REASONS FOR MIXING ENGLISH WORDS ON FACEBOOK POST
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Misael Aldo Walangitan 112010103
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
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REASONS FOR MIXING ENGLISH WORDS ON FACEBOOK POST
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Misael Aldo Walangitan 112010103
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
iii
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such materials as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright@ 2014. Misael Aldo Walangitan
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga.
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Communication in CMC and Facebook post ... 8
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List of Figures
Figure 1 (post of subject 1) to create certain communication effect ... 12
Figure 2 (post of subject 2) to make a point ... 13
Figure 3 (post of subject 1) to express some concept more easily ... 14
Figure 4 (post of subject 6) to exclude other people... 15
Figure 5 (post of subject 2) to adressing... 16
Figure 6 (post of subject 2), quoting ... 17
Figure 7 (post of subject 3), imitating ... 18
Figure 8 (post of subject 4), wish to apply English ... 19
Figure 9 (post of subject 6), prestige language... 20
Figure 10 (post of subject 5), automatically ... 21
Figure 11 (post of subject 5), common words use ... 22
Figure 12 (post of subject 7), mood ... 22
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REASONS FOR MIXING ENGLISH WORDS ON FACEBOOK POST
Misael Aldo Walangitan Satya Wacana Christian University
Abstract
In conversation, bilinguals may tend to do code mixing. The development of the internet offers a new medium for communication, know as Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) where cod mixing continues to occur. The occurrence of code mixing is based on several reasons (Hoffman, 1991; Kow, 2003). This research was conducted to investigate the reasons people mix English words on Facebook. To fulfill the aim of this study, there were seven Indonesian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners as Facebook users selected in this study. Two instruments were used to get the data, observations and interviews. Observations were integrated to look for posts consisting of mixes of Indonesian and English words. From the observations, 3 posts from each participant were used as the data. After analyzing the posts, the participants were then interviewed to investigate their reasons in mixing English words into their posts. The occurrences of mixing English words were analyzed using Kow’s (2003) 10 conditions. The results showed that there were reasons that were only 4 reasons identified under the 10 conditions and there were other reasons outside the 10 conditions. These
differences might come from the fact that Kow’s (2003) classifications were based on
spoken interaction, while this study was conducted under CMC environment where spoken and written features are both incorporated in the interactions.
Keywords: Code Mixing, Facebook, CMC
Introduction
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communication, like Facebook. The multilingual phenomenon was brought to CMC because according to Danet and Herring (2003) in relation with Allwood and Schroeder (2001), people might switch their language in web based communication as English dominated the communication in this mode.
The studies of code mixing and code switching are seen in some aspects like process (Muysken, 2000) and reason (Hoffman 1991). Since the occurrences of both codes appeared in CMC, the occurrences of mixing language appeared in CMC field communication. The occurrences of the use of both codes in CMC lead some researchers to conduct the study of code mixing. There were some previous studies about code mixing and switching in CMC like chatting analysis of both code in msn messenger conducted by Isharyanti and Stella (2009). Also another study related to function and reason in Facebook that was conducted by Choy (2011).
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Theoretical Frameworks
Code Mixing
Code mixing may refer to the phenomena of mixing more than two languages in
communication. Bokamba (1989) as cited in Ayeomoni (2006:91) defined that “code
-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the participants, in order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what
they understand”. It can be concluded that code mixing occurred below sentence levels,
such as phrase and word levels. This may also be related to what Isharyanti and Stella
(2009:69) said that “code mixing is also called sentential code switching or
intra-sentential code-alternation occurs when speakers use two or more languages below clause
level within one social situation”. From the explanation above, it can be seen that code mixing only occurred with chunks or small parts of language mixed in a sentence or when people speak.
The study of code mixing is always related to the other type of mixing languages, that is code switching. The difference can be seen in which code mixing only adds or borrows words in a different language, while code switching occurrs in the same utterance in a conversation above clause level or sentence. Isharyanti and Stella (2009, p.68) stated that code switching or inter-sentential code-alternation occurs when a bilingual speaker uses more than one language in a single utterance above the clause level
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switching could appear more than clause level as it can be formed in sentence when the utterance occurred in a conversation. Bhatia and Ritchie (1996) viewed that both codes switching and code mixing refer to the mixing of various linguistic units. Also the term of code switching appeared as one part of code mixing process in the study of Muysken (2000) that is called alternation. From the both explanation, this study may use the term of code mixing to cover both theories related to the study of both code types.
