Speech Styles used by the Main Character in Anton Chekhov
The Cherry Orchard
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letter and Humanities
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By: Yuridka Amin NIM: A03211035
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
Key words: Speech Style and Social Factor
This study analyses speech styles used by the main character in Anton
Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard. Speech style is the manner to distinguish speech based on the situation. The important thing is somebody has to consider the situation before say something. Surely, it will avoid the speaker from the difficult situation during speech.
While, The Cherry Orchard is reflecting Madame Ranevskaya’s character. It tells about the depression of Madame Ranvskaya because her husband and her son died in a residence. Then, she is has to pay back a lot of debt that ever borrowed by her husband, but she has bad habit that accustomed to luxury living. So, this condition makes the writer curious to know how Madame Ranvskaya speech is.
xiii INTISARI
Amien, Yuridka. A03211035. 2015. Gaya Berbicara Dugunakan oleh
Pemeran Utama di Drama Anton Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard,
Thesis: Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Humaniora, UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya.
Pembimbing : Murni Fidiyanti, M. A
Kata kunci: Gaya Bicara dan Faktor Sosial
Penelitian ini menganalisis gaya bicara yang digunakan oleh tokoh utama dalam Anton Chekov The Cherry Orchard. Gaya bicara adalah cara untuk membedakan pidato berdasarkan situasi. Yang penting adalah beberapa tubuh harus mempertimbangkan situasi sebelum mengatakan sesuatu. Tentunya, hal itu akan menghindari pembicara dari situasi yang sulit selama berbicara.
Sementara, The Cherry Orchard mencerminkan karakter Madame Ranevskaya. Ini bercerita tentang depresi Madame Ranvskaya karena suaminya dan anaknya meninggal dalam tempat tinggal. Kemudian, ia harus membayar kembali banyak utang yang pernah dipinjam oleh suaminya, tapi dia memiliki kebiasaan buruk yang terbiasa hidup mewah. Jadi, kondisi ini membuat penulis ingin tahu bagaimana Madame Ranvskaya berbicara.
Penjelasan ini berisi dua masalah penelitian. Mereka adalah gaya bicara yang digunakan oleh tokoh utama dalam Anton Chekov The cherry Orchard dan faktor-faktor sosial yang mempengaruhi karakter utama menggunakan gaya. Studi ini berlaku teori Joos. Berkaitan dengan masalah, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif.
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 7
x
CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ... 53
5.2 Suggestions ... 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 55
1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the study
People use language in their everyday conversation to share ideas, an information, and knowledge. Without language as the means of communication, it would be difficult, probably impossible for people to express their wants. Language itself is a system or can be called a tool of words used by human to express their thought as usual in speaking. The action of speaking is called speech. Moreover each person has his or her own styles in order to express what he or she wants to share and it will be easier
for the addressees to understand the addressers’ idea if they are familiar with
the addressers’ speech style.
Joss (1976: 154) said that speech style is influenced by social factor. So, it can be categorized in status, sex, age, social distance, and occupation. Every one has different speech style, for example the social status level of the speaker can be read through specific style which is the upper class usually more formal. It is totally based on the social status to determine the style of people communicate each other.
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and the listener (Machali, 2009: 52). Based on the usual level, Joss distinguishes five forms of variation in language, they are variety of frozen (frozen), a variety of official (formal), a variety of business (consultative), a variety of casual (casual), a variety of familiar (intimate) (Chaer, 2004: 70).
From the explanations above, this study focuses on speech style used by the main character. The object is concerns the language style that used by the main character in The Cherry Orchard which is created by a Russian is Anton Chekhov and translated by Maria Amadei Ashot. This study explains what the different speech style that is used by the main character from the other characters.
Based on the writer’s observation, The Cherry Orchard is one of Anton
Plavomic Chekov’s plays which written in 1904. It was one of famous
realistic plays at that time. The play reveals the economic and social problem and also arise the portrait of high-class society in Russia. Madame Renavskaya is a widow was the middle-aged owner of the estate and the cherry orchard. She is an attractive widow, a good person, generous, squanderer, irrational, and sentimental person towards her past time. These can be seen through her actions and thoughts which imply the quality of her life
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husband died in residence, she have to pay a lot of debt which ever borrowed by her husband. While, she still has bad habits that is still accustomed to luxury living. Madame Renavsaky also has had her time of beauty, of fruitfulness. But now, like the cherry trees, while she is still beautiful but she is totally unproductive and nobody has any use for her. The play ends on a slightly optimistic note; as we see everyone moving out of the house and saying their goodbyes. (Barbara, 2003: viii)
This study emphasized the way of Madame Renavky speaking to the other character might be different. That is way the writer shows what the style used
by her. In order to do that, the writer uses Martin Joos’ theory in which
included five aspects are important to analyze someone speech.
The brief analysis below is the example of Joos’ theory. The sentences are: Anya : Let’s go through here. Mama, do you remember
this room?
Ranevsakya : (Overjoyed, through tears). The Nursery!
Varya : It’s so cold, my hands are numb. Your rooms, the white one and the violet one, stayed exactly as they were, Mummy dear.
Ranevskaya : The Nursery, my darling, such a wonderful room
… I slept here when I was just a baby … (She weaps). And now I’m being a baby again … (She kisses her brother, Varya and then her brother again.) see, Varya’s just the same as always,she looks like a nun … And I recognized Dunyasha
straight away … (She Kisses Dunyasha)
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seeking for a comfort, with the feeling of fear because of lose the nice memory.
The Psychologist views that the death of a spouse is a problem that most causes of stress in adult life (Brooks, 1987: 11). If this happens to women, some experts suggest that they would be able to adjust because more women are responsible for the emotional life in the life of husband and wife and have more friends, closer to relatives, as well as experienced in overcoming themselves psychologically. It is not infrequently there are among those who fall into deep sorrow, financial difficulties, loneliness, feeling of physical disorders, and psychological disorders (Santrock, 1999: 127).
Menurut pandangan Alteanbeard and Lewis untuk mengetahui perwatakan dapat diketahui melalui, apa yang diperbuatnya, melalui tindakan- tindakannya, melalui ucap – ucapannya, melalui penggambaran fisik tokoh, melalui pikiran – pikiran, melalui penerangan secara langsung (Nurgiantoro, 2009: 195).
