THE EFFORT OF WILL SALAS TO DEFEND TIME REFLECTED IN
ANDREW NICCOL’S
IN TIME MOVIE (2011) :
AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
PUBLICATION ARTICLES
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
Written by
ENING PERTIWI
A320090184
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
Surat Persetujuan Artikel Publikasi Ilmiah
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini pembimbing skripsi/tugas akhir:
Nama : Drs. H. Abdillah Nugroho, M. Hum.
NIK : 589
Nama : Nur Hidayat, S.Pd.
NIK : 771
Telah membaca dan mencermati naskah artikel publikasi ilmiah, yang merupakan ringkasan skripsi (tugas akhir) dari mahasiswa:
Nama : Ening Pertiwi
NIM : A 320 090 184
Program Studi : Bahasa Inggris
Judul Skripsi : “THE EFFORT OF WILL SALAS TO DEFEND TIME REFLECTED IN ANDREW NICCOL’S IN TIME MOVIE (2011) : AN INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH ”
Naskah artikel tersebut, layak dan dapat disetujui untuk dipublikasikan.
Demikian persetujuan dibuat, semoga dapat dipergunakan seperlunya.
Surakarta, Maret 2013 Sekretariat: Jl.A.Yani Tromol Pos I, Pabelan, Kartasura, Surakarta 57102 Telp. (0271) 717417, 719483 (Hunting), Fax. (0271) 715448
THE EFFORT OF WILL SALAS TO DEFEND TIME REFLECTED IN ANDREW
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH. RESEARCH PAPER. MUHAMMADIYAH
UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA.
The research proposed to analyze how the effort to defend time reflected in In Time movie 2011 by Individual Psychological Approach. There are two objectives: the first is to analyze the movie in term of structural elements, and the second is to analyze the movie based on the individual Psychological Perspective.
This study is a qualitative study, using Andrew Niccol’s In Time movie 2011 as of structural elements, and the secondary data. The primary data source is In Time movie which is directed by Andrew Niccol, and the secondary data are some articles, book of literary and internet related to the subject. The method of collecting data in this research is library research by watching the movie, reading some related books and articles, accessing internet, taking notes of important part, arranging, and drawing conclusion the data. In analyzing the data, the writer employs descriptive analysis.
The outcome of the study shows that the movie illustrates the effort to defend time. The time here is used as money. The people work to get time, buy and pay everything use time. And it shows that the rich people will be immortal, the poor people will die.
A. Introduction
1. Background of the Study
Effort is one of the things that give meaning to life. Effort means you care about
something that is important to you and you are willing to work for it. In Incremental
intelligence effort is what turns on people’s intelligence and allows them to use it to their full advantage. It can foster a more collaborative atmosphere among students because
everyone can feel smart by applying their intellectual abilities to the problems they face.
(Carol Dwek – Growth Mindsets: 2011). From the explanation above the writer mean effort is something which must be attempted, because it is important to life. For example
someone who lives in poverty works hard to get much money, and then he tries to
manage it well until his condition change, to be rich person.
In Time is a 2011 American dystopian science fiction action film starring Justin
Timberlake, Amanda Seyfried, Cillian Murphy, Olivia Wilde, Alex Pettyfer, Johnny
Galecki, and Vincent Kartheiser. The film, written, directed and produced by Andrew
Niccol, was released on October 28, 2011. In Time movie present a world where time
has become the ultimate currency. In a future society, people are genetically modified to
stop aging at twenty five and after that a clock is activated with one more year for each
citizen.
There are some points that make this movie interesting to be analyzed. It is crucial
to be conducted due to the pedagogical element of empowerment in In Time.
Empowering students are vital factors that will build a better academic atmosphere,
because this movie gives the new horizon about effort, life and time. This story is very
interesting to analyze. Individual psychology in Will Salas suffering, inferiority felling,
and the influence by the meaningful environment around him. The psychology aspect is
very interesting to create the literary works. They depict the psychic condition of human
being through their literary works. Investigating the effort of Will Salas that can make
the reader know important of the time, the present writer will be a teacher later and this
project is necessary to be carried out to enlarge, insert more knowledge to her profession
2. Literature Review
After the writer has looked for the literature review in many libraries especially in
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta and in University in Central Java at least, she
has not found the research about In Time movie done by the other researcher. So that the
writer cannot compare this research with other research because this is the first study of
In Time movie. The writer uses Individual Psychological approach to analyze the data
and using In Time movie as an object. The writer analyzes “The Effort of Will Salas to
Defend Time Reflected in Andrew Niccol’s In Time Movie (2011) : An Individual Psychological Approach”.
