Contents
Preface
···i
Program and Useful Information
Overview of the Program ···ii
Floor Plan ···
iii
Way to the Venue ···
iv
Other Useful Information ···
v
Opening Ceremony
···ix
Plenary Session(Selected Topics in Korea, China, Japan, and USA)
09:40-10:10 HUMAN-SPECIFIC CROP PRODUCTION ··· 1Sun-Ok Chung(Chungnam National University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr) 10:10-10:40 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE IN CHINA Chunjiang Zhao(National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, China, chaocj@nercita.org.cn) 10:40-11:10 GOOD AGRICULTUAL PRACTICE REQUIRES PRECISION AGRICULTURE ··· 16
Sakae Shibusawa(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, sshibu@cc.tuat.ac.jp) 11:10-11:40 CROP AND SOIL SENSORS FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE ··· 22
Panel Discussion Session(Selected Topics for Future PA)
13:00-13:30
THE FUTURE OF PRECISION FARMING: DESIGNING SYSTEMS FOR THE FARM OF TOMORROW ··· 45
Simon Blackmore(Harper Adams University, UK, simon.blackmore@harper-adams.ac.uk)
13:30-14:00
PRECISION AGRICULTURE AND PHENOTYPING – SHARED TECHNOLOGIES ··· 72
Naiqian Zhang(KansasState University, USA, zhangn@k-state.edu)
14:00-14:30
PRECISION AGRICULTURE: CONCEPTS AND ITS ROLE IN ADDRESSING FOOD SECURITY IN A
FLAT WORLD ··· 84
Raj Khosla(Colorado State University, USA, Raj.Khosla@colostate.edu)
14:30-15:00
PANEL DISCUSSION
Dr. Sakae Shibusawa (Prof. of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan)
Dr. Minzan Li (Prof. of China Agricultural University, China)
Dr. Chang-Hyun Choi (Prof. of Sungkyunkwan University, Korea)
Technical Sessions(Abstract)
Oral
▸
Session DD: Data Processing and Decision Making Support System
Wednesday, June 26, 15:30 – 17:00, Camelia HallChairperson: Prof. Reza Ehsani and Dr. Yong Joo Kim
15:30-15:45
DD-01 REVEALING THE ANTHRACNOSE INDUCED POLYSACCHARIDES CHANGES IN TEA CELL
WALL PROBED BY CONFOCAL RAMAN MICROSCOPY ··· 91
15:45-16:00
DD-02 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD WIRELESS SENSOR NODE AND SINK NODE FOR
GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ··· 98
Jiang Yiqiong, Zhang Man, Zhong Zhenjiang, Sun Hong, and Li Minzan(China Agricultural University, China, cauzm@cau.edu.cn)
16:00-16:15
DD-03 APPLICATION OF SMALL UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE FOR INVENTORY MANAGEMENT ··· 104
Ying She, Reza Ehsani, Jim Owen, and Jim Robbins(University of Florida, USA, ehsani@ufl.edu)
16:15-16:30
DD-04 A UNIVERSAL COMPOSABLE GROUPING-PROOF AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL FOR
MULTI-RFID TAGS ··· 113
ZeLin Hu, Mial Li, Jian Zhang, Xinhua Zeng, Shizhuang Weng, ShouGuo Zheng, Yuanyuan Zhao and Hua Long Li
(Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, hzlin@ustc.edu)
16:30-16:45
DD-05 PRECISION RESTORING AGRICULTURE USING SPATIAL VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUE ·· 120
Hideki GOTO, Hiromitsu Niitsuma, Yasuhiro Noguchi, Akio Sashima, Koichi Kurumatani, Masakazu Kodaira, and Sakae
Shibusawa(ADS Corporation Ltd., Japan, hgoto@adscorp.jp)
16:45-17:00
DD-06 IDENTIFICATION OF TOMATO LEAF DISEASES BY HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING AND
MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUE ··· 126
Na Chen, Yong He, Fei Liu, Wenwen Kong, and Yidan Bao(Zhejiang University, China, ydbao@zju.edu.cn)
▸
Session FM: Site-specific Field Management
Wednesday, June 26, 15:30 – 17:00, Azalea HallChairperson: Dr. I Made Anom S. Wijaya and Prof. Dong-Hoon Lee
15:30-15:45
FM-01 COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY TILLAGE TOOL: SUBSOILER ·· 133
15:45-16:00
FM-02 PRE-PROCESSING OF LOAD DATA OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS DURING FIELD
OPERATIONS ··· 142
Myong-Jin Ryu, Youn-Kug Choo, Sun-Ok Chung, Yong-Joo Kim, Dae-Hyun Lee, and Chang-Hyun Choi(Chungnam National University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
16:00-16:15
FM-03 YIELD-BASED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ZONE OF SMALL SCALE TRADITIONALLY
CULTIVATED PADDY FIELD ··· 151
I Made Anom Sutrisna Wijaya and I WayanTika(Udayana University, Indonesia, anomsw@ftp.unud.ac.id)
16:15-16:30
FM-04 AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY AREAS FOR SUGAR BEET(BETA VULGARIS) CROP
PRODUCTION BY GIS & RS SYSTEMS ··· 157
Ehsan Neamatollahi, Moahammad Reza Jahansuz, and Javad Vafabakhsh(University of Tehran, Iran, neamatollahi_e@ut.ac.ir)
16:30-16:45
FM-05 DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE TEST FOR A NEW TYPE OF VEHICLE-MOUNTED
SOIL EC DETECTOR ··· 158
Xiaoshuai Pei, Minzan Li, and Lihua Zheng(China Agriculture University, China, limz@cau.edu.cn)
16:45-17:00
FM-06 AUTOMATIC CORN PLANT LOCATION AND SPACING MEASUREMENT USING LASER
LINE-SCAN TECHNIQUE ··· 164
Yeyin Shi, Ning Wang, Randal K. Taylor, William R. Raun, and James A. Hardin(Oklahoma State University, USA, ning.wang@okstate.edu)
▸
Session SE: Soil Sensor and Equipment
Wednesday, June 27, 08:30 – 10:00, Camelia HallChairperson: Dr. Nicolas Tremblay and Dr. Sukyoung Hong
08:30-08:45