Based on Alteanbeard and Lewis’s views, determining the disposition can be seen through, what they did, through his actions, through saying, through physical depiction of figures, through the mind, through direct illumination (Nurgiantoro, 2009: 195).
Alteanbeard and Lewis’s views, to determine disposition can be seen
through, what they did, its actions, how said – his or her words, the physical depiction of the characters, the way of think, and direct illumination.
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given instructions to the utterances were good and were shown (also) to the
road (Allah) is commendable”.
Two things can not be separated are morals and nature. Morals is character and behavior outlined by the good and bad patterns of thought (mind) which he or she showed with words and deeds, while nature is something described by him or her until he or she showed character by his words, motion steps, his face, eyes or the other. In short Morals is everything that the presence in people, turning out themselves up in order to assess how the other man himself. But nature is something that the presence within themselves and remain within the self, being even if he was out then keep it helpful or unhelpful longer useful or not useful to him or her self.
According to Chaer, 2004: 2, sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community. The writer concludes that social and language have relationship called sociolinguistics.
So, this condition makes the researcher have a big curious to do observation of language style used by a widow who is depressing because of her new life after left her husband dead. From this research, the writer makes the readers know the phenomenon of a woman condition through a dialogue
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1.2 Research Problem
Based on the background of study, the statement of the problem in this study are as follows:
1. What are the language styles used by main character in Anton Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard?
2. What are the social factors which influence the main character used style?
1.3Research purposes
1. To identify the language styles used by the main character in Anton
Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard
2. To find out the social factors which influence the main character through the dialogue
1.4Significant of the Study
This research has both theoretical and practical significances concerning speech style in literary work such as a drama. Theoretically, the writer conducts this research in order to show some examples of
someone’s speech style, especially in an unusual situation beyond what is
normally met in reality, like what Ranevskaya’s position.
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Hopefully, this study gives a deep understanding for the readers about the speech style in a dialogue which includes sociolinguistics study. Furthermore, this study can be a reference, be useful as additional information or comparison of the linguistics research in the future.
1.5Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study focuses on the speech style that is used by the main character in the Madame Ranevskaya’s utterances of Anton
Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard. A hole of analyzes refers to her speech
style when she was talking with her partners. Besides, the data emphasizes the style which includes kind of style, vocabulary and the social factor around there. The writer limits the data on the act one only. Analyze in the act one is enough gives the result of data strongly and makes this study too simple and understandable.
1.6Definition of Key Terms
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2. Speech Style : divided into five categories are frozen, formal, casual, consultative, and intimate (Chaer, 2004: 70)
3. Anton Chekov : was a Russian physician, dramaturge and author who is considered to be among the greatest writers of short stories in history (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov)
4. The Cherry Orchard : is the title of a drama which created by Anton Chekov in 1904.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2. 1 Theoretical Framework
In this part the writer needs to review some theories on speech style, which are related to the statements of the problem. In addition, the writer presents some previous studies. All theories are used to assist in answering her research questions. So, this chapter presents several theories dealing with the issues being analyzed in this study. These theories include such as language variety, the speech style, social factor, and previous study.
This study presents some meanings of speech style theory which held by some pioneers such as Martin Joos and Chaika. In supporting the idea of the analysis, some relevant related with the literatures which give large contribution are chosen to be the references:
2.1.1 Sociolinguistics
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structure of language and how language functions in communication. In other opinion, Fishman (1972:4) defines that sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interacted, changed, and change one another within a speech community.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that sociolinguistics is related to the relationship of language use in the society based on the contexts of social function of it. It analyzes the differences of language use and varieties in many societies and separates its function in communication based on contexts of social and situation.
2.1.2 Speech Style According to Martin Joos
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Speech style here means the form of language that the speaker use. Joos said that speech style is influenced by the social factors. Of course, the speech style which is used by someone is different from his or her partner’ because they have different status, sex, age, social distance, occupation ( Joos, 1976:145).
There is a formula which has been concept by Martin Joos called the five clocks. The enduring appeal of the five clocks (listed along the top) is attributed to the existence of four feature of communicative competence. It is listed on the left. The table is as bellow:
Table 1
Intimate Casual Consultative Formal Frozen
Aware - + + + +
Monitored - - + + + Planned - - - + + Precoded - - - - +
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a. Frozen Style
According to Joss (1976:154), it is a style which is intended to be remembered and used in very formal setting such as palace and church ritual. It is used also in a sermon that the people are mostly unknown to other. It means, the usage of speech depends of the certain form. In this case both speaker and hearer do not permit to ask a question.
Frozen style uses grammatical sentence and it is long enough. This style is high skill, only the educated people used it such as professors, specialists, lawyers, and preachers. The character of the communication in this style is incidental. Joss (1976:155) says that in fact, frozen style is defined almost exclusively in terms of its role, because frozen style is the highest rank in Joos’s classification.
Joos in his book “Five Clocks” (1967:153-155) states that an oratorical style is used in public speaking before a large audience; wording is carefully planned in advance, intonation is somewhat exaggerated, and numerous rhetorical devices are appropriate. This is usually uses long sentence with good grammatical and vocabulary. Here is the example:
1. “I should be glad to be informed of the correct time.” (Joos, 1976:154).
2. “Expressing our gratitude must be delivered just for Alloh, God, Lord due of his favor and charity.”
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b. Formal Style
Formal style is used in formal situation where the communication is one way communication means there is no interruption. The example is the graduation of ceremony. The sentence that the speaker used is also in good grammatical. It purposes to inform something important, so that sometimes the speaker needs a preparation first. It is artificially explicit in this pronunciation. The words take on special meaning (Joos, 1976:155).
Furthermore, the leading code-label of this style is ‘may’, “may I present Mr. Jimmy?” (Joos, 1976: 155). A speaker usually avoids a
repetition or another term which tends to be a casual term and used in a discussion or a meeting (Haryanto, 2001:105):
1.Mrs. William, would you like to have a sit first before you deliver your speech?
2. If Mr. Kevin would be so kind ask to let me finish my words. 3. Well, it is rather difficult to say at this point.
4. I would like to introduce my self to you.
c. Consultative Style
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The way of consultative style speaks; it shows us the way we take a norm of the language. In consultative, pronunciation is explicit, word choice is careful and sentence structure is complete.