3. Problem Statement
Based on the research background above, the problem of the study is how the effort
of Will Salas to defend time is reflected in In Time movie (2011) viewed from individual
psychological approach.
4. Limitation of the Study
The writer will focus on the analysis of the major character of In Time movie (2011)
viewed from the aspect of an Individual Psychological Approach by Alfred Adler.
5. Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study are to analyze the structural elements in In Time movie
and to describe the effort of Will Salas to defend time based on Individual Psychological
Approach.
6. Benefit of the Study
There are two benefits in this study, they are theoretical and practical benefit. In
theoretical benefit, the study is projected to give movie contribution and information to
the large body of knowledge particularly in the literary studies. Whereas, in practical
benefit, the study is expected to enrich the knowledge and experience of the writer, and
other students at UMS, and other Universities who have interested in literary study on
7. Underlying Theory
In this study, the writer uses individual psychological theory from Alfred Adler.
This part presents the underlying theory which consist of the notion of individual
psychology, the basic assumption of individual psychology, notion of effort, aspects of
effort, structural elements of the movie, and the theoretical application.
a. Notion of Individual Psychology
According to Adler as quoted by Ryckman (1985: 95) Individual psychology is
science that attempts to understand the experiences and behavior of each person as an
organized entity. They believes further that all action one guided by a person’s fundamental attitudes toward lies. Another Adler’s statement (in Hjelle and Ziegler, 1992: 139) is the foremost challenge confronting individual psychology is to prove
this unity in each individual: in thinking, feeling, and acting, the so-called conscious
and unconscious, in every expression of personality. Adler’s Individual Psychology
depicts human being as single, indivisible, self-consistent and unified (Adler in Hjelle
and Ziegler, 1992: 139).
b. Major Principle of Individual Psychology
The basic assumption of individual psychology can be presented less than six
general heading: (1) inferiority feeling and compensation, (2) striving for superiority,
(3) fictional finalism, (4) style of life, (5) social interest, and (6) creative power.
1) Inferiority Feeling and Compensation
Inferiority means feeling week and unskilled in facing the task that needs to
be completed (Hall & Lindzey, 1985: 147). It is the shape on individual
consciousness toward a condition which is from inability or imperfection feeling.
Adler (in Hall & Lindzey, 1970: 163) states that inferiority and unmanliness are
equal. The feelings of inferiority arise from a sense of incompletion or
imperfection in any sphere are of life. Adler contends that inferiority feeling is not
2) Striving for Superiority
Striving for superiority means a condition that forces a man to gain a better
life to make him exist in the society (Hall and Lindzey, 1981: 123). It means that
a man is motivated to reach the superiority. According to Adler striving for
superiority is “innate of a man and his continuous efforts in gaining life which is better than other, that is a man is motivated to reach his superiority with his own
wither is right or wrong” (Hall and Lindzey, 1981: 123).
3) Fictional Finalism
Fiction is “ideas that have no real existence, yet they influence people as if
they really exist (Feist, 1985: 65-66). Final goal may be a fiction that is an ideal,
which is impossible to realize, but which is nonetheless a very real motivation to
human’s striving and the important explanation of their conduct. It deals with
individual goal and life, which is unreal in nature or as a fiction.
4) Style of Life
According to Adler (in Hjelle & Ziegler, 1992: 144) the style of life
encompasses the unique pattern of traits, defines the flavor of a person’s existence the life of stile originally called “life plan” or “guiding image” refers to the unique
way in which people pursue their goal (Ryckman, 1985: 98). That is to say, the
life style is “the principle that explains about the uniqueness of an individual”.
Man has different style of life although they may have the same goal; they
develop their own way to achieve their goal of life. Adler (in Hjelle and Ziegler,
1992:146) maintained four types of life attitude: the rule type, the getting type, the
avoiding type, the social useful type.
