Development for Urban Poor Housing ( Sociology and Welfare Development).

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SOCIOLOGY AND WELFARE

DEVELOPMENT

Edited by:

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin

Centre for Socioglobal Studies Padjadjaran University

Foreword by:

Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)

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ii Sociology and Welfare Development

First Published May, 2015

Published By

Centre for Socioglobal Studies Padjadjaran University

In Cooperation With

Penerbit Samudra Biru (Member of IKAPI) Jomblangan Gg. Ontoseno Blok B No 15 Rt 12/30 Banguntapan Bantul Yogyakarta Indonesia 55198 Telp. (0274) 9494 558

E-mail/FB: psambiru@gmail.com

ISBN: 978-602-9276-56-5

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iii Sociology and Welfare Development

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Agung Mahesa Himawan Dorodjatoen, is a PhD candidate at West Australia University, Perth – Australia. He is a Planning Staf, Directorate of Spatial Planning and Land Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas). He is a Best Graduate Student in Regional and Planning Department, Bandung Institute of Technology (2006) and Utrecht Excellence Scholarships Awardee 2007-2009 on Research Master Human Geography & Planning, Faculy of Geoscience, Utrecht University.

Ali Maksum, is a Ph.D candidate at the Centre for Policy Research and International Studies (CenPRIS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. His current project is about the Indonesia-Malaysia relations from defensive realism perspective. He has written articles have been published in such publisher as Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, Springer (ISI), Indonesia national newspapers and conferences.

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vi Sociology and Welfare Development

HIV/AIDS and drug related issues.

Bintarsih Sekarningrum, a leturer at Social Welfare Departement in Social and Political Sciences Faculty, University of Padjadjaran. She obtained Bachelor degree, master degree and Doctoral degree from University of Padjadjaran. Some scientiic papers had been published at national or international level. Currently, he is focusing on waste management problem in society who life near the Cikapundung river at Bandung City.

Desi Yunita, oicially join the Departemen of Sociology at Social and Political Science Faculty University of Padjadjaran since 2014. She got Magister degree in Sociology also from University of Padjadjaran and focusing the research on development and environmental problem.

Forina Lestari, obtained B.Sc.Eng. (ITB, 2006), MSc in Housing, School of Housing, Building and Planning, University of Science Malaysia (USM, 2008). Lecturer at Indonesian Institute of Technology (ITI). She has published a book: Alam Takambang Jadi Guru: Merajut Kearifan Lokal dalam Penanggulangan Bencana di Sumatera. Consultant and expertise at Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and Directorate General of Spatial Planning, Ministry of Public Works (2013), Directorate General of Regional Development Assistance, Ministry of Home Afairs and Expert, Deputy of the Area Development, Ministry of Public Housing (2012), Expert Staf, Commission V (Infrastructure), he Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR, 2011). Junior Expert, Directorate of Rural and Urban Afairs, Indonesia National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas, 2010).

Hery Wibowo, S.Psi, MM, PhD is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University.

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vii Sociology and Welfare Development Mitshel Lino is a Master of Social Sciences (Psychology) candidate under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Intan Hashimah Mohd Hashim from the Department of Social Work, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Her research interest surrounds the ield of Social Psychology. She was a Graduate Assistant, serving as a Psychology tutor in the university. She was invited to the Golden Key International Honour Society for academic excellence and awarded Second Upper Class Honours from her undergraduate. Her past researches included the area of Multicultural Psychology and Child Marriage in Malaysia, collaboration project with UNICEF.

Mohd. Haizzan Yahaya MSW is Ph.D scholars from University Sains Malaysia. He is currently researching on Urban Poor Housing and being supervised by. Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD and associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD

Mohd Tauik Mohammad is a Ph.D scholar at the Social Work Programme, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. His current Ph.D studies regarding on Specialization Social Work, Forensic Social Work/Victims’ Studies/Restorative Justice, being supervised by associate professor Azlinda Azman, PhD.

Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, MA and Ph.D. from University of Malaya. He is a leturer at Departement of Social Welfare (1982-2011) and Departement of Sociology (2011-present), Head Departement of Sociology in Faculty of Social and Political Science, Padjadjaran University (2014- present). Visiting Associate Professor at University of Malaya (2008) and Visiting Associate Professor at Univerisiti Sains Malaysia (2012- present).