While, consultative is nonetheless a conversational style means that the speaker constantly watches the listener verbal and non verbal responses in order to decide whether too much or not enough information is being transmitted.
A Speaker who uses this style usually does not plan what he wants to say (Haryanto, 2001:106). Thus, there is a big possibility to make mistakes in speaking, such as word repetition or diction which can not be avoided. Here are the examples of Haryanto (2001: 106):
1. Excuse me, I think it’s really important for me to add about the topic that we discuss.
2. Actually, we have the same views about this problem. So, why don’t you joint with us?
3. I see. You will change the project and sale it to other companies, right?
d. Casual Style
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The background of this style is just making the listener understand what they are talking about. It takes such information for granted and almost alludes to its, but without it the conversation lapses into silence and kidding.
The relationship between speaker and hearer is close, so they usually use words or term repetition and frequently use ellipse sentences (Haryanto, 2001:105).
Ellipse sentences focus on the meaning of an utterance, not the structure. Therefore, a speaker can be free to speak because it exposes the message of the language in certain situation. We can look at these examples from Haryanto (2001:105):
1. Do you enjoy the party? = (a) Enjoy it? 2. Would you take it? = (b) Take it…
3. Would you give me some money? = (c) Give me some … 4. It wasn’t me who stole your car. = (d) Not me …
5. Do you want to come? = (e) Want to come / Wanna come ?
The examples (a, b, c, d, e) above are commonly used by speakers in informal situation.
e. Intimate Style
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structure and only partial phonological structure. Intimate style used in The Cherry Orchard especially by the main character mostly. Here is the example from Haryanto (2001:106):
1. Tea’s cold => Cold / Damn hot => Hot 2. Jesus Chris..! => Oh my God
2.1.3 Social Factor
Language is a tool to unify the society because as human being people need interact, share or express their felling by using language. Trudgill (2000:16) says that the social environment can also be reflected in language, and often have an effect on the structure of the vocabulary Therefore, there are two aspects of language behavior which influence to social point of view: first, the function of the language in establishing social relationships and second, the role played by language in conveying information about the speaker. From those aspects it can be referred that language behavior are reflections of the fact that there is a close interrelationship between language and society.
All of the social factor, we have considered so far are related to variation according to the user of the language (Yule, 1985:1993).
Another source of variation in an individual’s speech is occasioned by
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background, behavior and performance may be related to these factors (Gumperz, 1971:223).
The writer includes social factor to be three parts such as the individual sphere, life style and habits. Additional, the writer uses Dell
Hymes’s theory in this study to support the result of the social factor.
Holmes (1992:16) says that ‘the sociolinguist’s aim is to move towards a theory which provides a motivated account of the way language is used in a community, and of the choices people make when they use language. It can be illustrated, when we observe how the variety language use is we must search for the causes.
Dell Hymes is considered by many to be the founder of the area known as Ethnography of Communication. In 1962 he proposed "ethnography of speaking" as a way to study how people talked. Later the name was changed to include other symbolic means of expression and called ethnography of communication.
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Genre) grid has been widely accepted in the ethnography of communication (Sherzer and Darnell, 1972).
The eight components of the SPEAKING here is analyzing in The Analysis of Speech Events and Hymes’ SPEAKING Factors in the
Comedy Television Series: “FRIENDS” by Alireza Fard Kashani in 2012. This study included natural conversations in the first episode of
‘FRIENDS’ popular comedy series which was chosen from Season first as
a representative sample of the whole series. Friends is an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994 to May 6, 2004. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE).
1.Setting and Scene
"Setting refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances" (Hymes, 1974:55). The living room in the grandparents' home might be a setting for a family story. Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness (Hymes, 1974:55-56). Here is the example:
Chandler: Cookie?
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The setting and scene of speech in the article above is Central Park Café in New York. It is afternoon. The scene is the same as the previous one.
2.Participants Speaker and Audience
Linguists will make distinctions within these categories; for example, the audience can be distinguished as addressees and other hearers (Hymes, 1974:54 & 56). This refers to who is involved in the speech including the speaker and theaudience. The example is as bellow: Phoebe: Fine. Be murky.
Ross: I'll be fine. Really, everyone. I hope she'll be very happy. Monica: No, you don't.
Chandler: Did I say that out loud?
Ross: I told Mom and Dad last night. They seemed to take it pretty well. Monica: Oh, Really? So that hysterical phone call I got from a woman sobbing at 3 a.m...
The participants are Ross, Monica, Phoebe, Joey, and Chandler who are doing conversation. They are the partner work ship in the same office.
3.Ends
Ends include the purpose and goals of the speech along with any outcomes of the speech (Hymes, 1974:56-57). The ends are the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach. If a political party delivers a speech in a campaign, he/she wishes to persuade the crowd before him or her in order to get support for the election. Therefore, for the different ends or occasions, people may choose different codes. The example is: Ross: I'll be fine. Really, everyone. I hope she'll bevery happy.
Monica: No, you don't.
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Joey: And you never knew she was a lesbian.
Ross: No, Okay. Why does everyone keep fixating on that?
The ends totally Ross upset over the way his marital life ended and wants to talk about it with someone to come over the horrible feeling he had theorists concerned with content analysis have shown a similar interest. Early works of the field concentrated on the study of different ways of saying the same thing (Kashani, 2012: 30). The example of act sequence is as bellow:
Monica: Let me get you some coffee. Ross: Thanks.
Ross: No, don't! Stop cleansing my aura. Ross: Just leave my aura alone, okay? Phoebe: Fine. Be murky.
Ross: I'll be fine. Really, everyone. I hope she'll bevery happy. Monica: No, you don't.
Ross: No, I don’t. To hell with her. She left me! Joey: And you never knew she was a lesbian.
Ross: No, Okay. Why does everyone keep fixating on that? Ross: She didn't know. How should I know?
Chandler: Sometimes I wish I was a lesbian. Chandler: Did I say that out loud?
Ross: I told Mom and Dad last night. They seemed to take it pretty well. Monica: Oh, Really? So that hysterical phone call I got from a woman sobbing at 3 a.m...
