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M A R G O R P Y D U T S N O I T A C U D E E G A U G N A L H S I L G N E
N O I T A C U D E S T R A D N A E G A U G N A L F O T N E M T R A P E D
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S Number :091214069
M A R G O R P Y D U T S N O I T A C U D E E G A U G N A L H S I L G N E
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L ,Agatha .2013 .An Analysi sof the Occurrence o fSexism in Blonde s
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Peneilitan in idliaksanakan untuk membaha sd ua ha lutama :bagaimana e m s i s k e
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m kata ,kailmat ,dan ucapan yang ada dalam humo rtersebu tyang i d n a k r a b a ji d a t a D . n a u p m e r e p p a d a h r e t i s a n i m ir i k s i d a y n a d a n a k i s a k i d n i g n e m s i s il a n a i d n a d f it a r a n k u t n e b m a l a
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c ,v nixe ,honey dan sweeite .Dalam bentuk stereoitp ,seksismedigambarkan h a m u r n a a jr e k e p n a k u k a l e m u p m a m a y n a h n a u p m e r e p a w h a b n a g n a d n a p i u l a l e m m u a k i g a b s k e s k e j b o i a g a b e s n a k r a b m a g i d a g u j n a u p m e r e p , u ti n i a l e S . a g g n a t . a ir
p Seksismej ugadigambarkan melalu ipenggunaanakhrian–essyangterdapa t a t a k a d a
p wairtess , tsewardess , dan actress . Dalam bentuk diksi , seksisme a t a k a y n a d a n a g n e d n a k k u j n u ti
d blondeyangmerujukpadawantiadenganr ambu t .
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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
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T ... i S
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A ... ii Y
T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
S ... vi
I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ................................. v
T C A R T S B
A ... .. iv
K A R T S B
A ....................................................................................................... v ii S
T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ... iiv i S
T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... x N
O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H
C ... 1 .. .
A ResearchBackground ... 1 .
B ResearchProblems ... 4 .
C ProblemLimtiaiton ... 4 .
D ResearchObjecitves ... 4 .
E ResearchBeneftis... 5 .
F Deifniitono fTerms... 6 E
R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R . I I R E T P A H
C ... 9 .
A Theoreitca lDesc irpiton ... 9 .
1 SexandGender ... 9 .
2 LanguageandMedia ... .... 21 .
3 WomenandSexism ... 41 .
4 Sexis tLanguage ... 02 .
5 TheLanguageofJ okes ... 32 .
6 BlondeStereotypes... 62 .
B Theoreitca lFramework ... 82 Y
G O L O D O H T E M . I I I R E T P A H
C ... 23 .
A ResearchMethod... 23 .
B DataSource... 33 .
C DataGatheirngTechnique... .. 33 .
i x .
E ResearchProcedure ... 53 N
O I S S U C S I D D N A S G N I D N I F H C R A E S E R . V I R E T P A H
C ... 83 .
A TheDepiciton so fSexismi nBlondeJ okes ... 83 .
1 Int heFormo fMetaphor... 93 .
2 Int heFormo fStereotypes... 54 .
a WomenandDomesitctiy ... 54 .
b Womena sSexua lObjects... 74 .
3 Int heAddingo fSufifx–essi nOccupaitona lTerms ... 45 .
4 Int heSelecitono fWord ... 95 .
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1 Blonde sa sSex-O irentedWomen ... 26 .
2 Blonde sa sBrainles sBeings ... 46 D
N A , S N O I T A D N E M M O C E R , S N O I S U L C N O C . V R E T P A H C
S N O I T A C I L P M
I ... 07 .
A Conclusions... 07 .
B Recommendaitons ... 37 .