Tia Devianty, S.IP., MPA, is a PhD candidates at Universitas Padjadjaran, and a master’s degree graduate from Public Policy, Faculty of Public Policy and Management, Flinders University, Australia. Now, a lecturer at Ahmad Yani University, Bandung - from september 1996 – present Teaching, Researching, and Public Servicing. Current Researches

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viii Sociology and Welfare Development

Current Public Services are Facilitator, Comprehensive Maternal Village Program in West Java, West Java Province Health Department (2006 – 2008), Facilitator for Sustainable Capacity Building for Decentralization (SCBD) Project in Bau-bau City and Buton Regency (2008 – 2012), District Advisory Team Capacity Building Program Minimum Service Standard Basic Education at Sorong West Papua (2014-2016), tdevianty@ rocketmail.com.

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ix Sociology and Welfare Development

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah. hanks to Allah SWT, whom with His willing giving me the opportunity to complete this book entitled Sociology and Welfare Development. he publication of this book would not have been possible without the guidance and knowledge wich I have acquired from my honourable professors; Professor A.D Saefullah - University of Padjadjaran and Professor Abd. Hadi Zakaria - University of Malaya. I would also like to dedicate this book to my beloved wife, Tuty Tohri and our lovely children Tofan Rakhmat Zaky, Forina Lestari, Fitaha Aini and Tamal Arief Ihsan - their support in my life.

he publication of this book would not be possible without the assistance and cooperation that we have received over the years from the many individuals and organization in various parts of the world. In particular, we wish to thank our team, all authors - Department of Sociology Padjadjaran University and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Specially thanks especially to Ali Maksum for his excellent assistance during the editorial process of this book. Dr. Arry Bainus the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Padjadjaran University. All of my Masters-PhD students and colleagues at Padjadjaran University as well as USM whom I would like to thanked for providing continuous support towards my success.

Wassalam.

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xi Sociology and Welfare Development

FOREWORD

Dr. Afriadi Sjahbana Hasibuan, MPA, M.Com (Ec)

Head of Research&Development Ministry of Home Afairs,Republic ofIndonesia

First of all, I am honored to write this foreword and to give my warm endorsement to this book edited by my colleague Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, Ph.D. In my point of view, Indonesian harmony is urgent and should be achieved soon. he government and all stakeholders are pushed to react and formulate a strong policy to reach the national goals.

his book provides a comprehensive assessment regarding sociology and welfare development discourses with a new paradigm and approaches to build Indonesian future. his compilation chapter divided into ifteen chapters, conclusion and also given constructive policy recommendations. Although, all authors in this book are depart from various background and issues, yet they produce and extent some challenges should become serious attention especially the government. I can argue that this book is very multidisciplinary and discussed from various angle.

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xii Sociology and Welfare Development

welfare development discourses is smartly promoting the ideas of “spiritual development” which in some extent isolated from main discussion. his is important and also to alerting as well as to underscore that Indonesia is a religious country.

Finally, I am pleased to congratulate to Muhamad Fadhil Nurdin, PhD which successfully publish this book and demonstrated that he is a productive scholar. As academician, lecturer and researcher he has more than thirty years professional experiences in the ield of social and political sciences in Indonesia as well as recognized in the broad. I hope, the collaboration between the agency of research and development in the Ministry of Home Afairs of the Republic Indonesia with the Centre for Socioglobal Studies - Padjadjaran University become more efective, fruitful and sustain in the future.

hank you and Wassalam.

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xiii Sociology and Welfare Development

INTRODUCTION

In the Name of God, the Most Gracioeus, the Most Merciful

his book provides a thematic issues and challenges in the new era, sociology to develop human welfare. he main objective of the Sociology and Welfare Development is to present an integrated analysis of how the discipline of sociology can contribute to our wider understanding of the variety of welfare development issues, practices and institutions approachs, policies and philosophy wich exist in our society and countries. his explanatory chapters expected to examine and understand as well as ofer choices for human beings in the dinamics world to build a human welfare.

his book depart from the point of view that sociology is as applied social science can contribute to the development of human life through many perspectives. he various theme have been selected are discussed from philosophy to policy models. Each chapter attempt to understand with a core idea namely welfare development.

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policy implementation, bureaucracy and corruption. Yet, all indicates that Indonesian government has taken a serious strategic action in order to struggle to eradicate poverty as well as eradication policy against chronic of corruption. Related with poverty phenomena, in the chapter nine, concern on historical and inherited problems such as the disabled people, the pursuit of full employment in urban areas and overstaing in the public sector, were important causes for urban poverty. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small.