Monica: ..."I'll never have grandchildren!" …"I'll never have grandchildren!"
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Ross: Sorry.
Joey: All right, Ross. Look, you're feeling a lot of pain right now. Joey: You're angry. You're hurting.
Joey: Can I tell you what the answer is? Joey: Strip joints!
Joey: Come on, you're single. Have some hormones. Ross: See, but I don't want to be single, okay? Ross: I just, I just, I just want to be married again.
The act sequence from example above tells that Ross enters Café and he seems completely depressed. He describes the way he feels at that moment. Monica reveals the reason. Phoebe tries to be nice. Chandler and Joey make some jokes to help him feel better. Ross talks about the positive reaction his parents had about his divorce but Monica lets out
parents’ true feeling about it. After that Joey tells him to forget about the
matter and to enjoy life. But Ross does not want to be single.
5.Key
It is the overall tone or manner of the speech. It cues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act (Hymes, 1974:57). The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message wished to be captured within the conversation. It is also referred to the spirit captured in the voice or manner of a speaker. The spirit or the feeling may be sincere, modest, or low. The example is:
Ross: Hi. Joey: This guy says, "Hello", I wanna kill myself. Monica: You okay, sweetie?
Ross: I just feel like someone reached out my throat, grabbed my small intestine, pulled it out of my mouth...
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The key is the tone is serious here. The context above tells the anger of the Ross who left by his wife.
6. Instrumentalities
It is the form and style of the speech being given (Hymes, 1974:58-60). The instrumentalities are referred to the register and forms of the speech. The forms that might be under consideration are whether it will be delivered in a more formal way or a casual friendly one. The example same with the act sequence part, from the example the channel is totally oral and the register is totally informal.
7. Norms
Even the ethnographies that we have, though almost never fully focused on speaking but also show us that communities differ significantly in ways of speaking, in patterns of repertoire and switching, in the roles and meanings of speech (Hymes, 1974: 33).
It is social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction. Defines what is socially acceptable at the event. The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc. The example is:
Did I say that out loud?
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Norms of interaction: in this speech event friends should be nice and they should not reproach their friend for the things he should (not) have done.
8. Genre
Kashani (2012:30) says that particular genres seem more appropriate on certain occasions than on others, such as sermons inserted into church services, they can be independent: we can ask someone to stop
‘sermonizing’; that is, we can recognize a genre of sermons when an
instance of it, or something closely resembling an instance, occurs outside its usual setting.
It is the type of speech that is being given. These terms can be applied to many kinds of discourse. Sometimes in a written discussion you might emphasize only two or three of the letters of the mnemonic. It provides a structure for you to perceive components. The example of genre is friendly chat.
2.2 Related Studies
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contestants in the stage. Mostly, they were used consultative style as a type of speech style based on Joos’.
The second is Venny Octavia was a student of Petra University Surabaya in 2012. A prior research is entitled “An analyses speech style used by the host and the guests in Dorce Show”. This study explained the communication between the host and the guest in program Dorce Show which broadcasted by Trans TV on September, 2006 at 9.30 a.m. Based on the analyzing this study found the dominant speech style used by them is casual as a kind of Chaer’ and Agustina’.
The third is Amalia Permata Putri as a student of State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta in 2014. A prior research is entitled is “Speech Style of Alice Kingsley in the Movie Alice
Wonderland”. This study explained how Alice Kingsley uses the speech
style. Then, the answer found using Hymes’ SPEAKING theory.
Contrast with the previous study which mentioned above, Finisha’s and Okta’s used data in Indonesian Language. Then all of them used a data in speech. This study was difference with the prior researchers, because of the object. This study is a written form. It is focused on the language style used by a rich widow who was bankrupt. This analyzing has a big curious Madame Renavskaya’s speech style.
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METHOD OF THE STUDY
Since, this research was conducted to analyze a certain person’s speech
style. This research was belonged the sociolinguistics field. The writer provided information that she has been chain the main focus of this study in the research methods to be three parts. There were research approach, technique of Data Collection, and technique of Data Analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
Basically, this study showed the analysis of Madame Renavskaya’ speech
style. In order got deep understanding about it, the most suitable approach in conducting this study was used qualitative. Qualitative approach related to the
evaluation of humans’ and attitude, behavior, and opinions (Khotari, 2004: 5).
A research qualitative approach provided a detailed analysis about the data in accordance with certain theory that is suitable with the data which analyzed.
Related to this paper, the evaluation related to human’ behavior and
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3.2 Technique of Data Collection
Ratna stated that there were several techniques in collecting the data such as sampling, observation, interview, questionnaire, triangulation and reading (2010: 209-245). Since, the data source was taken from a drama which translated by another one who was not the creator of the drama, this study could be categorized as a research that used documentation techniques. The writer used this technique to collect the data.
3.2.1 Source of Data
The primary source which analyzed in this study was Anton Chekhov’ The
Cherry Orchard which published in 1904. This drama translated by Maria Amadei Ashot and was have copyright in 2000. There were twenty four pages in the scene one. It is used as an object observation described the main
character’s speech style for in scene one and provided Joos’ theory. The data
was taken from the main character’s utterances was Madame Raanevskaya.
3.2.2 Instrument
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photographs and other data (Koentjaraningrat, 1982: 173). ). In a qualitative research, instrument of the research was the researcher herself with or without the help of other people (Moleong, 2001: 4).
3.2.3 Procedure
Related to this explanation, the writer took several steps based on Wray and Blommer (1998: 7-13), they were as below:
a. Identified the language style appeared in the main character utterance.
b. Classified and determined the data based on the appropriate kinds of
speech style based on Joos’
c. Analyzed how language style used by the main character and find out the speech style used by her based on the underlying theory.
d. Made the conclusion.
3.3 Technique of Data Analysis
28 CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter presents findings and discussion. This chapter provides a more detailed reflection on the findings as certain in findings. It displays all results of data analysis. The research questions meet the answers here.
4.1 Findings
The writer presents the findings of this research in this part. It is found 20 (twenty) data in Anton Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard containing five ranks of
Joos’s theory. They are frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual
style and intimate style. Classifying the data based on the theory of speech style by Martin Joos, while the social factor based on the Dell Hymes.
