DAFTAR ISI
BAB I Asal-Usul Minyak dan Gas Bumi
1 Pengenalan Geologi ………..
a. Bumi di dalam Tata Surya ..………...
b. Formasi dan Struktur Bumi ...……….
c. Lempeng Tektonik ………...………..
d. Gempa Bumi ………..
e. Pembentukan Oceanic Crust (Lempeng Dasar Laut) ……….
f. Kegiatan Vulkanik Subduction – Induced ………..……...
g. Kegiatan Vulkanik “Hot Spot” ……….……….
h. Pembentukan Rangkaian Pegunungan ………..……….
i. Bagaimana elemen-elemen mempengaruhi kulit bumi ………..
j. Batuan Magma (Magmatic Rock) ………..…………
k. Batuan Metamorphic ………..
2 Teori Biogenic ... 3 Proses pembentukan minyak dan gas bumi secara organik ………..
a. Dekomposisi (Penguraian) ... b. Sedimentasi (Pengendapan) ... c. Pergerakan Stratigrafi / Kulit Bumi ... d. Maturasi (Pematangan) ... e. Migrasi (Perpindahan) ... f. Entrapment (Jebakan) ... 4 Teori Abiogenik ... 5 Proses pembentukan minyak dan gas bumi secara abiogenik ... 6 Teori Peak Oil ... 7 Komponen pembentuk minyak dan gas bumi ... BAB II Reservoir
1 Proses terjadinya reservoir ... 2 Batuan pembentuk reservoir ... 3 Jenis-jenis reservoir ...
4 Jenis-Jenis drive / tenaga pendorong reservoir ………...…..
a. Gas cap ………...
b. Dissolved gas drive ………
c. Active aquifer reservoir drive / water drive ………...
d. Kombinasi ………..
5 Manajemen Tekanan Reservoir ………... BAB III Explorasi
a. Onshore (Darat) ... c. Penentuan lokasi sumur ... 5 Pengeboran / Drilling ... c.1. Primary Cementing ... c.2. Remedial Cementing ... d. Directional Drilling ... e. Proses pengeboran ... 6 Data Aquisition / Pengambilan Data ...
d. Non Locating Seal Assembly ... 4 Metode Completion Sumur ...
a. Berdasarkan jumlah tubing ... a.1.Single ... a.2.Dual ... a.3.Multi ... b. Berdasarkan Formasi ... b.1.Open Hole ...
b.2.Perforated casing ……….
b.3.Slotted Screen & Gravel Pack ……….
5 Metode perawatan sumur ………..
a. Fracturing ………... 4 Transient pressure test ……….. 5 Productivity test ……… 6 Routine production test ………. 7 Bottom-hole temperature determination ………. 8 Sonic fluid level determination ………. 9 Water analysis ………... BAB VI Separation – Pemisahan
1 Separator ………...
a. Bagian-bagian internal separator ………...
a.1.Deflector plate ……….
a.2.Baffles / Weir ………..
a.3.Straightening vanes ……….
a.4.Wave Breaker ………..
a.5.Demister pad ………
a.6.Slotted tube / Vortex breaker ………...
a.7.Manhole ………...
a.8.Sand-jetting ………..
b. Perlengkapan Separator ………..
b.1.Control Valve ………..
b.1.1. Pressure Control Valve (PCV) ………...
b.1.2. Level Control Valve (LCV) ………...
b.1.3. Flow Control Valve (FCV) ……….
b.2.Transmitter ………..
b.2.1. Level Transmitter ………..……….
b.2.2. Pressure Transmitter ………..………
b.2.3. Temperature Ttransmitter…..……….………
b.3.Safety Device (Alat Pengaman) ………...………...
2 Metode / proses pemisahan pemisahan ………
a. Minyak ……...………
a.1.Gravitasi ………..
a.2.Dengan bantuan bahan kimia ………..
a.3.Centrifugal force ………..
b. Gas ……….
b.1.Dehidrasi ………..
b.2.Extraksi ………
BAB VII Treatment
1 Gas Treatment ………...………
a. Liquid Extraction Plant (Gas Plant) ………...
b. Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) ……….