Why people do code mixing?
When people do code mixing, there might be reasons for mixing certain languages. According to Kim (2006), bilinguals may do code switching and code mixing based on reasons. Kow (2003) proposed ten favorable conditions when people might switch their language. Those conditions were used as the classification for this study to investigate the reasons from the participants. All of the reason classifications will be related to other explanations from the previous study about why people switch or mix languages. See below:
Lack of one word in either language
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acquire it already yet in the other language or an item is temporary unavailable (Hoffman, 1991).
Some activities have only been experienced in one of languages
People may switch their language related to a certain activity occurred in a certain language. This condition of code switching can be explained related to Boztepe (2005) based on Fishman’s (1971) example about CS may occurred in a certain activity that makes the speaker use a certain language, as an example of a relation between a secretary and a boss in Puerto Rican. In certain activity, the boss switches to English as he dictates a letter to his secretary, while informal conversation occurred in Spanish (ibid).
Some concepts are easier to express in one of the languages
This condition was also related to the explanation of “lack of facility” by malik Malik (1994) as cited in Muthusamy (2009) that explained may switch their language when they cannot find appropriate expression in order to convey the meaning. In addition, Montes-Alcala (2005) states that some idiomatic expressions were difficult to translate as would be better to express in one language as to avoid misleading of understanding of what the user wants to convey the meaning.
Some words are easier to express in one of the languages
People may switch language in order to bring the conversation smoothly as it might be easier to use a different language. This condition was closely related to the
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could happen when there are certain words that are not available to express in the bilingual first language as they may switch the language.
A misunderstanding has to be clarified
People may switch language in order to clarify in a certain language. Kow (2003) proposed that a condition may be related to reasons for code switching by Hoffman (1991) that explained people may switch their language when the hearer does not understand about what the speaker says in a different language.
One wishes to create a certain communication effect
This condition is explained as the wish to create communication effect with other people. It is concerned with mixing another language to attract attention from other people. It can be emphasised that in order to create the situation, code mixing may appear as attraction to other people to be engaged in the communication. This condition is
related to Nerghes (2011) as cited in Eldin (2004: 81) that “code-switching will draw the
participant’s attention and will enhance their motivation to carefully scrutinize the
message presented”.
One continues to speak the language latest used because of trigger effect
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like proper nouns, lexical transfers, bilingual homophone and discourse marker from other language, as she cited in Clyne (1991).
One wants to make a point
People may switch a language in order to emphasis an idea in conversation. This condition is explained further by Falola (2008) that people may mix their language in order to give a point about something in order to deliver or present what they think. The same explanation also comes from Hoffman (1991) that explained that bilinguals may switch their language when being emphatic about something. As people may make a point as it can be emphasized about something, thus, emphasizing or highlighting by mixing English words to deliver their idea.
One wishes to express group solidarity
Hoffman’s (1991) explanation with contribution from Oskaar (1974), Polpak (1980) and Tuson (1984) suggested that code switching is also used to express group identity to other members of the same group. People tend to mix a certain language to express the identity as a part of a certain group.
One wishes to exclude person from the dialogue
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people. Baker (2011) also mentioned that code switching may cover the private matter in conversation that they want others to hear.
Communication in CMC and Facebook post
According to Yao and Flanagin (2006), the earlier perceptive of CMC was only in text based as it only provides the reading and writing feature. This earlier conception is related to the use IRC chat and email for communicating with other people. Along with the development of communication media, people may have to interact with video application like Skype that provides speaking and listening features. However, the perspective of text based communication may also provide both speaking and writing feature, as Chun (1994) in Sumakul (2010) said that online writing or CMC is a good bridge between speaking and writing, with the strength of each mode supporting each other. Crystal (2006) used another term called “netspeak”, as all elements of speaking, writing, reading and listening are preserved in CMC communication.
The communication occurred in CMC may appear in two different types, which are asynchronous and synchronous. According to Riva and Glimberti (1998), the communication in CMC occurred simultaneously (asynchronous) chat and not simultaneously (asynchronous) or there is a delay communication. Facebook facilitates the users to update status and upload photo or video with caption. The post will be
appeared on other users’ newsfeeds in which the other users may leave a comment on the
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Facebook post does not occurred immediately or real time like chatting. Thus, it can be concluded that the communication in Facebook post is asynchronous.