4.1.1 Speech Styles
4.1.1.1 Frozen style
According to Joss (1976:154), frozen style is a style which is intended to be remembered and used in very formal setting such as palace and church ritual. Since frozen style uses in very formal setting such as palace and ritual, the setting of this drama is not suitable.
4.1.1.2 Formal Style
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the graduation of ceremony (Joos, 1976:155). Since, that situation uses good grammatical sentences to inform something important, the writer did not find kind of this style in this drama. The usage of formal style needs some preparations for the speaker. The preparation means the ability create good sentences. in Anton Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard are formal style and frozen style.
4.1.1.3Consultative Style
Joos (1976:155) said that this style is used in semi-formal situation. The situation is in two-ways participation that it must be a pair conversation. In this drama is found nine data which include consultative style.
Data 1
Ra : How does it go again? …Yellow in the corner pocket! Dupe in the side pocket!
Gh : Bank shot to the corner! Once upon a time, Sis, you and I slept in this very room, and here I am now 51 years old, strange though it may seem.
(Ashot, 2000:11)
darling bookcase … (She kisses the antique bookcase). My precious darling desk…
Gh : Nanny dead while you were gone, by the way. (Ashot, 2000: 13)
The data above shows that consultative style can be seen from
“can’t” and “go ahead” words. Those utterances explain that Ra uses
“can’t” word twice, it means really cannot do some instructions. Then, she
uses “go ahead” word in order to ask her partner to do what she said. It represents they try and come up with a better plan to solve the problem. When the consultative situation is used semi-formal.
Data 3
Ra : I don’t understand you, Yermolai Alekseyech.
Lo : You will be charging the vacationers no less than 25 rubles per annum per unit of land, and if you lose no time making the
announcement, I’ll stake anything you want on it, by autumn there won’t be a single patch of land left free, they’ll snap it right up. In a
word, I congratulation. You are saved. It’s a marvelous location, the river is deep. Of course, there’d be some cleaning up to do, some clearing … for example, let’s see, you might tear down all the
old structures, and this house here, which is so rundown now, and
you’d chop down the old cherry orchard …
(Ashot, 2000: 14)
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estate. Ra’s utterance explains that she needs statement clear of her partner, and it answers so clear.
Data 4
Ra : Cop it down? My dear man, forgive me, you understand absolutely nothing. If there is anything at all interesting about our entire province, anything in the least way remarkable, it would have to be this cherry orchard of ours.
Lo : the only remarkable thing about the orchard is that it’s very big. The cherries only com every other year, and even that has nowhere to go. Nobody buys it.
(Ashot. 2000: 14)
The dialogue above is consultative style from the question mark (?) and a conditional sentence “if”. The question mark that is used by Ra means a question belongs to the hearer. Consultative situation marks question and answers condition from the participants. A conditional sentence marks that is used by Ra means the speaker has assumption in this consulting.
Data 5
Ra: (Gazing out the window at the orchard.) Oh, my childhood, my purity! This was the nursery I slept in, these were the windows through which I gazed out at the orchard, each morning happiness woke with me, and the orchard was exactly the same back then, nothing has changed. (Laughs with joy.) It’ all white, all of it! Oh, my orchard! after the dark, stormy autumn, and the cold winter, there you are again, young, new, full of happiness, the heavenly angels have not forsaken you … Oh, if this heavy stone that weighs upon it could be lifted from my heart and shoulders, if only I could forget my past!
Gh : Yes, and the orchard will be sold settle the debts, strange
though it may seem …
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Consultative style in this data can be seen from a conditional word
“if”. It explains that she has an assumption where something which she
thinks it will be happened and be better. While her partner respond
normally using “yes” means agreed whatever the statement, and so clear
with “the orchard will be sold settle the debts” utterance. Addition,
consultative style is used semi-formal situation.
Data 6
Ra : (weeping softly.) my little boy perished … he drowned … what for? What for, my friend? (Even quieter.) Anya’s sleep, and I’m talking loudly … making noise … well, then, Petya, how are you? What happened to your former good looks? Why have you aged so dreadfully?
Tr : A peasant woman actually called me that on the rain: the mangy gentleman.
Ra : You were just a boy back then, just a young lad, a charming you university student, and now your thick head of hair has thinned out, you’re wearing eyeglasses. Are you still a student, then? Is that imposible? (She walks towards the door ).
Tr : I’ m destined to be a student forever, it must be. (Ashot, 2000: 19)
That conversation tells that consultative style is showed from five interrogatives form that used by Ra. It is called consultative, because consulting is proved question and answer. There are some questions give
to the hearer such “how are you?, What happened to your former good
looks?, Why have you aged so dreadfully?. Are you still a student, then?,
Is that imposible?”.
Data 7
Ra : I don’t have any money, old boy.
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The initial of consultative style from the data above is “don’t
have” word. It explains that Ra do not have something that someone
needed. “I’ll pay” is also described consultative situation. It explains that
Sp is a partner that make sure to Ra that he will do what Ra want actually.
Data 8
Ra : oh, all right, Lenoid’ll give it to you … give him the money, Lenoid.
Gh : If you think I’m giving him any money, don’t you hold your
breath.
(Ashot, 2000: 20)
The data above, Ra uses “oh, will give” and “give” words in order shows consultative style in this situation. Ra use “oh" belongs to
understandable and agreeing with the partner’s opinion. Then, “will give”
words explains the initial the consulting in this situation. While, “give” word describes the suggestion which is chosen and should to do. The conversation tells that they are the business minded.
Data 9
Ra : what’s to be done? Give him the money… he needs it … he’ll pay it back.
Gh : I see my sister hasn’t lost mind her habit of throwing money around, yet. If you don’t mind, step back, my good man. You reek
of chiken.
(Ashot, 2000: 20)
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questions and answers in order to get some information or get suggestion during consulting. Then, “give” explains the Ra suggest the partner should do that. While, “he’ll” has related the previous initial. It means Ra give a certain statement if her suggestion will do by the partner. Ghayev wishes they could get an inheritance or marry Anya off to a rich man.
4.1.1.4Casual Style
The background of this style is just making the listener understand what they are talking about. It takes such information for granted and almost alludes to its, but without it the conversation lapses into silence and kidding (Joos, 1976:156). The writer has found five data from Anton
Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard in act one.