SE-01 CORN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN IS INFLUENCED BY SOIL TEXTURE AND WEATHER ·· 169
Nicolas Tremblay, Mohamed Yacine Bouroubi, Carl Belec, Robert Mullen, Newell Kitchen, Wade Thomason, Steve Ebelhar,
08:45-09:00
SE-02 IN-FIELD SOIL PHOSOPORUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM - PRELIMINARY STUDY - ··· 170
Giyoung Kweon, Chase Maxton, David Mengel, and Wonsuk Lee(Gyeongsang National University, Korea, gkweon@gnu.ac.kr)
09:00-09:15
SE-03 DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE MULTI-PARAMETER SOIL DETECTOR BASED ON NEAR
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ··· 172
An Xiaofei, Li Minzan, Zheng Lihua, and Liu Yumeng(China Agriculture University, China, pact@cau.edu.cn)
09:15-09:30
SE-04 SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PREDICTION FOR KOREAN SOILS USING VISIBLE-NEAR
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ··· 177
Kyungdo Lee, Sukyoung Hong, B. Minasny, Yihyun Kim, Kwancheol Song, Sangil Na, and Soyeong Jang(National Academy of Agricultural Science(NAAS), Korea, syhong67@korea.kr)
09:30-09:45
SE-05 EFFECTS OF SENSING DEPTH VARIATION ON TOTAL CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN
MAPPING USING REAL-TIME SOIL SENSOR ··· 183
Siti Noor Aliah Baharom, Sakae Shibusawa, Masakazu Kodaira, and Ryuhei Kanda(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, aliah@mardi.gov.my)
09:45-10:00
SE-06 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HEAVY METAL ELEMENTS IN
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCING AREA AT SHANDONG PROVINCE, CHINA ··· 189
Mei Yong, Man Zhang, Shengwei Wang, Tianjiao Zhang, and Gang Liu(China Agricultural University, China, cauzm@cau.edu.cn)
▸
Session EF: Education and Farm Research
Thursday, June 27, 08:30 – 10:00, Azalea HallChairperson: Prof. I Ketut Satriawan and Prof. Tae-Hwan Kang
08:30-08:45
EF-01 REVIEW ON RELIABILITY RATING STANDARDS FOR HIGH EFFICIENCY TRACTOR ··· 195
08:45-09:00
EF-02 POTENTIAL FUTURE PROSPECTS OF PRECISION AGRICULTURE IN PAKISTAN ··· 234
Khalid Abdullah(Ministry of Textile Industry, Pakistan, cottoncommissioner@textile.gov.pk)
09:00-09:15
EF-03 SMART LEAN AGRICULTURE PUSHES FARM KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR QUALITY
AND COMMUNITY IN ICT APPROACH ··· 235
Toshiyuki Kamiya, Nagisa Numano, Hideo Shimazu, Hirohisa Nesumi, and Sakae Shibusawa(NEC System Technologies, Ltd., Japan, kamiya-txa@necst.nec.co.jp)
09:15-09:30
EF-04 USING OF SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE LAND FOR AGRO-TOURISM DESTINATION IN BALI
PROVINCE ··· 236
I Ketut Satriawan, Ida Bagus Gde Pujaastawa, and I Made Sarjanz(Udayana University, Indonesia, tutsatria@yahoo.com)
09:30-09:45
EF-05 PRECISION AGRICULTURE IN TRANSITION - PRINCIPLES TO REGIONALLY ADAPT AND
TRANSFER EXISTING PA-TECHNOLOGIES ··· 244
Armin Werner and Ian Yule(Lincoln Agritech Ltd. and Massey University, New Zealand, Armin.Werner@lincolnagritech.co.nz)
09:45-10:00
EF-06 FARMLAND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY AT
BINZHOU CITY ··· 262
Tian-Jiao Zhang, Gang Liu, Liang-liang Yu, and Sheng-Wei Wang(China Agricultural University, China, zhangtianjiao000@126.com)
▸
Session HI: Hyperspectral Imaging
Thursday, June 27, 10:30 – 12:00, Camelia HallChairperson: Prof. Yong He and Prof. Chan Seok Ryu
10:30-10:45
HI-01 STUDY ON NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTING GANNAN NAVAL PESTICIDE RESIDUE BY
USING HYPER-SPECTRA IMAGING TECHNOLOGY ··· 269
10:45-11:00
HI-02 USING VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING TO CLASSIFY CHINESE
FAMOUS TEA ··· 276
Hai-liang Zhang, Xiao-li Li, Yong He, and Peng-cheng Nie(Zhejiang University, China, yhe@zju.edu.cn)
11:00-11:15
HI-03 ESTIMATING GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT IN WINTER WHEAT WITH MULTI-TEMPORAL
HYPERSPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS ··· 282
Xingang Xu, Cunjun Li, Xiaodong Yang, and Hao Yang(Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, China, xxg2007@yahoo.com.cn)
11:15-11:30
HI-04 IDENTIFICATION OF RAPE VARIETIES USING HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE BY SPARSE
REPRESENTATION AND MANIFOLD LEARNING ··· 283
Xinjie Yu, Yong He, Jiaojiao Yin, and Lei Wang(Zhejiang University, China, yhe@zju.edu.cn)
11:30-11:45
HI-05 APPLICATION OF HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FOR CHARACTERIZING
TEMPERATURE OF TEA LEAVES BASED ON PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION ··· 284
Xiaoli Li, Liubin Luo, Yong He, Pengcheng Nie, and Hailiang Zhang(Zhejiang University, China, yhe@zju.edu.cn)
11:45-12:00
HI-06 STUDY ON DISCRIMINATION OF DIFFERENT DISEASE ON TOMATO LEAVES BASED ON
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE ··· 291
Chuanqi Xie, Lei Feng, and Yong He(Zhejiang University, China, yhe@zju.edu.cn)
▸
Session CM: Site-specific Crop Management
Thursday, June 27, 10:30 – 12:00, Azalea HallChairperson: Prof. Won Suk Lee and Dr. Young-Ki Hong
10:30-10:45
CM-01 LASER WEEDING SYSTEM FOR ELIMINATION OF IN-ROW WEEDS ··· 297
10:45-11:00