5) Social Interest
“Social interest is an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general, as well
as empathy for each member of the human race” (Adler in Feist,1985: 71). It means that human beings consider their relationship to live cooperatively with
others for social importance rather than for personal importance.
6) Creative Power
problem in his life” (Feist, 1985: 66). The concept of the creative self places the
responsibility for the individual’s personality into his own hands. In his creative
power, a man also has “Law of movement of an individual’s of solving problem”
(Hall and Lindzey, 1981: 127).
c. The Notion of Effort
Effort is one of the things that give meaning to life. Effort means you care
about something that is important to you and you are willing to work for it. In
Incremental intelligence effort is what turns on people’s intelligence and allows them
to use it to their full advantage. It can foster a more collaborative atmosphere among
students because everyone can feel smart by applying their intellectual abilities to the
problems they face.
According to Dr. Paul Martin, the theory of effort has often been defined in
various educational systems, even in physical training as being purely mechanical,
thus entailing solely an expense of physical energy, the main idea being to obtain a
conclusive result of the physical or psychological order. However, human effort does
not depend on strength alone it is the outcome of a vital state based on spontaneity
and immanency. In physical education the psychological importance of human effort
should not be overlooked on the plea that the aim to be reached is to realize
performances.
d. The Aspects of Effort
It probably has already occurred to the reader, that when the theory of the
sensational character of the consciousness of effort is analyzed, instead of being
merely thrown out at large: first the feeling that it deals common sense a blow in the
face disappears. If we state the foregoing analysis in objective, instead of in
psychical, terms, it just says that effort is the feeling of opposition existing between
end and means. Second, the kinesthetic image of qualitative nature (i.e., of color,
sound, contact) stands for the end, whether consciously desired, or as furnishing the
culmination of habit. Third, the "muscular" sensations represent the means, the
to an intrinsically valuable consciousness. Fourth, practically stated, this means that
effort is nothing more, and also nothing less, than tension between means and ends in
action, and that the sense of effort is the awareness of this conflict.
e. Structural Element of the Movie
The structural elements of the movie can be divided into two elements; there are
narrative and technical elements (Douglas and Harden, 1996: 3). Narrative elements
are the element which build the story of the film, consist of the character and
characterization, setting, plot, point of view and theme (Douglass and Harden, 1996:
3). While the technical elements deal with the elements that have close relationship
with the technique of producing movie. These consist of mise-en scene,
cinematography, sound and editing (Bordwell and Tompson, 1990:126).
1) Narrative Element
a) Characteristic and Characterization
Characters are “the participants of the story, which created by the
author” (Barnet, 1961: 19). Kennedy (Kennedy, 1983: 45) also suggested
“Characters is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story”. There
are two classified of the characters according to Koesnosoebroto namely,
major character and minor character.
b) Setting
Setting is very essential in the literary work. According to Klarer,
(Klaler, 1999: 25) suggested, “setting denotes the location, historical period,
and social surroundings in which the action of a text develop”. Every author
sometimes uses different setting in his or her work. In a good story, setting
must be integrated with plot and character that readers are hardly aware of it
(Koesnosoebroto, 1988: 79).
Setting can be divided into two parts. Namely, setting of place and
setting of time. Setting of place is place where the story or the events in the
c) Point of View
Point of view deals with how the author tells the story of the literary
work. Klarer (1999: 21) suggested, “point of view is regarded as the way the author telling the story”. There are two meanings of point of view. Firstly,
point of view refers to camera shot taken as if seen through the eyes of
character (Douglass and Harden, 1996: 31-32). Secondly, point of view refers
to the perspective of the story teller. This point of view is divided into three
categories: first person, second person and third person (not omniscient)
(Douglass and Harden, 1996: 31-35).
d) Plot
The plot structure first is exposition: the introduction of the problem or
conflict. Second is complication or the middle: a conflict which produces
suspense and eventually leads to a climax, crisis, or turning point. The third is
climax or the end: the highest emotional intensity and the last is resolution or
denouement: the out come or conclusion or the solving of the problem
(Kennedy, 1983: 84).
