overhead, which guarantees that you will never be able to use all of the bandwidth of any connection for data.
•External Performance Limiters important to remember that there are many technologies that simply do not always operate at a constant fixed speed; they may change speeds based on physical network characteristics. A good example is an analog modem, which can vary greatly in performance depending on the quality of the line over which it operates
•Network Configuration Problems This refers to network slowdowns that occur because hardware or software have not been set up correctly. Poor cabling, misconfigured interface cards, or bad drivers canseriouslyreduce the performance of a network—by 90% or even more.
Simplex, Full-Duplex and Half-Duplex Operation
whenever we connect together deviceAand deviceB, there must be some way forAto send toBandBto send toA
•Simplex Operation In simplex operation, a network cable or communications channel a o l se d i fo atio i o e di e tio ; it's a o e- a st eet .
•Half-Duplex Operation Technologies that employ half-duplex operation are capable of sending information in both directions between two nodes, but only one direction or the other can be utilized at a time.
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QOS
•Bandwidth Reservation:The ability to reserve a portion of bandwidth in a network or interface for a period of time, so that two devices can count on having that bandwidth for a particular operation. This is used for multimedia applications where data must be streamed in real-time and packet rerouting and retransmission would result in problems. This is also calledresource reservation. •Latency Management:A feature that limits the latency in any data transfer between two devices to
a known value.
•Traffic Prioritization:I o e tio al et o ks, all pa kets a e eated e ual . A useful QoS feature is the ability to handle packets so that more important connections receive priority over less important one.
•Traffic Shaping:This refers to the use of buffers and limits that restrict traffic across a connection to be within a pre-determined maximum.
•Network Congestion Avoidance:This QoS feature refers to monitoring particular connections in a network, and rerouting data when a particular part of the network is becoming congested.
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throughput = Jumlah data yang dikirim Waktu pengiriman data
Throughput = 2769572: 81.59
= 0.272 MBit/sec
Throughput
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Packet Loss
Paket Yang diterima = (Paket yang dikirim–Paket Yang Hilang)
= 3103–45 = 3058 Packet Loss = ( 3103-3058 / 3013 ) x 100 %
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• Rata Rata Delay=Total Delay / Total Paket Yang DiTerima
•Rata Rata Delay = 62.03 / 3103 = 0.019990 Detik
Delay
CommTech Training Center
Physical Connection
Periyadi, M.T.
Media Transmisi
Wire
•Twisted Pair seperti Kabel telepon
•Coaxial
•Serat Optik ( fibre optic)
Wireless
•Gelombang Mikro
•System Satelit
•Infra Merah10 mbps Jarak rec-trans 100 kaki
•Sinar Laser
•Blue tooth 2.4 GHz
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Media Transmisi
•Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam menentukan media transmisi mana yang akan digunakan:
•Biaya •Instalasi •Kapasitas Bandwith •Redaman (Attenuation)
•Kekebalan terhadap interferensi elektromagnet
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Wire
–
coaxial Cable
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Wire
–
twisted Pair
Kabel Kelebihan Kekurangan
UTP cable (unshielded)
murah dan mudah diinstalasi. rentan terhadap interferensi gelombang elektromagnetik, dan jarak jangkauannya hanya 100m
STP cable (shielded twister pair)
lebih tahan terhadap interferensi gelombang elektromagnetik baik dari dari dalam maupun dari luar.
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Pemasangan urutan kabel UTP : EIA/TIA 568A dan
EIA/TIA 568B
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Wire
–
serat optik
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Wireless - IEEE 802.11 (wifi)
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Wireless Wi Max
•WiMAX (wireless Microwave Access )
•teknologi nirkabel yang mengoptimalkan Pelayanan IP centric untuk daerah yang luas
•WiMAX sertifikasi untuk perangkat sesuai IEEE 802.16
•WiMAX adalah sebuah Platform untuk membangun alternative dan pelengkap dari jaringan Broadband
CommTech Training Center
How to Estimate Bandwidth
Needs for Your Customers
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Preface
•When it works, you never hear a peep about it. But when bandwidth problems sta t to plague a eside tial o usi ess usto e , ou’ e p o a l the e t person being called right beside the ISP themselves
•What does a typical home or office WAN connection need in terms of bandwidth anyway?
•Streaming music and video, constant social media, and Web 2.0 (er, now Web 3.0 perhaps) have transformed the web from a text driven experience to a full blown multimedia haven
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Residential Customers: A Fairly Easy Crowd to
Satisfy
•Regular internet browsing
•Social media
•Email & instant messaging
•Streaming video, music
•Online gaming (i.e. Xbox Live)
•Smartphone connectivity over Wi-Fi
Today ???