CM-02 EARLY DETECTION OF FUNGAL DISEASES IN WINTER WHEAT BY THERMOGRAPHY ···· 303
Yuxuan Wang, Shamaila Zia, Sebastian Owusu-Adu, Thomas Miedaner, Roland Gerhards, and Joachim Muller(Hohenheim University, Germany, yuxuan.wang@uni-hohenheim.de)
11:00-11:15
CM-03 USE OF BIONIC ELETRONIC NOSE TECHNOLOGY FOR DETECTION OF BROWN RICE
PLANT-HOPPER ··· 311
Xu Sai, Zhou-Zhi Yan, and Luo-Xi Wen(South China Agricultural University, China, zyzhou@scau.edu.cn)
11:15-11:30
CM-04 APPLYING FUZZY ENTROPY AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL HISTOGRAM-BASED WATERSHED
ALGORITHMS TO THE SEGMENTATION OF CLUSTERED DICED POTATOES ··· 318
Wang Kaiyi, Zhang Shuifa, Liu Zhongqiang, and Yang Feng(Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, China, zhangsf85@gmail.com)
11:30-11:45
CM-05 GRASS GROWTH MAPPING USING RGB IMAGERY ··· 319
Ming Zhang Song, Sun-Ok Chung, Ki Dae Kim, Young Seok Chae, Yong Joo Kim, Seung Hwa Yu, and Kyeong Hwan Lee
(Chungnam National University, Korea, song3299@naver.com)
11:45-12:00
CM-06 SPECTRAL DISCRIMINATION OF WEEDS USING HYPERSPECTRAL RADIOMETRY ··· 325
Nik Norasma Che'Ya, Madan Gupta, Doug George, Badri Basnet, and Glenn Campbell(University of Queensland, Australia, m.gupta@uq.edu.au)
▸
Session IT: Use of Information Technology
Thursday, June 27, 14:00 – 16:00, Camelia HallChairperson: Mr. Marc Vanacht and Prof. Dae Cheol Kim
14:00-14:15
IT-01 PRECISION FARMING AS PART OF AN INTEGRATED IT SOLUTION ··· 334
14:15-14:30
IT-02 PREDICTION OF WINTER WHEAT GROWTH STATUS AND GRAIN YIELD USING PARTIAL
LEAST SQUARE REGRESSION ··· 335
Vali Rasooli Sharabian, Noboru Noguchi, and Kazu NobuIshi(Hokkaido University, Japan, vrasooli@bpe.agr.hokudai.ac.jp)
14:30-14:45
IT-03 RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF HADOOP ARCHITECTURE IN PRECISION
AGRICULTURE ··· 341
Xiang Guo, Lihua Zheng, Minzan Li, Hong Sun, and Dongzhao Liang(China Agricultural University, China, zhenglh@cau.edu.cn)
14:45-15:00
IT-04 A PERISHABLE FOOD INTELLIGENT MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH
MULTI-INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES INTEGRATION ··· 347
Qian Jian-ping, Yang Xin-ting, Fan Bei-lei, Xing Bin, and Zhou Chao(National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, China, yangxt@nercita.org.cn)
15:00-15:15
IT-05 STUDY ABOUT COLD CHAIN SAFETY TRACEABILITY AND REAL-TIME MONITORING
SYSTEM OF MULTI-TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION BASED ON RFID ··· 354
Zelin Hu, Xinhua Zeng, Miao Li, Jian Zhang, Shizhuang Weng, Shou Guo Zheng, and Hua Long Li(Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, hzlin2008@sina.com)
15:15-15:30
IT-06 RESEARCH ON PRECISION MANAGEMENT AND TRACEABILITY SYSTEM FOR
AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS BASED ON GIS ··· 360
Zhang Jian, Liu Xiang, Zhou Lianqing, Liang Jianshe, and Shi Zhou(Zhejiang University, China, zjuzhangjian@163.com)
15:30-15:45
IT-07 IMAGE REGISTRATION BASED ON CAMERA CALIBRATION AND DATA FUSION ··· 367
Zhou Wei, Liu Gang, Feng Juan, and Ma Xiaodan(China Agricultural University, China, suibian199090@126.com)
15:45-16:00
IT-08 REMOTE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF PLANT FACTORY ··· 373
▸
Session IW: Irrigation and Water
Wednesday, June 27, 14:00 – 16:00, Azalea Hall
Chairperson: Dr. Armin Werner and Prof. Jong-Soon Kim
14:00-14:15
IW-01 PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMICS OF BT COTTON(GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM) AS
INFLUENCED BY PRECISION APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZERS THOUGH DRIP ··· 381
V.S. Shinde(Marathwada Agricultural University, India, deanmkv@rediffmail.com)
14:15-14:30
IW-02 APPLICATION OF A PROTOTYPE IRRIGATION CONTROLLER FOR KOREAN
GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION ··· 388
Sung-Wuk Ahn, Hak-Jin Kim, Dong-Hoon Lee, Kyung-Hwa Han, Jin-Yong Choi, and Sun-Ok Chung(Seoul National University, Korea, kimhj69@snu.ac.kr)
14:30-14:45
IW-03 AN ADAPTIVE CAPILLARY FLOW CONTROL FOR SUBSURFACE PRECISION IRRIGATION ·· 395
Mohamad Shukri Bin Zainal Abidin, Sakae Shibusawa, Motoyoshi Ohaba, Qichen Li, and Masakazu Kodaira(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, shukri75@yahoo.com)
14:45-15:00
IW-04 CAPILLARY FLOW IN SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION USING WATER-SUPPLYING TEXTILE
SHEETS ··· 401
Qichen Li, Sakae Shibusawa, Motoyoshi Ohaba, Mohamad Shukri Bin Zainal Abidin, and Masakazu Kodaira(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, liqichen9@hotmail.com)
15:00-15:15
IW-05 DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN-SITU OPTICAL DETECTOR TO MEASURE WATER TURBIDITY ··· 407
Qin Zhang, Lihua Zheng*, Minzan Li, Hong Sun, YaoZhang,Xiaofei An(China Agricultural University, China, zhenglh@cau.edu.cn)
15:15-15:30
IW-06 THE APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL SENSORS USED IN WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN
CHINA ··· 413
15:30-15:45
IW-07 STUDY ON THE ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME WATER CONTENT IN SOIL BY ABSORBING
WATER OF THE PLANT USING PROPAGATION VELOCITY OF SOUND ··· 421