e) Style
“Style refers to the individual trait or characteristics of a piece of
writing; to writer’s particular ways of managing words that we come to recognize as habitual or customary”(Kennedy, 1983: 75). Koesnosoebroto also suggested that “style is usually confined to element of language: words, syntax, punctuation, and so on, everything from the simple mechanics to the
rhetoric that may reflect an author’s originality in writing” (Koesnosoebroto,
1988: 124)
f) Theme
Theme is “the center, the moving force, the principle of unity”
(Kennedy, 1983: 104). We can take a moral message of the story by knowing
2) Technical Element
floor of a set. Our primary concern is usually composing the main subject
within the frame (Douglass, 1996: 132). Prop are the objects that actors or
people used in the film (Douglass, 1996: 134).
2. Costume
film stock for certain light conditions have to be fulfilled according to the
sensitive of the film. For the purpose, lighting divides into four major
5. Sound
Sound can impart to a scene with enormous force. According to
Douglass (1996: 86) building mood in a scene with sound is done
principally through the music and sound effect tracks rather than in the
sync soundtrack. Moreover, sound can contribute to the realism of a scene
by providing the ambient background that our audience would expect to
hear in the location. Sound effect can powerfully influence our perception
(Douglass, 1996: 87).
6. Symbol
Symbolism can be found in the works of our greatest and most
imaginative directors, the power of moving images as a mean of symbolic
expression as a form of language has been a subject of fascination and
performance. Casting sometimes involves a series of auditions before a
casting panel, composed of individuals such as a producer, director and/or
choreographer.
8. Cinematography
Cinematography is manipulation of the film by the camera in the
shooting phrase and by laboratory in the developing phase (Bordwell and
Thompson, 1990: 408). This consist of control over three features
photo-graphical qualities of the shot, framing of the shot, and duration of the shot
(Bordwell and Thompson, 1990: 156).
9. Editing
Klarer (1999: 63) stated that “editing is one of the major cinematic
techniques which have contributed to the flexibility of medium”. Bordwell
coordination of one shot with the next”. The inherent discontinuity of the editing process can be developed into several parts: axis- of- action,
establishing shot, a reserve shot, reestablishing, match-on-action, cross
cutting.
B. Research Method
In analyzing In Time movie, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative research for her
research on Andrew Niccol’sIn Time movie (2011). The types of data of this study are the images and the text in In Time movie (2011). The data sources are books or any information
related to the plight of being black that support the Individual Psychological approach. The
object of the study is In Time movie by Andrew Niccol and was first premiered in 2011 by
Regency Enterprises. The writer uses note-taking and image-capturing as the method of
1. Structural Elements Analysis of In Time movie
a. Narrative Elements
You can not have long and to live and you flaunt it.”
Henry : “Yes”
Will : “I do not think understand. You can not search
here.”
man who is optimistic and smart enough to solve his problems. It can be seen,
when Will need time to alive, he kidnaps Sylvia because she has so many time
in her hand.
come to Sylvia’s party. In that party she started close to him. Physically, she is beautiful. She has short straight brown hair. She has beautiful eyes.
Mentaly, she is coward because she never had bad experience which can be
life threatening, because she has so many time in her hand. She always
escorted by her bodyguard that make her safety. Morality was brave when he
knows that her father did not care about her. Sociality, she cares with other
b) Minor Character
1. Rachael Salas
Will : “Congratulation for 50 years mom!”
Rachael : “Thank you. I hope in this age I would have had
grandchild.”
(IT.02.27)
Rachael Salas is Will’s mother. At her age fifty years old she hopes that she has had grandchild. Physically, she is beautiful and sexy. Mentality,
she is hard worker.
2. Raymond Leon
Leon : “I am the timekeeper. I'm not interested injustice. I am interested only things we can measure: seconds, minutes and
hours.”
(IT. 42.16)
Raymond Leon is timekeeper who keeps the balance of time and combating crime. He was not fair and did not carry out their duties properly.
a) Fortis
Fortis : “You know I’m looking for? I'm looking for the one who gave this man a month. I will clean the clocks until I hear
from someone, something that I want to hear. I can’t hear anything…”
Fortis is an old man. He is criminal. Morality, Fortis is wicked because
he and his friends always robs time from other people.
b) Henry Hamilton
Henry : “We want to die. We need too”
Will : “That’s your problem? You can life too long?”