Data 1
Ra : She’s completely exhausted.
Sp : The road, of course, must be have been long. (Ashot, 2000:12)
Ra : (Laughing.) you’re still the same, Varya… ( Draws her close her close and kisses her.) I’ll just finish my coffee, and we’ll all go. (Fierce places a cushion or pillow under her feet.) Thank you, my good mas. I have a coffee habit. I drink it day and night. Thank you, my venerable friend. (she kisses Fierce.)
Va : I’ll go see if they’ve brought all the things … (She leaves)
(Ashot. 2000: 12)
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Data 2
Ra : is it really me sitting here? (She laughs.) I want to jump up and down, wave my arms up and down. (She covers her face with her hands.) What if I’m dreaming! God only knows, I love the motherland, I love her tenderly, I couldn’t even look out the widow of the train, I was so hard. (trough tears.) However I must drink my coffee. Thank you, fierce, thank you, my venerable friend. I am so happy that you are still alive.
Fl : day before yesterday.
Gh : he’s hard of hearing.
(Ashot, 2000:12)
Casual style that is used by Ra above proves “However I must drink my coffee” utterance. It tells the situation is informal and just making
the listener understands what they are talking about. Ranevskaya seems to be just ignoring the problem and still ordering the most expensive things. She has also returned with her manservant Yasha.
Data 3
Ra : well, then, Varya, I’ll be very happy for you. He’s a good man. Sp : A good man, indeed, and that’s the truth … a most worthy man … and my Dashenka … says the same thing, she says … that …
she says different things. (He drift off, snoozes, snores, but
instantly wakes up.) But still … most esteemed lady, lend me 240 rubles, please … as a loan … the interest on my mortgage is due
tomorrow.
(Ashot, 2000: 17)
The conversation between Ra and Sp above called casual style,
because of “He’s a good man” utterance. Casual style is used by close
relation participants and chat something informal. Varya says that it would be good if they could get Anya married off to someone wealthy, pay off
36
think another plan of the debt. She thinks they will find another solution to help her.
Data 4
Ra : I actually as a matter of fact have nothing, no money, at all.
Sp : you’ll find them. (He laugh) I never lose hope. It’s this: just when I think, that’s it, it’s all over I’m doomed, I’m done for, suddenly, what do you know – the railroad comes through my land
and … the government pays me for the right. And then, you know, something else might come along, if not today, then tomorrow …
maybe me Dashenka will win two hundred thousand rubles in the
lottery … she bought a ticket.
(Ashot, 2000: 17)
That conversation between Ranevskaya and Pishchik is casual style, because they chat informal discussion. Then the distinction which is
make the utterance difference from ”I actually as a matter” utterance. She
explains herself as a matter. When Lopakhin has gone, Pishchik tries to ask Ranyevskaya for a loan of 200 rubles to pay off the interest on his mortgage. Varya tells him they have no money. Ranyevskaya is forced to agree.
Data 5
Ra : Look, there’s our sainted mother walking through the orchard … in a white dress!
Gh : where ?
Va : Lord help you, Mummy dear. (Ashot. 2000: 18)
The casual style is proved from “there’s our sainted mother
walking through the orchard” utterance. It tells that suddenly,
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such a strange and fears itself. People do not believe her at all. It explains that the participants are chat informal and among someone close.
4.1.1.5Intimate Style
Intimate style is completely private language used within family and very close friends ( Joos, 1976: 157). Normally, the intimate style is used in pair. Of course, it is not public assumption, means that intimate has private vocabularies with the addressee. The writer has found four intimate style that used by the main character.
Data 1
Ra : (Overjoyed, through tears). The Nursery!
Va: It’s so cold. My hands are numb (Addressing Lyubov Andreyevna). Your rooms, the white one and the violet one stayed exactly as they were, Mummy dear.
(Ashot, 2000: 7)
The other actors in a live performance are very attuned to
Ranevskaya’s speech. So, this condition is called intimate style, because it
is used by people who have really close relationship. Then, the distinction
that is showed by Ranevskaya from ”the nursery” word express overjoy
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Data 2
Ra :The Nursery, my darling, such a wonderful room … I slept here when I was just a baby … (she weeps). And now I’m being a baby again … (she kisses her brother, Varya, and then her brother again). See, Varya’s just the same as always, she looks like a nun … and recognized Dunyasha straightaway…(She kisses Dunyasha.)
again)” utterance. Those utterances mean that Ranevskaya acts such really close relationship. She tells her experiences and fell at all to the hearer. It happens because of the social factor. Ranevskaya tells what she experienced with the nursery in the past. Gaev reminds Ranyevskaya of when they used to sleep in the room when it was the nursery. The setting is take place in the nursery. It makes the situation is informal. Ranevskaya tells a place that she has when she was a child. It shares for someone who is really close her, he is her brother and of course they know what her meaning is. She says that something not serious in this condition. The distinction style that can be seen from she is always use “my darling” to show that it is her characterize which is make the style different.
Data 3
Ra : My adorable angel. (kisses her hands). Are you glad to be home? I can’t get over it.
39
Data four describes this conversation is in intimate. They have really close relationship. Varya tells Anya that the servants have been offering passers-by a place to sleep, and charging them for the privilege. When she found out this was going on she decided she had to stop them. Anya is falling asleep. Varya takes her up to bed. Trofimov has been just outside watching Anya. As a mother, she is always ask her daughter’s
conditionThen, Rannevskaya uses “My adorable angel” it seems her
characterize.
Data 4
Ra : Grisha … my baby … my little boy …Grisha … my son …
Va : What’s so to be done, Mummy - dear. God’s will. (Ashot, 2000:19)
As a mother calls her son with “my son” describes intimate
situation. While, “my little boy” explains that she is always has a trick to
show her character. She is laughing a laud calls Grisha her son who has died. Since she knows this situation Varya is sad and just pray for her mother.
4.1.2 Social Factors
4.1.2.1 Frozen Situation
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situation. The instruments are not a document scripts. The norm is not
indicated long speech text. Then genre of the Anton Chekov’s The Cherry
Orchard is not serious situation which means really formal.