In the third chapter focus on human geography and planning as part of human life. Sociologically, this study concludes that the relationships between two adjacent metropolitan centres are two geographical phenomena occurred in the Jakarta-Bandung Mega-Urban Region (JBMUR). However, a rapid urbanization process has also been occurring in the corridor area between both metropolitan centers. here are both direct and indirect relations between these two geographical phenomena which inally lead to the emergence of the Jakarta-Bandung mega-urban region. In the fourth chapter, that in addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers.

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xv Sociology and Welfare Development obtained inancial assistant from micro LKMS or BMT.

Chapter six examines the environmental destruction of young generation to protect and conserve the natural environment. As such, the key actors in engaging youth participation in environmental action, be it the government, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) or the community, should address the multi-dimensional issues that are obstacles towards the involvement of the young and come up with strategies to develop a more intrinsically-motivated participation. Generally, environmental awareness among youth worldwide is at an adequate level but it is the translation into action that is still lacking. A review of the implementation strategies of current environmental action programs involving youth should be done by the respective organizers in order to create programs that are fun, hands-on and allows as well as entrusts youth to apply their environmental knowledge and personal skills to make key decisions for the future of then environment which they shall inherit from the present. Hence, there is a need to move beyond the present, traditional top-down institutionalized approach of implementing programs towards a more dynamic and lexible approach in which youth are viewed stakeholders, knowledge sharers and leaders, and not mere passive participants who carry out the aims dictated by the organizers.

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rural community towards education as a strategy for improving life. At the same time, the delivery system of the education programs must be enhanced and it is all depend on the commitment of the school and teachers of the rural schools as well.

Finally, the last chapter focus on the incidences of child marriage are no longer pertinent only for less developed country; it actually happens extensively in diferent parts of the world. Due to psychological and biological immaturity, children are insuiciently mature to make an informed decision about a life partner.

his book examines the welfare development issues in the broader “sociology of welfare development” perspective. It is compiled from travelers and knowledge experiences in international seminars, talks and forum of researchers, supervisions and other discussion with my PhD and Master students. hat experiences, together with their personal values and interests extremely inluence to all authors in this book. Personally, I hope that those who engage and read this book will obtain fruitful knowledge. All errors are the author’s responsibility.

Wassalam.

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69 Development for Urban Poor Housing

Readers guide

his chapter discusses urban housing reform in Penang has dramatically changed the urban landscapes and has impacted the social dynamic. In addition, it has also contributed to the uneven efect on urban housing population. While the living standard of a signiicant proportion of urban residents has improved, a sizeable group of households has been left behind and became a new social class - the urban poor. here is a close association between poverty and housing needs. Along with job security, housing is the most important element of the social welfare system. In this, the linkage between urban poverty and housing has been largely overlooked. he major concern of this paper is on coping strategies of the urban poor in transition and the associated problem of urban poverty due to the

Development for

Urban Poor Housing

Mohd Haizzan Yahaya, Muhamad Fadhil

Nurdin, Hery Wibowo and Mohd Tauik

Mohammad

Chapter

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70 Sociology and Welfare Development

non-afordable housing. his paper aims to look into the social development changes brought forward in Penang, mainly on the Island as well as focusing on the problem of urban poor and low-income communities in Penang.

Introduction

Home as a Necessity

One of life’s basic needs, like food and water, is shelter. he provision of housing and associated services does extends across virtually all of social work’s various arenas of endeavor, from providing foster care to neglected, inding homes for persons leaving treatment facilities, helping refugees ind their “place” in a new country and on addressing homelessness itself. Social work research related to housing relects the wide array of interest in the ield in inding the best way to meet housing needs while helping client build a new sense of belonging, pride of ownership, and sense of self-suiciency.

Perhaps nowhere else are both the micro and macro social work approaches to meet human needs by addressing both people and their environment better displayed than in the housing services ield. Housing or lack thereof relects the individual’s economic environment, and quality housing relects the level of a community’s social development. he provision of housing needs is a further relection of society’s meeting the needs of its most vulnerable residents.

Helping to provide well-brought-up housing for urban poor and low income household is a worldwide challenge to a government especially in countries where citizens are well educated. However, it would be suitable to use the term strategies on donating the public policies concerning the housing situations in most countries particularly dominated by free markets (Downs, 1969). Authorities simply do not have well reasons, realistic, long-range policy on coping with housing needs. Nevertheless, for the purpose of analysis, it is useful to view the public efort to improve the housing of the urban poor in each nation as resulting from at least an unspoken strategy.