Tsuneyoshi Sugimoto, Yutaka Nakagawa, Motoaki Sano, Takashi Shirakawa, Motoyoshi Ohaba, and Sakae Shibusawa
(Toin University of Yokohama, Japan, tsugimot@toin.ac.jp)
15:45-16:00
IW-08 ASSESSMENT OF WATER TABLE EFFECT ON QUALITY OF DRAINAGE WATER BY
PRECISION WATER MANAGEMENT ··· 428
Shohre Pedram(University of Tehran, Iran, shohrepedram@yahoo.com.au)
▸
Session SC: Sensors and Control Systems
Thursday, June 27, 16:30 – 18:00, Camelia HallChairperson: Prof. Minzan Li and Prof. Giyoung Kweon
16:30-16:45
SC-01 STUDY ON DATA TRANSMIT INTERVAL OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK IN
ACCORDANCE WITH DATA CAPACITY AND DATA PACKET FOR GREENHOUSE ··· 429
Sin-Woo Kang, Sun-Ok Chung, Dong-Hoon Lee, and Li Yang Wu(Chungnam National University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
16:45-17:00
SC-02 USE OF ISE PORTABLE ANALYZER TO MEASURE MACRONUTRIENTS AND pH IN
HYDROPHONIC SOLUTION ··· 437
Hak-Jin Kim, Won Kyung Kim, Chang Ik Kang, Taeho Yoon, and Dae Hyun Jung(Seoul National University, Korea, kimhj69@snu.ac.kr)
17:00-17:15
SC-03 STUDY ON REAL-TIME CONTROL OF HYDROPONIC NUTRIENTS SYSTEM USING
ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES ··· 445
17:15-17:30
SC-04 THE ESTIMATION MODEL OF INSIDE TEMPERATURE OF LEAN-TO TYPE SOLAR
GREENHOUSES WITH POLYCARBONATE SHEETING IN SUMMER FOR PRECISION
MICRO-CLIMATE MANAGEMENT ··· 451
Li Ming, Chen Meixiang, Ji Zengtao, Sun Chuangheng, Jiang Tao, Wang Yan'an, Zhou Weiye, Dong Jia, and Yang Xinting, China National Engineering Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture(NERCITA), China,
xintingyang@nercita.org.cn)
17:30-17:45
SC-05 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS SMART SENSOR NODE BASED ON IEEE1451.2
PROTOCOL AND ZIGBEE ··· 458
Zhenjiang Zhong, Minzan Li, Lihua Zheng, Hong Sun, and Wei Yang(China Agricultural University, China, zhenglh@cau.edu.cn)
17:45-18:00
SC-06 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A KOREAN AUTO-GUIDANCE TILLAGE TRACTOR FOR
PATH TRACKING ··· 464
Xiong-Zhe Han, Hak-Jin Kim, Joon-Yong Kim, Sang-Yup Yi, Yoon-Jekal, Hee-Chang Moon, Jung-Hun Kim, and Young-Joo
Kim(Seoul National University, Korea, kimhj69@snu.ac.kr)
▸
Session HL: Precision Horticulture and Livestock Management
Thursday, June 27, 16:30 – 18:00, Azalea HallChairperson: Prof. Ning Wang and Prof. Kyeong-Hwan Lee
16:30-16:45
HL-01 RELATION BEETWEEN GLUCOSINOLATES CONTENTS AND LEAF REFLECTANCE
SPECTRA FOR CHINESE CABBAGE LEAF ··· 472
Viet-Duc Ngo, Dong-Ki Ryu, Sun-Ok Chung, Sang-Un Park, Sun-Ju Kim, Jong-Tae Park, and Yong-Pyo Lim(Chungnam National University, Korea, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
16:45-17:00
HL-02 SIMULATION OF FREE AIR CO2 ENRICHED SOYBEAN GROWTH USING
CROPGRO-SOYBEAN ··· 478
17:00-17:15
HL-03 EVALUATION OF WICKING CHARACTERISTICS IN SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
USING FIBER SHEETS UNDER TOMATO PROCESSING ··· 484
Motoyoshi Ohaba, Sakae Shibusawa, Mohamad Shukri Bin Zainal Abidin, Qichen Li, Masakzu Kodaira, and Koji Osato(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, mohaba2121@gmail.com)
17:15-17:30
HL-04 COW'S INDIVIDUAL SIGNS MONITORING AND POSITION BASED ON THE WBAN ··· 492
Qingming Kong, Zhongbin Su, Bing Zhao, Weizheng Shen, and Shoutian Dong(Northeast Agricultural University Electrical and Information Collage, China, suzb001@163.com)
17:30-17:45
HL-05 THE DESIGNING OF HEALTHY BREEDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BASED ON RFID
TECHNOLOGY ··· 498
Yongliang Chu, Quanfang Deng, and Weizheng Shen(Northeast Agricultural University Electrical and Information Collage, China, 403753746@qq.com)
17:45-18:00
HL-06 TRIAL OF PRODUCING TRACEABLE COMPOSTING MATERIAL FOR URBAN AGRICULTURE ·· 504
Ida Ayu Gede Bintang Madrini, Sakae Shibusawa, Ryo Fusamura, and Shun Hosaka(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, bintang_madrini@yahoo.com)
Poster
▸
Poster Presentation
(Author attendance: 13:00 – 13:50 on June 27)
Poster display: 12:00 of June 26 – 14:00 of June 27, Canolia Hall
P-01 RELATION BETWEEN SOIL TEXTURE VARIABILITY AND NITRATE LEACHING LOSSESE ·· 508
Maria del Pilar Muschietti Piana, and Gabriela Civeira(University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, muschiet@agro.uba.ar)
P-02 DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE SOIL ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY AND MOISTURE SENSOR · 509
P-03 DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE SOIL TEST NITROGEN DETECTOR BASED ON ARM9 ··· 510
Liu Yumeng, Li Minzan, An Xiaofei, and Zheng Lihua(China Agricultural University, China, pact@cau.edu.cn)
P-04 DETECTING INSTRUMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL BASED ON ELECTROCHEMISTRY · 516
Zhihao Zhang, Gang Liu, and Zhiqiang Wang(China Agricultural University, China, pac@cau.edu.cn)
P-05 SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PREDICTION FOR KOREAN SOILS USING VISIBLE-NEAR
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ··· 522
Kyungdo Lee, Sukyoung Hong, B. Minasny, Yihyun Kim, Kwancheol Song, Sangil Na, and Soyeong Jang(National Academy of Agricultural Science(NAAS), RDA, Korea, syhong@korea.kr)