4.1.1.2 Formal Situation
The characteristics of formal style cannot found here, because the happening is not inthe office, class, or meeting room. The participants are not the members of courts, labor relationship, or academy relationship.
The purposes of the main character’s speech are not related to the problem
of company or knowledge theories. The act sequence of this drama is not followed any procedures, because it occurs between strangers. The intonation is not strained. The norm of the interaction is not use topic. This genre is not serious problem. So, there are two styles which never used by the main character in Anton Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard are formal style and frozen style.
4.1.2.3Consultative Situation
Data 1
Ra : How does it go again? …Yellow in the corner pocket! Dupe in the side pocket!
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dislikes. The act sequence of this data, Ra asks Gh the condition of the corner pocket side. Gh answers the real of it, but she is still angry. It is because she wants someone know what she feels. The key is indicated the tone is angry, because there are three exclamation marks in those utterances. The instrument is orally and using emotion in the exclamation mark. The norm shows that a woman tends to angry of a bad situation. It means that Ra has lost of a thing that she loved. The genre of this data is consultative.
Data 2
Ra : I can’t still, I just can’t, I’m in such a state … (leaps to her feet and walks about, highly agitated). This happiness will be the death of me … go ahead, laugh at me. I’m a fool …my precious, darling bookcase … (She kisses the antique bookcase). My precious darling desk…
42
Data 3
Ra : I don’t understand you, Yermolai Alekseyech.
The setting that influenced Ra to use this style is taken place in a
room which is used to discuss about sell of the orchard, Ra’s living room.
The participants are Ra is a speaker who asks and Lo is a hearer who responds. The purpose of this data explains that Ra needs statement that delivered from her cleary. The act sequence happened firstly, Ra asks her
misunderstand about Lo’s statement, then Lo explains it clearly. Lo tries to
give a clear statement that Ra needed. The key shows the tone is hopeful. While, the instrument is orally and it is uses a good grammatical. The norm is delivered that a woman that is disliked the any complication thing. The genre is consultative.
Data 4
Ra : Cop it down? My dear man, forgive me, you understand absolutely nothing. If there is anything at all interesting about our entire province, anything in the least way remarkable, it would have to be this cherry orchard of ours.
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The norm is delivered that woman will not agree, if something she loved will be sold. It represents her feeling that she cannot leave the thing that she loved. The genre is consultative.
Data 5
Ra: (Gazing out the window at the orchard.) Oh, my childhood, my purity! This was the nursery I slept in, these were the windows through which I gazed out at the orchard, each morning happiness woke with me, and the orchard was exactly the same back then, nothing has changed. (Laughs with joy.) It’ all white, all of it! Oh, my orchard! after the dark, stormy autumn, and the cold winter, there you are again, young, new, full of happiness, the heavenly angels have not forsaken you … Oh, if this heavy stone that weighs upon it could be lifted from my heart and shoulders, if only I could forget my past!
The setting is taken place in a discussion room of Ra’s house. The
participants are implicated Ra is a speaker and Gh is s hearer. The purpose is Ra want to the partner know what she fell how beautiful the orchard is and how she cannot leave it. The chronologically, first Ra said how she really love the orchard and cannot leave it from her life. Then the hearer respond so clear with ”will” word. The key is indicted the tone is so sad. The instruments are orally and too long statement. The norm is described that woman tend to be sad when something that she love will be sold and leave from her life. The genre is consultative.
Data 6
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Tr : A peasant woman actually called me that on the rain: the mangy gentleman.
Ra : You were just a boy back then, just a young lad, a charming you university student, and now your thick head of hair has thinned out, you’re wearing eyeglasses. Are you still a student, then? Is that imposible? (She walks towards the door ).
Tr : I’ m destined to be a student forever, it must be.
(Ashot, 2000: 19)
The social factor which is influence Ra use this style happens in
Ra’s discussing room. The participants are Ra is a speaker and Tr is a
hearer. The purpose of that utterance is Ra shows her characterize to Tr. The chronological order is Ra said the hearer what she fell through mocking Tr. Then, the hearer responds calmly. The intonation is annoyed. The instrument is orally. The norm is described woman tend to be someone who has a big curious when she does not have get the information yet. The genre is consultative.
Data 7
Ra : I don’t have any money, old boy.
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described that woman cannot give a help for some one directly. The genre is consultative.
Data 8
Ra : oh, all right, Lenoid’ll give it to you … give him the money, Lenoid.
The conversation tells that they are the business minded. The participants are Ra is a speaker and Gh is a hearer. The end of that
utterance is Ra agreeing the previous participant’s urge. The act sequence
happens Ra agree that the previous participant’s need, Gh suggest that if Ra agree that urge, she must be calm. The key is indicated the tone is conviction. The instrument is orally. The norm explains certain thing that must be has. The genre is consultative.
Data 9
Ra : what’s to be done? Give him the money… he needs it … he’ll pay it back.
The social factor which is influence Ra use this style, since the setting
happens in Ra’s discussing room. The participants are Ra as a speaker and
46
4.1.2.4Casual Situation
Data 1
Ra : She’s completely exhausted.
Ra : (Laughing.) you’re still the same, Varya … ( Draws her close her close and kisses her.) I’ll just finish my coffee, and we’ll all go. (Fierce places a cushion or pillow under her feet.) Thank you, my good mas. I have a coffee habit. I drink it day and night. Thank you, my venerable friend. (she kisses Fierce.)
The social factor influenced Ra was the setting taken place in the living room which used gathering of a family as usually. The participants are Ra as a speaker and Tr as a hearer. The end is Ra say thank for Tr.The chronological order is Ra tells her habits to the participant. Then, the participant deliver what should to do for get the better. The key is a relax conversation. The instrument is orally. The norm indicates the situation is too back breaking, so the participants are conversing as has a close relation who knew the main of the conversation. The genre is casual.
Data 2
Ra : is it really me sitting here? (She laughs.) I want to jump up and down, wave my arms up and down. (She covers her face with her hands.) What if I’m dreaming! God only knows, I love the motherland, I love her tenderly, I couldn’t even look out the widow of the train, I was so hard. (trough tears.) However I must drink my coffee. Thank you, fierce, thank you, my venerable friend. I am so happy that you are still alive.