Henry : “Because only a few to be immortal and many must
die.”
(IT. 12:36)
Henry Hamilton is a rich person. He has so much times in his hand. He
can live forever and he can buy anything that he wants. Mentality, he wants to
die because he was tired of living. He had lived too long. He thinks that all
people have to die, nothing lasting in the world.
c) Philippe Weis
Sylvia : “Father”
Philippe : “Sylvia”
Sylvia : “Father, you can disparage a second, father? I was
surprised.”
(IT. 01:03:17)
Philippe Weis is Sylvia’s father. He is rich person in New Greenwich.
He has many banks. Moraly, he is a stingy; because he didn’t want to give ransom for his daughter and he gave high interest to those who borrow money
in his bank. Mentaly, he is arrogant. He was always proud of the treasure he
d) Borel
Will : “Where is borel?”
Gheta : “He is died 52.03”
Will : “Died? Why?”
Gheta : “You’ve given him a decade. He got drunk until he
died. He had nine years on the clock.”
(IT. 52:03)
Borel is Will’s friend. He likes to drink very much. Mentaly, he is
good friend. He always supports Will.
e) Gheta
Gheta is Borel’s wife. She is very happy because
after she had been waiting for twenty five years, now
she has child. She was angry to Will when her
husband died because of Will gave much time to him.
2) Setting
a) Setting of Time
This movie sets the condition of technology era in future.
b) Setting of Place
Will’s Apartment, The Factory, In The Bar, The Empty Building, New
Greewich City, The Hotel, Sylvia’s House, Philippe’s Office, Weis
Timelenders, The Hotel in Ghetto, The Biggest Bank.
3) Plot
a) The Beginning or Exposition
It begins with narrative about what the time is in this movie. At that time
Will Salas had time less than one day, he thought that to defend his life he had
to work and he wanted to bring mother went to New Greenwich as a gift of his
mother’s birthday. He worked in factory to collect much time. b) The Middle
The climaxes happen when Will was playing card and he met Philipe
Weis. As his enemy Philipe introduced Sylvia to Will. Sylvia invited Will to
come to her party. When Will was enjoying party, timekeeper Leon came to
look for Will. Much of Will’s times were taken by Leon. Finally Will kidnapped Sylvia so he could defend his life, because Sylvia had much time.
c) The End
Finally, Will and Sylvia decided to collapse the Weis’ bank one by one and they can defend of life and can give the time to other peoples who needed.
They thought that all people need to die. One by one the bank was collapsed,
and the situations were uncontrolled. Many people were rich, many people
4) Point of View
This film uses first person as the narrator. In this movie, Will Salas as
narrator and he is a major character in In Time movie. The point of view of Will
Salas can be seen when he rob the Weis’ Bank and dispense to all of people in Ghetto. The point of view of group in this story is mostly people guess that family
is the important thing in the world.
5) Theme
The theme in In Time movie is “everyone must manage the time as well as
they can, because without unconsciously that time can influence our life.”
b. Technical Elements
1. Mise-en-Scene and Design a) Set Dressing
There are bed room, tables, refrigerator, chairs, kitchen and all the
tools in Will’s apartment. There are tables, chairs and lamps in bar, chairs in empty building. There are chairs, tables, beautiful lamps, glasses, plates,
flowers in every side in Sylvia’s house, and also there are tables, chairs,
lamps and LCD in Philippe’s office.
b)Props
Black Coat Deposite of Time
c) Costume and Make-Up
Michelle Vittone and Mc Neil as make- up department head in In
Time has big role in making the actors’ face looks different. She uses soft
color in order to look natural for all actor and actresses.
Make up for woman
d)Lighting
The quality of this scene is hard
intensity. The direction is side lighting.
The source is from lamps and the color of
this image is yellow.
The quality of figure 36 is soft
intensity. The source of this figure is from
sun and support by key light as the
primary lighting and fill lighting to control
2. Sound
The researcher fines that the movie uses sound affect that are appropriate
with each scene. It is also found as repetitive usage of music background. For
example the use of hip hop music to show the situation in bar and used music
instrument to accompany Will and Sylvia when they were dancing.