P-06 DESIGN OF A SEMI-AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR SOIL AVAILABLE PHOSPHATE-P ANALYSIS ··· 528
Pan Pu, Miao Zhang, Linan Zhang(China Agricultural University, China, zhangmiao@cau.edu.cn)
P-07 MAPPING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN
SEVERAL LAND USES OF SAMAS COASTAL LAND, SANDEN SUB DISTRICT, BANTUL REGENCY ··· 529
Teguh Prasetyo Handiri, Ir. Sari Virgawati, and Ir. Dyah Arbiwati MP(UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, Indonesia, teguhphandiri@yahoo.com)
P-08 RESEARCH ABOUT METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF SOIL CONE INDEX MEASURING
DEVICE ··· 530
Sung-Woon Hong, Yun-Ho Yeon, Jung-Won Song, Jae-Hyun Lee, and Dong Hoon Lee(Chungbuk National University, Korea, leedh@cbnu.ac.kr)
P-09 DEVELOPMENT OF ON-THE-GO HSSD WITH 5 CM DEPTH OF RESOLUTION ··· 531
Yong Jin Cho, Kyou Seung Lee, Sun-Ok Chung, and Dong Hoon Lee(Chungbuk National University, Korea, leedh@cbnu.ac.kr)
P-10 PREDICTION OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN PADDY SOILS USING VISIBLE-NEAR
INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTRA ··· 532
Yong-Joo Kim and Chang-Hyun Choi(Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, choiauto@skku.edu)
P-11 NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX AND NITROGEN LEAF CONCENTRATION
WITHIN CONTRASTING MANAGEMENT ZONES OF CORN(ZEA MAYS L.) ··· 545
Maria del Pilar Muschietti Piana, and Gabriela Civeira(University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, muschiet@agro.uba.ar)
P-12 EFFECTIVE INFORMATION EXTRACTION FROM APPLE TREE LEAF IMAGE BASED ON
INTERACTIVE SEED SELECTION ALGORITHM ··· 546
P-13 POSITION RELIABILITY EXPERIMENTS OF AN AGRICULTURAL MOBILE ROBOT BASED ON
REAL-TIME KINEMATIC GPS ··· 552
Gook-Hwan Kim, Sang-Cheol Kim, and Young-Ki Hong(National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea, sanm70@korea.kr)
P-14 DESIGNING OF FOOD SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM AS DECISION MAKING SUPPORT
SYSTEM ON AGRICULURAL DEVELOPMENT ··· 553
Fanny Widadie, Agusono, and Suwarto(University of Sebelas Maret, Indonesia, fanny@uns.ac.id)
P-15 RECOGNITION METHOD ON RED APPLES BASED ON QAPP-RBF NEURAL NETWORK ·· 554
Xiao-Dan Ma, Gang Liu, Hai-ou Guan, Wei Zhou, and Juan Feng(China Agricultural University, China, pac@cau.edu.cn)
P-16 MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR BEHAVIOR EVALUATION OF TWO SEED METERS
ACCORDING TO TANGENTIAL SPEED ··· 562
Maria Weber Rodrigues, Airton Dos Santos Alonco, and Otavio Dias da Costa Machado(Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil, mariana_rodriguezz@hotmail.com)
P-17 HIGH RESOLUTION 19 SOIL PARAMETER MAPPING USING A MOBILE REAL-TIME SOIL
SENSOR ··· 567
Masakazu Kodaira, Sakae Shibusawa, and Kazunori Ninomiya(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, kodaira@cc.tuat.ac.jp)
P-18 IMAGE FUSION OF PMD AND RGB CAMERA FOR FRUIT DETECTION ··· 573
Juan Feng, Li Hua Zeng, Gang Liu, Yong Sheng Si, and Xiao Dan Ma(China Agricultural University, China, yurenmatou1011@163.com)
P-19 RESEARCH ABOUT MECHANICAL ACOUSTIC MODEL USING SMARTPHONE FOR
NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY IN FIELD ··· 574
Dong-Hyun Cho, Hye-Jin Chang, Hui-Woong Lee, Shin-Hyeong Kang, and Dong Hoon Lee(Chungbuk National University, Korea, leedh@cbnu.ac.kr)
P-20 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION WITH SITE-SPECIFIC
MANAGEMENT ZONES: A CASE STUDY FROM ARGENTINA ··· 575
Maria del Pilar Muschietti Piana, Fabio Adrian Solari, and Gabriela Civeira(University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, muschiet@agro.uba.ar)
P-21 THREE-DIMENSIONAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL COMPONENTS IN A SMALL PADDY FIELD ···· 576
P-22 MONITORING CROP GROWTH USING A LED SPECTRAL RADIOMETER ··· 580
Seunghyun Jo, Jonghan Ko, Seungtaek Jeong, Inyoung Eom(Chonnam National University, Korea, jonghan.ko@jnu.ac.kr)
P-23 DEVELOPMENT OF AN UGV SYSTEM FOR MEASURING CROP CONDITIONS IN PRECISION
AERIAL APPLICATION ··· 585
Yongjun Zheng and Yubin Lan(USDA ARS, USA, yubin.lan@ars.usda.gov)
P-24 DEVELOPMENT OF CROP MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON MULTI-SPECTRAL IMAGE ··· 586
Qian Wu, Hong Sun, Minzan Li, Ruijiao Zhao, Lihua Zheng(China Agricultural University, China, sunhong@cau.edu.cn)
P-25 ESTIMATION OF RICE GROWTH USING RAPID EYE IMAGERY IN THE PADDY FIELD IN
SEOSAN, CHUNGCHEONGNAM-DO ··· 592
Sang Il Na, Suk Young Hong, Yi Hyun Kim, Kyoung Do Lee, and So Yeong Jang(National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea, syhong67@korea.kr)
P-26 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF-PROPELLED RIDING A GARLIC CLOVE PRECISION PLANTER
FOR FILM MULCHING -DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PROTOTYPE AND BASIC TEST- ··· 599
Choung-Keun Lee, Duck-Kyu Choi, Yong Choi, Tae-Kyoung Kang, Hyun-Jeong Jun, and Il-Soo Choi(National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea,cklee@korea.kr)
P-27 TRACTOR VIBRATION ANALYSIS ON GRASS HARVESTING ··· 600