47
something that should be she has at that time. The key used Ra indicates the utterances which are necessity. The instrument delivers orally. The norm indicates woman is always a bad habit that it necessitates her needs to be real. The genre is casual.
Data 3
Ra : well, then, Varya, I’ll be very happy for you. He’s a good man.
Varya says that it would be good if they could get Anya married
off to someone wealthy, pay off Rayevskaya’s debts, then she would be
able to travel. In this time they are think another plan of the debt. She thinks they will find another solution to help her. The social factor influences her use this style is the setting in the living room. A place
which is used to gather the family of Ranevskaya’s. The participants are
Ranevskaya is a speaker and Pishchik is a hearer. The Ranevskaya’s
purpose convey is make the hearer good signal that she is agree her daughter marry someone. The chronological is Ranevskaya tells that she is agree her daughter marry with someone, but he ignores that and ask her a
loan. The key can be seen from Ranevskaya’s hope in order to her
48
Data 4
Ra : I actually as a matter of fact have nothing, no money, at all.
She explains herself as a matter. When Lopakhin has gone, Pishchik tries to ask Ranyevskaya for a loan of 200 rubles to pay off the interest on his mortgage. Varya tells him they have no money. Ranyevskaya is forced to agree. Then the setting which is influence Ranevskasya to gather the family and others to chat casual think. The participants are Ranevskaya is a speaker and Pishchik is a hearer. The end of this conversation is she want to make the hearer know that she is a matter of the problem. The chronological is Ranvskaya know that the problem is not clear. She thinks that it is the causes of her. So she argue is she is not has money, the problem will not clear. Pishchik is a hearer gives support to Ranevskaya and tries to find the solution. The key is hopeful of both. The instrument is orally. The genre is casual.
Data 5
Ra : Look, there’s our sainted mother walking through the orchard … in a white dress!
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one believes it. The key is Ranevskaya fears itself. The instrument is orally. The norm is woman is always says the true. The genre is casual.
4.1.2.5Intimate Situation
Data 1
Ra : (Overjoyed, through tears). The Nursery!
The social factor which is influence Ranevskaya use this style is take place in the nursery, a place that she loves. The participants are Ranevskaya is a speaker and Varya is a heaher. The end is Ranevskaya hope the hearer get what she feels. She is really miss that place which is expressed with overjoy. The acts displayed Ranevskaya come in the sweet memorize place, and express her happiness. Then, the hearer attunes the
speaker’s style such as the hearer feels the same with Ranevskaya. The key
can be got from the speaker’s sense about the nursery. The instrument is
delivered between the speaker and the hearer is orally. The genre in this conversation is intimate.
Data 2
Ra :The Nursery, my darling, such a wonderful room … I slept here when I was just a baby … (she weeps). And now I’m being a baby again … (she kisses her brother, Varya, and then her brother again). See, Varya’s just the same as always, she looks like a nun … and recognized Dunyasha straightaway…(She kisses Dunyasha.)
50
situation is informal.Ranevskaya tells a place that she has when she was a child. It shares for someone who is really close her, he is her brother and of course they know what her meaning is. She says that something not serious in this condition. The distinction style that can be seen from she is
always use “my darling” to show that it is her characterize which is make
the style different. The participants are Ranevskaya is a speaker and Gh is
a hearer. They are chatting Ranevskaya’s life. The end of this conversation
is Ranevskaya want to shares her feeling to her brother the situation in the nursery when she was a child. The chronological is Ranevskaya conveys
her experience, then her brother ignores it. The key is chat Ranevskaya’s
life. The instrument delivers orally. The norm indicated women is too hard leave something she had ever has. The genre is intimate.
Data 3
Ra : My adorable angel. (kisses her hands). Are you glad to be home? I can’t get over it.
They chat such as a mother and daughter normally. The participants are Ranevskaya is a speaker and Varya is a daughter. The end of this
conversation is Ranevskaya wants to know Varya’s heart feeling. The act
of this story is Ranevskaya asks Varya what her feeling when they come back to the home, then Varya ignores that and says good bye for her uncle. The key is chat such as a mother to the daughter. The instrument is orally.
The norm indicates woman is always wants to her daughter’s condition
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Data 4
Ra : Grisha … my baby … my little boy …Grisha … my son …
The social factors are happen in the living room which is used family gathering as usual. The participants are Ranevskaya is a speaker and Varya is a hearer. The end of this conversation is Ranevskaya hopes her son who was died appear when she call him. The acts of this conversation are Ranevskaya calls he son who was died laudly. Then Vaya is an adopted daughter who changed Grisha is so sad at that time. She is just pay for her mother because of that situation. The key is the strange of Ranevskaya call a ghost of her son. The instrument is orally. The genre is intimate.
4.2 Discussion
Based on the findings, the styles that used by the main character in Anton
Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard were consultative, casual and intimate. The
usage styles were always based on the situation. The situation that influenced the main character used the style could be called social factor. Social factor which were included the usage of the styles such as the setting, the participants, the ends or purposes, the act sequence, the key, the instrument and the genre. Related the result above, people communicate and shares their ideas consider where and what they position are. Many people think that it is true if they
believe a statement from Rasulullooh SAW about the people’s safety based on
52
position. It makes the hearer understand her meaning. If every people do the same with the main character in this drama, it is possible this country will be peaceful.
53 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1Conclusion
The conclusion of this study discusses language style used by the main
character in Anton Chekov’s The Cherry Orchard. This study is contained two
statement problems which are analyzed. This qualitative approach finds the result that the first, the language styles are used by the main character are three styles. Those are consultative, casual and intimate. The utterances which produced the main character based on the situation that can be called social factor. The social factor is the second statement of the problem in this study.
The second, there are social factors which influences the main character uses the style. It is depended on the setting, participant, end, act sequence, key, instrument, norm, and genre of the situation in the drama. This problem is related with the categories of the style. The example of the social factors in consultative situation can be seen in data 8. Where, Madame Renavskaya convers with her partner to talks about find solution of her partner’s problem. So, the setting (S) occurs in the Madame Ranevskaya’s living room. the participants (P) who discus are Madame as someone who is has money while,
Pishchik as someone who is borrow Madame’s money. The end or purpose (E)