The Study
Research Question
The research question for this study was “What are the reasons for EFL learners
for mixing English words on their Facebook posts?”
Context of Study
This research aimed at the occurrences of mixing English words on a social networking site. The social networking site used for this study was Facebook. The data were selected randomly by looking at the occurrence of English mixing words on Facebook posts posted by the participants. The data were analyzed by asking the reasons the participants mix English words on their Facebook posts.
Participants
10 Research instrument
There were two instruments used in this study observation and unstructured interview. The data were taken from participants who were selected randomly by observing the occurrence of mixing English word/words based on their Facebook posts. Thus the participants' posts were copied as the evidence. They were saved in picture format using ctrl + print screen and Paint application from Microsoft. The interviews were conducted through unstructured interview in a direct interview using recorder and chatting application via LINE and Facebook to ask the participants about the reason of mixing English words on their Facebook posts. The results of the conversations were transcribed using clean transcription.
Data Analysis
After collecting the data needed from the observation, interviews were conducted. The reasons of mixing English words were analyzed based on ten favorable conditions for code-switching by Kow (2003) for reason classifications.
Results
Twenty one Facebook posts from seven participants, three posts from each participant, were analyzed. After the analysis was done, there were only four reasons found based on reason classifications from Kow’s (2003) ten conditions:
To create a certain communication effect
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To express some concepts more easily
To exclude other people
There were some reasons from participants that did not belong to the conditions for code-switching by Kow (2003). Thus the reasons by participants were classified from the classification of reasons below related and explained to the other studies:
To address
To quote
To Imitate somebody as a trend
As prestige language
Automatically
Some words are common in use
Mood
One wishes to create certain communication effect
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Figure 1 (post of subject 1) to create a certain communication effect
From the post above, the user mixed English words “the sad fact” at the
beginning of the sentence. The user explained the reason to get feedback (comments and likes) toward to the idea on the post, as the feedback might be to give support toward what the user thought. The user also stated that the English words were like a hook that makes the status different from other status as English may attract other Facebook users to get involved in the post by giving their idea through comments or likes as the feedback.. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
“…I need like hook something that can, when people scroll down they
catch the English part even though then they then read the Indonesian part... I want I to see how they also think I want to see their comment, I'm not trying to debate on something but I want to know what people also said
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says that they agree with what you say or they only like what you say
doesn't mean that they have any other thought…”
To make a Point
There were four posts that showed the occurrence for this reason classification. See the example below:
Figure 2 (post of subject 2) to make point
The user mixed English words “well, two things sir” in the middle of the
sentence. The English words were mixed as a reason of in order to criticize a certain public figure. The user also stated that it was a sort of transition to deliver his critiques after the background story or what he had already said before. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
“Because I thought that using English will emphasis the next two points I
wanted to say, and it also some sort of transition after the background
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those two points about a public figure, so by using English, I was like saying the most two important things (my critiques) about that particular
public figure…”
Some concepts are easier to express in one of the languages
There were 3 posts showed the occurrence for this reason classification. See the example below:
Figure 3 (post of subject 1), to express some concept more easily
The user mixed English words “rubber hot water bottle” in the middle of the
sentence. The user explained that he could not find the right words to describe it in Indonesian. The user also stated the concept related to the term in English, as
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“… I can't find the right word to describe it in Indonesia... I think why we
don't have the Indonesian term for it because we Indonesians do not have the habit to use one of these...”
One wishes to exclude another person from the dialogue
There were three posts showed the occurrence for this reason classification. See the example below:
Figure 4 (post of subject 6) to exclude other people
From the post above the user mix English words “Jesus is the sweetest name I know” at the beginning of the sentence. The user explained the reason as to avoid sarcasm
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“Sometimes want to say something that is a secret, because not everybody
can speak English so just limited people will know the meaning… as some
of the Muslims don't like if we adore Jesus too much. I hide it to many Muslims about it. It is a positive think that I don't want to make Muslims
feel dislike with my status.”
Below were the example of reasons that could not be classified to the conditions Kow (2003) proposed:
To Address
There are two posts showed the occurrence for this reason classification. See the example below:
Figure 5 (post of subject 2), to addressing
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“...for the person who can read English I mean for Ed students.”