Tae Hwan Kang, Yutaka Kaizu, Kazunobu Ishii, and Noboru Noguchi(Hokkaido University, Japan, noguchi@bpe.agr.hokudai.ac.jp)
P-28 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION FOR SOME PROPERTIES OF THE WASTE WATER IRRIGATED
SOILS ··· 606
Abdulrasoul Al-Omran, Mohammed Al-Wabel, and Shaman Al-Sharani(King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, rasoul@ksu.edu.sa)
P-29 ICT IN AGRICULTURE IN LIAONING PROVINCE, CHINA ··· 607
Lulu Zhang, Sakae Shibusawa, Kiyoshi Shimada, Masaaki Yamada, and Masakazu Kodaira(The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery, China, lulu.zhang@gmail.com)
P-30 MOBILE CONTROL SYSTEM OF GREENHOUSE BASED PLC AND IOT ··· 614
Wang Hui, Liu Gang, Zhang Lijiao, and Wang Zhiquiang(China Agricultural University, China, 842244292@qq.com)
P-31 THE STUDY ON SMART AGRICULTURE BASED ON IT ··· 620
P-32 THE DESIGN OF REMOTE SUPERVISORY SOFTWARE OF WIRELESS AUTOMATIC SOIL
SAMPLING SYSTEM BASED ON ZIGBEE, RFID, AND 3G TECHNOLOGIES ··· 626
Yang Wei, Li Minzan, Zheng Lihua(China Agricultural University, China, limz@cau.edu.cn)
P-33 DESIGN OF A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK NODE FOR INFORMATION ACQUISITION IN
GREENHOUSE ··· 632
Chuan Shuai Zhang, Gang Liu, and Liang Liang Yu(China Agricultural University, China, pac@cau.edu.cn)
P-34 STUDY ON TOPOLOGY AND MESSAGES OF ISO11783 NETWORK FOR A FRONT END
LOADER ··· 638
Jong-Woo Ha and Hak-Jin Kim(Seoul National University, Korea, kimhj69@snu.ac.kr)
P-35 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON SOIL EXTRACTABLE POTASSIUM DETECTION USING
ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE METHOD ··· 643
Linan Zhang, Miao Zhang, and Pu Pan(China Agricultural University, China, zhangmiao@cau.edu.cn)
P-36 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW TYPE LEAF TEMPERATURE WIRELESS MONITORING
NODE ··· 644
Meng Zhang, Minzan Li, Lihua Zheng, Xiaofei An, Hong Sun, and Zhenjiang Zhong(China Agricultural University, China, pact@cau.edu.cn)
P-37 GPRS-BASED MONITORING SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ··· 650
Li Yinghui, Li Minzan, Zheng Lihua, Sun Hong(China Agricultural University, China, limz@cau.edu.cn)
P-38 A MICROFLUIDIC BIOSENSOR FOR RAPID DETECTION OF NOROVIRUS ··· 656
Hyun-Min Shin, Ji-Chul Hyun, Sung Yang, Hee-Min Lee, Duwon Kim, and Kyeong-Hwan Lee(Chonnam National University, Korea, khlee@jnu.ac.kr)
P-39 RESEARCH ON NEW LASER RECEIVER AND CONTROLLER FOR LEVELING PADDY FIELD ··· 663
Hongpeng Li, Gang Liu, Long Wang(China Agricultural University, China, lihongpeng_harder@yahoo.com.cn)
P-40 A VARIABLE-RATE FERTILIZER FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF TURFGRASS ··· 670
Sun-Wook Back, Kyeong-Hwan Lee, Seung Hwa Yu, Yong-Joo Kim, Sun-Ok Chung, Hyun-Min Shin, and Je Hoon Sung
(Chonnam National University, Korea, khlee@jnu.ac.kr)
P-41 MOTOR POSITION CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR AUTOMATIC MECHANICAL
TRANSMISSIONS OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS ··· 671
P-42 DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE INTERFACE TO CALCULATE CROSS TRACK ERRORS FOR
PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTO_GUIDANCE SYSTEM ··· 680
JoonYong Kim, Young-Joo Kim, Jae Wan Lee, Hak-Jin Kim, and Jung-Hun Kim(Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea, ojoo@kitech.re.kr)
P-43 AGENT-BASED SIMULATION OF RURAL AREAS AND AGRICULTURE INFORMATION
GRADIENT LEVEL ··· 686
Yujian Yang, Xueqin Tong, Dong Wei, and Lili Wang(Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, China, yyjtshkh@126.com)
P-44 INVESTIGATION ON INGREDIENTS OF LUNCH GARBAGE IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL FOR
NON-SMELL COMPOSTING ··· 687
Shun Hosaka, Sakae Shibusawa, Ryo Fusamura, and Ida Ayu Gede Bintang Madrini(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, shunshun2854@gmail.com)
P-45 DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL LIQUID FEEDING SYSTEM FOR SOW ··· 691
Hyuck Joo Kim, Jong Tae Hong, Byeong Kee Yu, Sang Cheol Kim, Kyu Hong Choi, and Hong Hee Chang(National Academy of Agricultural Science, Korea, agrihj@gmail.com)
P-46 SURFACE THERMOGRAPHY DESCRIBES CHANGES IN APPARENT BULK DENSITY DURING
COMPOSTING PROCESS? ··· 695
Ryo Fusamura, Sakae Shibusawa, Yoichiro Kojima, Shigeru Yagi, Hideki Kawai, Shun Hosaka, Bintang Madrini, Kengo Usui,
Kana Inoue, and Akira Masuda(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, sshbu@cc.tuat.ac.jp)
P-47 DETERMINATION OF BEEF FRESHNESS USING VISIBLE-NIR SPECTROSCOPY ··· 699
Chang-Hyun Choi, Yong-Joo Kim, Byung-Sam Kim and Jong-Hun Kim(LS Mtron Ltd., Korea, babina08@gmail.com)
P-48 THE DESIGN OF PLANT LIFTER FOR RED DATES AND DESIGNING ANALYSIS OF KEY
COMPONENTS ··· 709
Wang Wei(Tarim University, China, syww77@163.com)
P-49 DEVELOPMENT SIMPLE AUTO WEATHER STATION FOR ORCHARD FRAMING ··· 710
Joon Yong Kim, Seung Hwan Baek, Chung Gu Lee, Tae Hyeong Kwon, Alireza Ashtiani-Araghi, and Joong Yong Rhee(Seoul National University, jyr@snu.ac.kr)
P-50 NONDESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF MILK PROPERTIES BY USING REFLECTANCE ··· 715