•How much streamingvideo is being accessed on a daily basis?
•How many peopleare downloading music or streaming Pandora?
•How many simultaneoususers will be on at peak hours?
•Are there multipleonline gamers in the home?
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Business Customers: Bandwidth Hungry and Tough
to Predict
•Email (and lots of it)
•Cloud services (hosted email, hosted accounting, hosted CRM, etc)
•Online banking
•Online research
•VOIP in place of PBX phone systems
•Downloading/uploading large files
•Online backup
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Now
•Is VOIPin use at the office, and how many users are on it?
•How much emailis being sent & received per day per user?
•Is cloud emaillike Google Apps being used?
•Are other cloud serviceslike Salesforce or Quickbooks Online used?
•What is the office cultureon streaming media usage like?
•Is content filteringan option, or off the table?
•Are any public facingweb servers hosted internally?
•Are social media outletsopen for usage or banned?
•Does online backup(i.e. CrashPlan) play a role in core backup needs?
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Formulas
N x T = BN
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User Categorized
Light user
: 50Kbps
Medium user
: 80Kbps
Heavy user
: 120 Kbps
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Example
This hypothetical company is comprised of 20 users. 5 heavy users who are the big whigs, 5 medium users who are the admin assistants and related positions. The remaining 10 users are light office workers who only use email. We would setup our estimate calculation in the following manner:
5 (heavy users) x 120 (Kbps usage weight) = 600Kbps 5 (medium users) x 80 (Kbps usage weight) = 400Kbps 10 (light users) x 50 (Kbps usage weight) = 500Kbps Bandwidth Needed = 1500Kbps or 1.5Mbps
Calculate time download
•
Bandwith=512Kbps
KecDwonload=62,5 KBps
File = 80 MB
•
80 x 1024 = 81920 KB
=81920KB : 62,5KBps
=1310,72 s equals to 1310 s
=1310 :60
Ada pertanyaan
Paket tracer
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VLSM
Berikut ini merupakan table CIDR beserta netmask nya.
NetMaskDesimal NetMaskBiner Format CIDR Jumlah Host
255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24 254
255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25 126
255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26 62
255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27 30
255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28 14
255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29 6
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alamat 192.168.1.0/24 yang akan di bagi berdasarkan kebutuhan host topologi di atas. Berdasarkan topologi di atas kebutuhan host adalah sebagai berikut :
Pada network PC = 10 HOST
Pada server = 4 host
Untuk kedua router = 2 host
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10 HOST
Berdasarkan table CIDR yang ada di atas maka prefik yang cocok untuk kebutuhan 10 host adalah /28 dengan usable address sebanyak 14 address dengan subnet mask 255.255.255.240. Untuk alamat yang dapat terbentuk serta perhitungannya adalah sebagai berikut:
Network = 192.168.1.0/28
Usable add = 192.168.1.1/28 –192.168.1.14/28 (range 14)
Broadcast address = 192.168.1.15/28
Network = 192.168.1.16/28
Usable add = 192.168.1.17/28 –192.168.1.30/28 (range 14)
Broadcast address = 192.168.1.31/28
Dsb.
Untuk kebutuhan 10 HOST pada network PC kita akan menggunakan alamat ip dengan netwok 192.168.1.0 dengan subnet mask 255.255.255.240
4 HOST
Pada perhitungan alamat VLSM 4 host tentunya dengan prefik /28 banyak alamat yang tidak terpakai maka dari itu berdasarkan table cidr di atas prefik yang cocok untuk kebutuhan 4 host adalah /29 (subnet mask 255.255.255.248) dengan usable address sebanyak 6 address.
Untuk perhitungannya adalah sebagai berikut:
Network = 192.168.1.16/29
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2 HOST
Pada perhitungan 2 host seperti penjelasan di atas karena alamat ip dengan netwok 192.168.1.0 dan 192.168.1.16 sudah digunakan maka kita akan menggunakan lama tip yang ketiga dengan netwok 192.168.1.24. tentunya dengan memilih prefik yang cocok untuk kebutuhan host sebanyak 2 host. Berdasarkan table CIDR di atas prefik yang cocol adalah /30 (subnet mask 255.255.255.252) dengan usable address sebanyak 2 address
Untuk perhitungannya adalah sebagai berikut:
Network = 192.168.1.24/30
Usable add = 192.168.1.25/30 –192.168.1.26/30 (range 2) Broadcast address = 192.168.1.27/30
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OSPF using IPV4
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