C Imp ilcaitons ... 47 S
E C N E R E F E
R ... 67 X
I D N E P P
1 I R E T P A H
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w meanings tend to discirminate etihe rmen o rwomen ,bu tmore ilkely to e h t f o g n i n a e m t n e t a l e h t y b d e m r o f r e p s i n o it a n i m ir c s i d e h T . ) 8 0 0 2 , e l u J ( n e m o w
h c i h w n o it a i c o s s a d n a , n o it c i d , d r o
w give tirvia l meaning to women . The u
t c a s i e g a u g n a l n i d e s u m r o f e v it c n it s i
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, ri o v u a e B e D ( ’ r e h t o ‘ s a d e n o it i s o p s e m o c e
b 1989 .)I nt hi sview , tii si mpiledt ha t s
e o d n a m a t a h W . y ti r o h t u a e h t d l o h o h w s e n o e h t e r a n e
m represent show i t
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m s i x e s f o y c n a p m a r e h t , y lt n e c e
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h t , d lr o w s ’ y a d o t n I . a i d e m f
o websties ea r highly accessible by people in al l e
g n a
s ti f e n e b e v i g t h g i m s i h T . y a d y r e v
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s e c it c a r
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T a revairous .Oneoft hemi si n j okes . t s i x e s f o e c n e t s i x e d e r e tt a c s e h t h g u o r h t d e z il a n r e t e d n a d e t s e fi n a m s i m s i x e s e h T
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j Joke o rhumou ri sa complex cogniitve funciton which o tfen lead sto .
) 6 0 0 2 , s s i e R & i n e m il o P ( r e t h g u a
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.) 8 9 9
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e c n e r r u c c o f
o int hewebsties .Women ,speciifcallyblondewomen ,areexcluded y
b theexistenceo fdisparagingj oke swhicht endt obes exist .Moreover ,Cisneros , t
a h t y e v n o c ) 6 0 0 2 ( g r e b d l o G d n a , y a g e B , n a i n a x e l
A there i sa possiblitiy in a
f o s e ir e s a n i w e i v d lr o w d n a n o i n i p o l a n o s r e p n w o s ’ e n o t s a c d a o r b o t e r u tl u c
e i v t a h t m o r F . s e k o
j w ,i ti sapparen ttha ta cetrain though tmigh tbe spread s d r a w o t s t h g u o h t d n a s e p y t o e r e t s e v it a g e n n i a tr e c , y l e t a n u tr o f n U . s e k o j h g u o r h t
e d n o l
b migh tbe rtansmitted unavoidably through grea tamount o fblonde joke .
t e n r e t n I e h t n i s e ti s b e
w Thepracitce so fsexismint heblondej okewebstie smight n
o c n
u sciously i n lfuenceou rperspecitvei n howwes eeblondewomen i n general o
t s u d a e l t h g i m d n
a create a stereotype toward s them . Addiitonally , the d n a n e m o w s e z il a n i g r a m s e ti s b e w e k o j e d n o l b e h t n i m s i x e s f o n o it a t s e fi n a m
r e n n a m e v it c n it s i d a n i n e m o w s t a e
. y l g n it s a lr e v
e Basedon those er asons,t her esearche rbecome spassionatet ostudy .s
e k o j e d n o l b e h t n i n w o h s m s i x e s e h t
u c c o e h t n o y d u t s e h t s e if i c e p s r e ti r w e h
T rrenceo fsexis tblondej oke si n e
h
t websties which make blonde women a sthe object so flaughter .A ifnding m
o r f t a h t s l a e v e
r abou t 500 dfiferen t blonde joke s found in the Internet , e d n o l b b m u d o t e c n e r e f e r c if i c e p s e d a m l o o p e k o j e h t f o % 3 6 y l e t a m i x o r p p a
g n i n i a m e r e h t e li h w , n e m e d n o l b b m u d o t e c n e r e f e r e d a m % 5 n a h t s s e l ,s e l a m e f
n r e d n e g d e m e e d e r e w s e k o j e d n o l b b m u d e h t f o % 2
3 eurta lhighilghitng netihe r
, a d e k a T ( n e m o w r o n n e
m Helms ,& Romanova, 2006) .From t he data ,wecould h
c i h w s e k o j t a h t e e
s objectfiy women aremore r ampantt han o fmen .Seeing t he e
c n e r r u c c o d a e r p s e d i
w o fblondej okes ,which aremore ilkelyt o employ women s
e k o j e h t f o s t c e j b o e h t s
a ,the wrtie ri seage rto ifgure ou th ow sexism i s s
e k o j e d n o l b e h t n i d e b ir c s e
d .