Social Development

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71 Development for Urban Poor Housing thrust is only mainly focusing on economic growth and returns. here is therefore an urgent need to recapture the balanced approach in social development especially in Penang. Holding this balance at the level of policy formulation and direct implementation is necessary in making a diference for Penangites.

Social development is central to national and community development. Authors believed that each and every community in Penang would love to share the state prosperities and strive for the attainment of a better quality of life. Social development is used in a broad sense to encompass economic, educational and social wellbeing. he orientation is not so much welfare focused but one that advocates for social justice and equal opportunities especially for the urban poor in Penang.

As in this, there is an urgent need for the state to strengthen the institutional capacities of agencies and institutions to ensure that the social development agenda is further enhanced for all Penangite. Perhaps, these would include creating new avenues for urban poor to have a say especially in social development and be efectively able to participate in social welfare dialogues.

Urban Poverty

Issues of urban poverty have attracted increasing attention among Penangites and academics in the last few years. Studies have been carried out to establish the links between unemployment and urban poverty (Zhu, 1998; Zhang, 1999). Regional variations in urban poverty, the relationship between poverty and family income, employment types and economic sectors have also been investigated. hese studies have led to new policy development and some change in social welfare provision. At the international level, the literature on urban reform and transition has also grown rapidly over the last few years. Published material addresses a wide range of issues, including:

he economic and industrial changes occurring in cities as part of •

the country’s reemergence on the world stage (Solinger, 1993)

he physical and cultural transformation of Chinese societies •

(Davis et al., 1995)

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has made tremendous progress in this area of poverty reduction, but it seems to be the policy makers are refusing ‘to see the new trends and dimensions especially in highly urbanized and modernized nations of Penang’.

hroughout some articles, the indings of two urban poverty conferences and the impact of urban poverty lays a strong claim that urban poverty must be urgently and seriously addressed in society, six key areas have been heavily debated and many innovative policies and programmes have been launched by the Malaysian Federal Government (Jayasooria, 2008). Academicians and civil society leaders have been part of the deliberations.

he irst is the National Social Policy. his was formulated as an umbrella policy giving a balance between economic and social development, between infrastructure and human capital development. Second is PINTAS which is a social action plan which provides the framework for integrating the various components of social development in the country. his social action plan was developed by Prof Dato Dr Wan Halim and his team. Millions of ringgit had been spent as well as a pilot project was launched at the district level. However, the sad reality is that there is not even a single reference of PINTAS in the 9MP. It was a major highlight in the 8MP and even in the Mid Term Review.

hird is the Social Referral Centre (Pusat Rujukan Sosial). he original intention was for these centres to be located in ‘high risk neighbor hoods’. Fourth is the Social Impact Assessment (SIA). Field research was undertaken and foreign consultants recruited to provide input and framework. However while the reports were being done and the policy formulated, this dimension was not given much emphasis in the implementation.

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73 Development for Urban Poor Housing here is an urgent task to recapture all the work done in the above six areas. One major step would be to recall all the academicians, civil servants and civil society people who were involved in conceptualizing the social agenda. he attempt will be to form a resource team of experts to truly provide the intellectual base for fostering a social agenda which will truly bring about balanced on social development.

Housing the Urban Poor

Housing and living conditions are important indicators of household poverty. Housing provision in Penang looks had been dominated by the private sector developers. In this, along with job security, housing was the most important element of the welfare system. As a result of insuicient investment, housing conditions were generally poorer over the period. Since a part of the urban economic reform and the transition to a market economy, important changes had been made to urban housing provision system. Commercial property developers emerged as the main housing providers. Many urban families now live in purpose-built lats. he reality is that the key problem of urban housing reform was the material linkage between housing and employment.

Housing the Urban Poor in China

As in China, in order to speed up the process of housing commercialization and monetary distribution, a major decision was made by central government in 1998 to stop public sector employers’ role in direct housing allocation. A deadline was set up to allow current housing building projects to inish. hereafter, the housing needs of all public sector employees were to be met directly by property developers or the housing market rather than by employers. Employers, however, were allowed to issue housing subsidies to help employees to buy their house in the market or through the government-supported afordable housing scheme (Wang, 2000).

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rented housing by their employers or the city government (State Council, 1998). hese reform policies have brought important changes in urban housing provision. A few years ago, most new commercial housing was bought by employers and then distributed to their employees. By 2002, 80 per cent of public housing had been sold to the occupiers. About 95 per cent of new housing was sold directly to individual families.