P-51 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-SPECTRAL IMAGE ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR CROP
MONITORING ··· 721
Sun Hong, Li Minzan, Wu Qian, Zhao Ruijiao, and Yang Wei(China Agricultural University, China, limz@cau.edu.cn)
P-52 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT(MC) IN TEA LEAF DURING DEHYDRATION
BASED ON HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING(HIS) ··· 727
Yong He, Keqiang Yu, Yanru Zhao, and Xiaoli Li(Zhejiang University, China, xiaolili@zju.edu.cn)
P-53 ESTIMATION OF THE WATER STRESS OF A PLANT BY THE CHARACTERISTIC
FREQUENCY OF A LEAF ··· 733
Motoaki Sano, Hirokazu Sano, Toshiaki Sugihara, Tsuneyoshi Sugimoto, Motoyoshi Ohaba, and Sakae Shibusawa(Toin Universty of Yokohama, Japan, sano@toin.ac.jp)
P-54 OPEARTOR-SAFE INSTRUMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL FATAL ACCIDENTS ~ CASE STUDY
ON MANUALLY FEEDING OPERATION FOR HEAD-FEEDING COMBINE HARVESTER~ ··· 738
Arisa Iguchi, Sakae Shibusawa, and Kana Inoue(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, arisaiguchi@gmail.com)
P-55 3D MAP ON MOISTURE AND NUTRIENT OF FIELD ··· 742
Hiroki Umeda, Sakae Shibusawa, and Masakazu Kodaira(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, umedah@cc.tuat.ac.jp)
P-56 APPLICATION OF LOAD SPECTRUM FOR TRACTOR TRANSMISSION DESIGN ··· 747
Su Chul Kim and Yong Joo Kim(LSMtron, Korea, sckim@lsmtron.com)
P-57 WORK LOAD EVALUATION METHOD FOR TRACTOR GEAR DESIGN ··· 748
Su Chul Kim and Yong Joo Kim(LSMtron, Korea, sckim@lsmtron.com)
P-58 RESEARCH ON PATH PLANNING METHOD FOR AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ··· 749
Hai-yan Huan, Man Zhang, Ming-xuan Li, Minzan Li, and Caicong Wu(China Agricultural University, China, cauzm@cau.edu.cn)
P-59 OBSERVATION OF SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT IN A SOYBEAN FIELD USING RADAR
SCATTEROMETER ··· 757
P-60 VARIABILITY OF TURFGRASS QUALITY IN LAWN FIELD ··· 764
SeungHwa Yu, Kyeong-Hwan Lee, Sun-Wook Back, Yong-Joon Kim, Sun-Ok Chung, Hyun-Min Shin, and Je Hoon Sung
(Chonnam National University, Korea, khlee@jnu.ac.kr)
P-61 THE EVALUATION OF COLOR INDICES FOR DETERMINING STATUS OF NITROGEN IN RICE
IN LEAF SCALE ··· 773
M.M. Saberioon, A. Gholizadeh, and M.S.M. Amin(Universiti Putra Malasa, Malaysia, saberioon@gmail.com)
P-62 A CASE STUDY FOR ISO11783 IMPLEMENTATION FOR TRACTOR MONITORING
ACCORDING TO SAMPLE FREQUENCY ··· 774
Jae-Min Moon, Seung-Min Kim, and Dong Hoon Lee(Chungbuk National University, Korea, leedh@cbnu.ac.kr)
P-63 A STUDY ABOUT OPTIMAL TILLAGE CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON SPATIAL VARIABILITY
Yong Jin Cho, Kyou Seung Lee, Sun-Ok Chung, and Dong Hoon Lee(Chungbuk National University, Korea, leedh@cbnu.ac.kr)
P-64 ANALYSIS OF PTO LOAD OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR DURING ROTARY TILLAGE ··· 775
Yong-Joo Kim, Dae-Hyun Lee, Sun-Ok Chung, and Chang-Hyun Choi(Chungnam National University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
P-65 EVALUATION OF TRACTOR CHARACTERISTICS DURING PLOWING BY GEARS SELECTION ··· 785
Yong-Joo Kim, Dae-Hyun Lee, Sun-Ok Chung, and Chang-Hyun Choi(Chungnam National University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
P-66 ANALYSIS OF POWER REQUIREMENT OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR BY MAJOR FIELD
OPERATION ··· 786
Yong-Joo Kim, Dae-Hyun Lee, Sun-Ok Chung, and Chang-Hyun Choi(Chungnam National University, Korea, sochung@cnu.ac.kr)
P-67 DEVELOPMENT OF GRAIN YIELD REMOTE MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON
INTELLIGENT MOBILE PHONE ··· 787
Xincheng Li, Minzan Li, Lihua Zheng, Hong Sun, Xiaofei An, Jia Wu, Xiang Guo(Qingdao Agricultural University, China, Limz@cau.edu.cn)
I Made Anom Sutrisna Wijaya1*, I Wayan Tika1
1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology
Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author, Tel: +628123663424, Email: anomsw@ftp.unud.ac.id
Abstract: Managing the nutrient of the field is very important in order to optimize the
used of the agricultural input, yield, and minimize the environmental impact of agricultural practices. In this research, the yield-based nitrogen management zone of small scale paddy field was developed. Research was conducted at 0.46 ha of paddy field which is cultivated conventionally with paddy-paddy-forage cropping pattern. The soil sample was collected three times, namely: before planting, after harvesting or before the next planting, and after the next harvesting, and the yield was monitored twice. Fifteen soil samples were collected from the field following the grid center sampling method. The nitrogen availability in soil were then analyzed at the laboratory. At location of soil sampling, the yield sample was also collected. The results indicated that some spatial and temporal changes of yield variability were occurred. Based on the yield, three regions of nitrogen management zone were created. High correlation between variability of available nitrogen in the soil and yield was also confirmed.