2 Oil Treatment ………
a. Heater-Treaters ………..………
b. Free-Water Knock Out (FWKO) ………...
c. Desalter ………..
d. Gun Barrel ………..
e. Storage Tanks ……….
f. Vapor Recovery System ……….
3 Water Treatment ………...
a. Skimmer ……….
b. API (Atmospheric Pressure Interceptor) Separator ………...
c. Chemical additive ………..
c.1.Demulsifier ………..
c.2.Reverse demulsifier ……….
d. Hydrocyclon ………..……….
BAB VIII Gauging dan metering
1 Lease tank battery ………. 2 Tank Battery Operation ……… 3 Tank Strapping ………. 4 Tank oil gauging ………... 5 Oil measurement and testing ……… 6 Measurement and testing procedure ………. 7 Standardized and semi-automatic tank Batteries ……….. 8 Automatic Custody Transfer ……… 9 Gas Measurement ………. 10 Computers in producing Operations ………. 11 Programmable logic controller and distributed control system ……… 12 SCADA (Supervisory Control Data Acquisition) System ………... BAB IX Offshore Production and Structure
1 Offshore production structure ………...
a. GTS (Gathering and testing satellite) ……….
b. SWP / MWP (Single / multi well platform) ………...
4 Subsea Pipelines ………... BAB X Refinery
1 Oil refinery ………...
a. Jenis minyak mentah berdasarkan komponennya ………..
a.1. Heavy ……….
BAB XI Secondary recovery dan enhance recovery
1 Secondary recovery ………..
a. Immiscible displacement by water (water flooding) ………..
b. Displacement by gas (immiscible gas drive) ……….
c. Artificial Lift ………..
a.1. Sucker Rod ……….
a.2. Pump-off Controllers ……….
a.3. Gas Lifting ……….
a.4. Subsurface electrical pumping ………...
a.5. Subsurface hydraulic pumping ………...
a.6. Jet pump ……….
2 Enhance recovery ……….
a. In situ thermal drive ………...
b. Chemical drive ………...
c. Miscible displacement by gas (miscible drive) ………..
d. Nitrogen service ……….
BAB XII Teknologi informasi dan telekomunikasi
b.3.CDMA ...
BAB XIV Special Problems
1 Corrosion ………..
2 Emulsion Treating ……… 3 Scale Formation ……… 4 Naturally occuring radioactive material (NORM) ……… 5 Water Disposal ………. 6 Parafin Problems ………...
7 Asphaltenes ………...
8 Hydrogen Sulfide ……….. BAB XV Sejarah Perminyakan di Indonesia
1 Sebelum kemerdekaan ……….. 2 Sesudah kemerdekaan ………... BAB XVI Instrumentasi
1 PCS ……….………..
2 SIS ……….………...
3 FGS ………..
BAB XVII Elektrikal
1 Motor Control Center / Switchgear………... 2 Pembangkit Daya Listrik ……….. BAB XVIII Shipping / Pengapalan Minyak dan gas
1 Tanker ………...
b. Bagian-bagian tanker ……….
b.1. Bridge castle ………...
c.2.2. electricity generator and heating plant ………...
c.2.3. steering gear ………...
c.2.4. pump room ……….
c.2.6. Propeller ……….
c.2.7. chain locker ………
c.3. Bridge castle ………...
c.3.1. radar ………
c.3.2. bridge (anjungan) ………...
c.3.3. office quarters ……….
c.3.4. crew cabin ………...
c.3.5. galley ………..
c.3.6. lounge ……….
c.3.7. sport facilities ……….
2 Rute utama pengapalan ………. 3 Bagaimana pengapalan mempengaruhi harga minyak ... 4 Tanker safety ... BAB XIX Regulasi Minyak dan Gas
1 International ………..
2 Indonesia ………...
BAB XX (HSE) Health Safety Environment
1 Health ………
2 Safety ………
3 Environment ……….
BAB XII Future Trends
1 Multiphase Pumps ……… 2 Horizontal Trees ………... 3 Horizontal Drilling ………... 4 Downhole Well Splitters ……….. 5 Multiphase Metering ……….