While housing for the poor moved forward very slowly, high-standard and sometimes luxury commercial housing for the rich dominated housing developments in large cities, though there had been serious oversupply of this type of housing. In September 2003, ive years after the 1998 policy document, the State Council issued new policies which aimed to rebalance the market development and provision system. Strict controls were to be imposed on the development of luxury villas and cottages. More emphasis would be given to the development of ordinary commercial housing, government-supported afordable housing and social-rental housing (State Council, 2003). Despite this policy change, afordable and social-rental housing required more government investment and efective regulation of the housing market. Under the liberal market economic philosophy and the continuous pursuit of commercialization of housing provision, a large scale increase in public housing investment and social housing stock in the near future are unlikely.

Social Support and Policies

For a betterment of arrangement on coping strategies for urban poor housing in Penang, authors believed that social support and policies need to be highlight as soon as possible. Under this arrangement, state government could efectively decentralize the social welfare services to the sub-potential parties. In this, perhaps it will minimize the burden and the functions of state government and can focus more related to production management than service provision. With the introduction of the arrangement, welfare provision by work units will reduce substantially in order to improve production of urban poor housing efective and eiciently.

On the other hand, new social support policies should be introduced to ill some of the gaps between the old and the new policies. hese included policies aimed at creating more job opportunities to reduce urban unemployment, and several social security systems established to protect the weak and unemployed in the cities.

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75 Development for Urban Poor Housing land banks for afordable housing is critical to reducing the price of houses for the urban poor, whom are increasingly being driven out of the city environs. Beyond supply of house, government enforcement of existing laws against house proiteering would be a valuable start and long-term home mortgage inance for the urban poor a breakthrough.

Making markets like informal housing more eicient and efective for the urban poor. Markets that they are already tapping, is a better approach than destroying markets through large indiscriminate subsidies that are not sustainable. A major part of the solution is building institutions’ that work for the urban poor and enable them to enter the formal economy – reducing their cost of living and doing business and expanding their opportunity for creating new social welfare.

In addition, enabling small group of communities to have a role in investing in the markets looks to be very necessary. his will in return, enable them to create social wealth and have a boost in their social welfare as indirect.

he Future and Struggle of Urban Poor

Historical and inherited problems such as the disabled people, the pursuit of full employment in urban areas and overstaing in the public sector, were important causes for urban poverty. However, these historical problems did not result in serious poverty under the well planned economic system. he number of poor people inherited from the previous period was also relatively small.

In addition, the struggle of urban poor communities in Malaysia for housing and land rights is closely related to the development and history of the country. After the British colonial period, Malaysia’s priority was to develop its economy by focusing on the manufacturing and export industry in urban areas. his resulted when people from rural areas migrating from village to the city, in search of opportunities and to ill the workforce demand. Most of the urban migrants would build their own house near the manufacturing factories, because the surrounding lands were unoccupied and unused. With hard work and their own resources they would clean the area (wilderness) and build houses; this would encourage the development in the area and hence they are known as urban pioneers.

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economy, particularly the reduction of universal beneits and rising unemployment, are new causes of increased incidents of urban poverty. Adult unemployment, laid-of workers and poverty among pensioners were all related to the process of marketization and the reform in the old state-owned public sectors. To project the future of urban poverty, we need to focus on the main factors, which determine the future course of urban development.

References

Davis, D.S., Kraus, R., Naughton, B. and Perry, E. (1995) Urban Spaces in

Contemporary China: he Potential for Autonomy and Community in Post-Mao China, Cambridge: Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press.

Downs. A (1969) Housing the Urban Poor: he Economic of Various Strategies vol: 59 (p 646-651). he American Economic Review, American

Economic Association.

Jayasooria, D. (2008) Social Development & Indians in Malaysia: An Agenda for Social Inclusion, Yayasan Strategik Sosial (YSS), KL.

Solinger, D.J. (1993) China’s Transition from Socialism: Statistic Legacies and Market Reforms, 1980–1990, Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe.

State Council (1998) he Notice on Further Reform of Urban Housing

System and Speeding up Housing Development, Document No. 23, 3 July 1998.

State Council (2003) On Promoting Sustainable Development of Housing and Real Estate Market, Document No. 18, 12 August 2003.

Wang, Y.P. (2000) ‘Housing reform and its impacts on the urban poor in China’, Housing Studies, 15(6):845–64.

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Transformation, Beijing, Wenwu Press.

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