Key Words: Management zone, Soil Sampling, Cropping Pattern, Spatial and Temporal
Variability, Traditional Cultivation
INTRODUCTION
In traditional agriculture practices, the field has been treated as homogenous area, and the calculation of agricultural input is based on whole field. However, in modern agriculture such as precision farming, the field is not treated as homogenous area but varied across the field. The knowledge and understanding about the variability within a field such as spatial, temporal and predictive variability are essential to adjust the agricultural inputs for site-specific precision farming (Blackmore, 1994; Shibusawa, 1999).
Many studies have been carried out to describe the spatial and temporal variability of soil
parameters and their effect to the yield. Hoskinson et al. (1999) reported that the temporal
change in spatial variability of soil nutrient affected the determination of fertilizer
recommendation and application. Jenkins, J.R., et al. (2000) stated that spatial variability of
phosphorus retention capacities should be considered when determining the strategies for lowering P concentration. Ping and Green (2000) found that the variability of soil parameters
Besides describing the variability, strategy in managing the variability is becoming very important in order to optimizing the used of agricultural input, yield, and minimizing the environmental impact of agricultural practices. Many researchers develop management zones which are reported effective for managing the field variability. Many approach have been used to create management zones, such as Soil map units (Wibawa et al., 1993), remote sensing (McCann et al., 1996), , electrical conductivity sensors (Sudduth et al., 1997; Lund et al., 1999; Johnson et al., 2003), topography (Kravchenko et al., 2000), and producer experience (Fleming et al., 2000). Flower, M. et al., (2005) examined yield approach in creating management zones for describing nutrient variability of the field. In this research, the yield-based management zones for nitrogen application were constructed.
The objectives of this research were to examine the temporal and spatial variability changes of paddy field yield, as well as to develop the yield-based management zone map for Nitrogen application
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESEARCH FIELD
The research was carried out at a 0.46 ha paddy field located at Tihingan Village, Klungkung Regency, Bali Province. The field was traditionally cultivated with paddy-paddy-forage cropping pattern. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied twice along the planting season, i.e. three weeks after planting and two weeks before harvesting. Fifty kilograms of fertilizer was spread evenly within the field for each application.
SAMPLING METHOD
Grid center sampling method with grid size of 5 m x 5 m was used to sample paddy yield and soil Nitrogen availability. Fifteen samples were collected from whole field. Soil sample were collected using soil sampler and analyzed in the laboratory. For paddy yield, samples were collected from one meter square of area in the middle of each grid. Sampling were carried out three times, i.e. February 2011, June 2011, and February 2012.
MANAGEMENT ZONE DEVELOPMENT
Prior to management zone development, spatial and temporal variability analysis should be performed. The data series that used for spatial and temporal variability analysis should have the same coordinates and the same numbers. In this research, the collected data were selected so the data collected from the same field has the same number and the same coordinate from one experiment to another experiment. Then the data were normalized by
generating the spatial trend map, and the CV data were used for developing the temporal stability map. Finally, management zone map was created using spatial trend and temporal stability information. Spatial analysis and map development were performed using ArcView software.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
SPATIO-TEMPORAL YIELD VARIABILITY
The results of spatial analyses of yield data collected on February 2011, June 2011, and February 2012, and analyzed using ArchView software was presented spatial variability map on Figure 1. It can be seen that the yield was varied spatially along the field. Similar variability pattern was seen in all variability map. The higher yield was always seen in the western part of the field, while the lower yield seen in the eastern part of the field, except at south east
corner of February 2011 map. This yield of this part was ranged from 510 to 590 g/m2. On
February 2012, however, the yield was higher than February and June 2011. The yield of
paddy on February 2012 ranged from 420-880 g/m2, while the previous yield range from
420-770 g/m2. This is might be caused by the forage that planted before paddy was panted,
since the planting pattern in the experimental site is paddy-paddy-forage. When the forage was planted the fertility of the field increased which is affected on the yield of paddy that planted after forage.
a) February 2011 b) June 2011
c) February 2012
Figure 1. Spatio-temporal variability of paddy yield : a) harvested on February 2011, b) harvested on June 2011, and c) harvested on February 2012.
always has the lowest yield, while the western part of the field has higher yield.
Figure 2. Spatial Trend Yield Map.
TEMPORAL STABILITY YIELD MAP
The temporal stability map was developed using the coefficient variation (CV) of normalized yield data. CV was calculated by dividing the standard deviation with their average value and multiplied by 100 %. The temporal stability map of the yield collected on February 2011, June 2011, and February 2012 was illustrated on Figure 3. CV of the yield was seen varied within the field. Most field, however, has CV less than 10%. Only view area has CV higher than 10%.
Figure 3. Temporal Stability Yield Map.
MANAGEMENT ZONE MAP
In this experiment, management zone map as illustrated in Figure 4 was constructed using combination of spatial trend and temporal stability data. Spatial trend map was divided into two region: low and high yield, while temporal stability which is represented by CV was also divided into two classes: stable and unstable. The stable area was developed using CV less than 10%, and unstable area using CV more than or equal to 10%. From those region and classes, then three region was developed on management zone map. The zone region was unstable, high stable, and low stable area. The yield-based management zone map of this experiment was illustrated in Figure 4a. As indicated in Figure 4a, most of the field had low stable yield, only view has high stable yield (western part). Unstable area was seen at south east and some of western part of the field.
a) Yield based b) N based
Figure 4. Management Zone Map.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results above, it can be concluded that in small scale of paddy field which is cultivated traditionally, the variability is still seen. The management zone map with three region have been developed using the yield data. The yield-based management zone map can be used for N management since it has high correlation with N-based management zone map.
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