3. Cinematography
a) Photographic Qualities of the Shot
In Time movie has color film with standard sensitive. The color of the
movie is appropriate to the reality. It has good unity of dark and bright
color. In short, In Time movie has good quality.
dark color bright color
b)Framing of the Shot
straigh-on-angle scene high angle scene
low angle scene Extreme long shot
Long shot Medium long shot
Medium shot frame Medium close up
Close up Extreme close up
c) The Duration of Shot
4. Editing
Axis-of-Action Establishing Shot
Reserve shot 1 Reserve shot 2
Reestablishing 1 Reestablishing 2
Match-on-Action 1 Match-on-Action 2
Cross Cutting 2
5. Casting
The following is the cast of In Time movie : Justin Timberlake as Will
Salas, Amanda Seyfried as Sylvia Weis, Olivia Wilde as Rachael Salas, Matt
Bomer as Henry Hamilton, Cillian Murphy as Timekeeper Leon, Alex Pettyfer
as Fortis, Johnny Galecki as Borel, Vincent Kartheiser as Philippe Weis, Yaya
DaCosta as Greta, Bella Heathcote as Michele Weis.
2. Individual Psychological Analysis
A.Basic Concept of Individual Psychology 1) Inferiority Feeling and Compensation
Inferiority occurs when Will Salas loosed his mother. His mother died
when Will had much time on his hand and Will wanted to celebrate his
mother’s birthday by took his mother to New Greenwich. Will was so sad and
depressed. After that Will wanted to go to New Greenwich and took all of
time of the people in New Greenwich.
2) Striving for Superiority
Striving for superiority can be seen when Will and Sylvia were trapped
and robbed by Fortis. They only had a few time on their hands. Will thought
to sell Sylvia’s earrings and asked redemption money to Sylvia’s father, but Sylvia’s father didn’t give it. Finally, Will and Sylvia decided to collapse the
Weis’ bank one by one. So they can defend of life and can give the time to
3) Fictional Finalism
Fiction finalism in this movie can be seen in Will’s character. Will
Salas has a goal in his life. He wants to help the poor people, so they will not
die. He thinks that there is no immortal person in this world. He needs a
million years to help everyone. Sylvia helps Will, and they plan to give up.
Then they try to stolen a million years of Sylvia’s father.
4) Style of Life
Style of life of Will Salas is socially useful, because he is becoming
attractive personality. He had an effort to defend time. Will wants to help
poor people to survive their life. Will gets their time by working, kidnaps
Sylvia to survive his life, selling Sylvia’s earrings and ask time to Sylvia’s
father and also robbed Weis bank.
5) Social Interest
The social interest of Will Salas is when Will want to work, in the way
he was met with the girl. She asks time to Will because she wants to pay a
claim. Whereas Will just had a day and the girl had a year, but Will still gave
his time for the girl to help her. Its shows that Will have a good social
interest.
On other situation, when Will would like to buy coffee, he met Borel.
There he saw that Borel could not pay the coffee, so Will helped him to pay
it. Whereas, Will just had a few minutes not more a day.
6) Creative Power
Creative power can be seen, when Will try to make sure Sylvia that her
father is cruel and what Will do, it is for helping other and for getting the
D. Conclusion
Referring to the problem statement and the analysis in the previous chapter, the writer
finally takes some conclusions. In this world, time has a value. It can be the goal of life. Will
Salas effort to defend time to survive his life. He struggle this, not only for himself, but also
for help other people.
Based on the analysis the researcher did draw if everyone has a goal in their live.
Moreover, in Andrew Niccol’s In Time movie the researcher finds that the major character’s
personality has the ways to get the goal in her life, to defend time . Will does some ways to
get it, such as Will had to work to get time and when Will and Sylvia were trapped and
robbed by Fortis. They decided to collapse the Weis’ bank one by one. So they can defend of life and can give the time to other peoples who needed. Therefore, it includes the
individual psychological phenomena.
E. Suggestion
The writer has chosen individual psychological approach, basic concept of Individual
Psychology to deal with this film. This study can still be improved. It is widely possible for
other writers to apply different approach such as Sociological Approach to analyze the social
and economic aspects of Will Salas. This approach toward the same film will bring new
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