Quoting
The findings show that bilingual might be mixed in order to quote. There was only one post showed the occurrences for this reason classification. See the example below:
Figure 6 (post of subject 2), quoting
The user mixed English words “we already did our best for this year” at the
beginning of the sentence and ended the sentence by mixing “don’t get stuck up on ur
(your) miseable drama”. The user explained the reason was to quote it as the user had seen the quotation before. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
“... I’ve watch that, you know that quote before.”
Imitating somebody as a trend
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Figure 7 (post of subject 3), Imitating
From the post above the user mixed English words “do I have to talk like Cinta Laura from now on..?” at the end of the post. In this post the user used a web app, (http://shareappsworld.com/celebnew/) to determine which celebrity the user looked alike. The user explained that she wished to imitate a certain public figure as her favorite artist was the result from the app. The imitation occurred because the public figure has a habit to do code mix when she speaks. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
“…you know Cinta Laura like speak in Indonesia and also English, many artist many people mock her because of her accent or her way to speak like for example mixing English and Indonesia, so I just try to imitate her but not orally but in written form like and because she is also my favorite
artist in my high school.”
Wish to apply English
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Figure 8 (post of subject 3), wish to apply English
From the post above, the user mixed English words “a trip to remember” at the
beginning of the sentence. The user explained the reason as she wanted to show that the user wish to apply English. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
“…since I am a student of FLL,I have to make use of English, not only in my way of speaking but also writing... like I've said I used English since I wanted to show that I am a student of FLL who knows English and wants to show that I can produce a good post (grammatically) in English.”
Certain language considered as a prestige language
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Figure 9 (post of subject 6) Prestige Language
From the post above the user mixed English words “Thanks God” at the
beginning of the sentence. The user explained the reason as it might be cooler. It can be considered that the user saw the higher value by mixing English words. It can be concluded that some people may see English as a prestigious language. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
“It sounds cooler to say and write in English. English is a foreign language so it gives us a higher level if we say…”
Automatically
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Figure 10 (post of subject 5) automatically
The user mix English words “we already did our best for this year” at the
beginning of the sentence and ended the sentence by mixing “I love you”. The user explained the reason was automatically when the user mixing the English words on the post. As the user also concerned it was because the frequent use of English in her study as a bilingual. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
“…English is like my second language, so I use it frequently like in Indonesia but it less than I use Indonesia so I use English like is automatic when I write that status I just automatic like use Indonesia and English
and mix it because I use English frequently… because I learn in English department faculty and in my faculty I like to use English frequently.”
Some words are common in use
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Figure 11 (post of subject 3), common words use
The user mixed English words “comment” and “contact person” separately in the
middle of the sentence. The user explained because those words were familiar. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
“…I used comment" and contact person since those words are familiar...”
Mood
There is only one posts show the occurrence for this reason classification. Below is the example that showed the occurrences for this reason classification:
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The user mixed English words “maybe one day these young folks will realize that our culture is something unique” in the middle of the sentence. The user explained that
the mixing English words were mixed related to the user’s mood. He also stated that he
felt sad at that time. Here is what the user mention during the interview:
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(1965, 1972) that language choice may occurred in a certain activity. It can be considered that that reason classification may not be used as reason classification as this research is to see the activity and the occurrences of mixing English words in Facebook.
Below is the discussion of other seven reasons classification that cannot classified
into Kow’s condition:
To addressing
People may switch language in order to target or addressing different people in the study of why people do code mixing, it can be seen that Code mixing May occurred in order to target other people. This is also related to the reason proposed by Malik (1994) as explained in Muthusamy (2009) that people may code-switching in order to target different audiences.
Quoting
This reason classification may be explained from the Hoffman (1991) that said people may switch language based on quoting somebody else. Also code switching May occurred based on foreign language quotation (De Brabanter, 2004). From the explanation above it can be concern that people may mix their language based on what other people say and foreign language quotation.
Imitating somebody as a trend
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(2013) also stated that the Code switching and code mixing may view as a trend as people may mix their languages with English. In this study, it was found that people may switch
their language as they imitates somebody‘s way of code mixing as it view as a trend.
A wish to apply English
The need of learning English as L2 for some Bilinguals was a need as they may achieve learning it. According to Kim (2006), people may switch or mix their language based on their need to acquire the language.
Prestige Language
According to Goyal (2003) stated that in India people code mixing with English as they assumed it from the degree of prestige. It can be also concern that when people do code mixed with some people may view English as a prestige language Mahootian (2006). It can be concluded that from those two explanation as based on the finding in this study that people may do code mixing as it considered as the prestigious language.
Automatically
According to Hoffman (1991) stated that the bilingual that was exposed with mixed input, often mix their languages. Stocco et al (2014) explained bilingual’ had control to switch their language where the switch occurred automatically control by the input as the language exposure. In any occasion it might be concern that people may
26 Some words are common in use
According to The study of Ehsan and Aziz (2014) some people may do code mixing, in consideration of some English words were already common in society due to the exposure of English words in daily use.
Mood
In the study of mixing language, it may be concern that code switching may be
occurred based on speaker’s mood. This can be concluded According to Baker (2011),
code switching is also signaling the change of mood.
Multiple Reasons for Code mixing
In this study it was found a single post may have multiple reasons for mixing English words on their post. Below is the example of multiple reasons for a post from a subject:
27 The first reason: Prestige language
“..It is nicer, more comfortable for someone who loves English to say, write or read in English.”
The second reason: Some concept is easier to express in one language
“..There is a deep meaning in English that we cannot say it in other languages.”
The third reason: Imitating Figure
“..A recent famous trend to mix languages like Cinta Laura does. If you see in the TV, many people mix the languages English and Indonesian.”
From the example above, the user explained three different reasons. The first one was that the user considered English as a prestige language, Second, the user also stated that the reason was related to the meaning that might not be said in another language as it was related to a deep meaning. The third reason was a wish to imitate a certain public figure.
Conclusion
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participants. This study concluded that only four conditions appeared from the ten conditions proposed by Kow (2003). They were one wishes to create communication participant, to make a point topic, some concepts are easier to express in one language lexical, and to exclude other people participant.
This study also presented seven reason classifications that did not belong to the related condition by Kow. People mixing their language in order to address also related to Malik (1994) as cited in Muthusamy (2009). Quoting can be done based on what other people said (Hoffman, 1991) or quoting from foreign language quotation (De Brabanter, 2004). Imitating the habit of code mixing of a certain public figure, according to Lam, was viewed as a trend. Code mixing with English words also showed degree of prestige according to Goyal (2003). In any occasion, code mixing may be occurred automatically or just happened for bilinguals, as bilinguals had control to switch their language where the switch occurred automatically (Stocco et al, 2014). The common words used in society also become a reason (Ehsan and Aziz, 2014) and code switching may occurred
based on speaker’s mood (Baker 2011).
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same utterance in a different language. This was not observed in this study, as it only looked at the posts. This might be observed in the interactions within comments but was not the scope of this study.
This study could provide more evidence on how social factors affect language use. Moreover, this study also suggests that the development of technology offered by Social media also influences the way people communicate. In addition to code mixing, the features of this new medium for communication (CMC) are still open for exploration to see its implication in language teaching and learning.
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Acknowledgement
Being able to finish this thesis is a pleasing milestone. I would not have been able to finish this without love, support and encouragement from many people. First of all, I would like to thanks to Jesus for the guidance and blessing through all these days. Second, I would also like to thank my father, mother, grandfather, sister, brother and my two beloved nephews Joshep and Keagen who push me to finish this thesis through their prays. Third, for my beloved supervisor, Dian Toar Y. G. Sumakul, MA and examiner Christian Rudianto, M.Appling. for guiding and advising me in the process of thesis writing.
My deepest gratitude also belongs to my beloved best friends Ojong, Oscar, Boy and Tika for always giving me support and advice in my darkest hour. I want to say thanks to Tenners, Pinaesaan EDBC and PSBII 2014 committee. Also I give thanks to Sarno Army, Pepet, ko’ Bili Gode, Koteng, Tobs, Jejen Mamaro, Imep, Anggi, Indah, Vini and Ronces for always be there for me. Also for my brothers Harvard, Malki and Rafael for supporting me for my struggle in first year study. And also thanks for Reko, Wakas and Jacq for giving me Inspiration and motivation. At last I would like to say thank you for someone who gives me happiness and passion to finish this thesis .
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