t s ri f s i y d u t s s i h t g n it c u d n o c f o e s o p r u p e h
T l y to ifnd ou thow sexism i s
e r e t s , r o h p a t e m f o m r o f e h t n i s i t i r e h t e h w , s e k o j e d n o l b e h t n i d e t c i p e
d otype ,
x if f u s f o e s u l a n o it i d d
a ,o rdiciton .Then, t her esearche rwould also ilket o ifgure t
u
o t he stereotype s found to picture blonde .s In more speciifc purposes , s
t n e d u t s e h t r o f y lr a l u c it r a
p o fthe Engilsh Language Educaiton Study Program )
P S E L E
( , t hisresearch aims to gain seirou satteniton responding t o t hepresence e
h t n i s e k o j e d n o l b t s i x e s f
o websties .Havingcomposedt hist hesi ,st her esearche r s
t h g i s n i e v i g o t e k il d l u o
w tot hestudentsi nELESPt obemorec iritca landaware e
h t f
.
B ResearchProblems
: s n o it s e u q h c r a e s e r o w t s e s s e r d d a y d u t s s i h T
.
1 Howi ss exismdepictedi nblondej okewebsties? .
2 Wha tkinds o fblonde stereotype soccuri nt hej okes?
.
C ProblemLimtia iton
e h t , h c r a e s e r s i h t n
I researche ranalyze sblondej oke swhicharet akenf rom r
e h c r a e s e r e h T . s e ti s b e w e k o j e d n o l b 5
1 focuse son analyzing words ,phrases ,o r n
e m o w r o f l a u q e n u r o , ri a f n u , t s i x e s s a d e if i s s a l c e r a h c i h w s e c n e t n e
s in those
k o j e d n o l
b es .Thewrtieri sno tgoingt odescirbet hedfiferentl anguagestyleused d
n a n e m o w y
b m en; instead ,the wrtie rwli laccoun tthe language use swhich h
c i h w m s i x e s f o s e c it c a r p n i a t n o
c rtea twomenunfailry .Thedataw eretakenf rom 5
1 websties from Octobe r2012 - June 2013 .From the itme decided ,the wrtie r s
a
w ablet o seet hedevelopmen tand t hevairoust ype so fsexismoccurirng i n t he w o h s i e n o t s ri f e h T . s g n i h t o w t n o s e s u c o f r e ti r w e h T . s e ti s b e w e k o j e d n o l b
r e h t e h w , s e k o j e h t n i d e b ir c s e d s i m s i x e
s tii si nt heuseofmetaphor ,stereotype ,s x
if f u s l a n o it i d d
a –ess in occupaitona l term ,s o r in diciton . The second one s
e s s u c s i
d thes tereotype swhichareo tfenr elatedt oblonde .s
.
D ResearchObjecitves
: e r a y d u t s s i h t f o s e s o p r u p e h T .
1 to ifgureou thows exism si depictedi nt heblondej okewebsties .Thewrtieri s m
s i x e s w o h f o n o it p ir c s e d e h t e d i v o r p o t g n i o
i d e
m a tha tare thewebsties .Thewrtie rwli ldescirbe t hesexism pracitces i n 5
1 blonde joke websties , whethe r they are in the form o f stereotypes , ,
s r o h p a t e
m dicitons ,andi nt heuseo faddiitonalsufifx- ses . .
2 t o ifgure ou tthe kind so f blonde stereotype s found in the blonde joke e
n if e d l li w r e ti r w e h T . s e ti s b e
w t he stereotype stha tare o tfen attached to .
s e d n o l b
.
E ResearchBeneftis
w o ll o f s a e r a h c r a e s e r e h t f o s ti f e n e b e h
T s.
.
1 Fort hes tudent so fEngilshLanguageEducaitonStudyProgram n
a c s i s e h t s i h
T be a source to en irch thei r knowledge on ilnguisitcs , l a c it ir c ’ s t n e d u t s t i c il e o s l a n a c s i s e h t s i h T . s c it s i u g n il o i c o s y ll a i c e p s e
. a n e m o n e h p s c it s i u g n il o i c o s g n i v r e s b o n i g n i k n i h t .
2 Fort hes cholars
e c n e r r u c c o e h t n o e g d e l w o n k e h
T o fsexismi nj oke smigh tgiveaviewt ot he m s i x e s f o s d n i k y n a t a h t d l e if s i h t n i d e t s e r e t n i e r a o h w y ll a i c e p s e s r a l o h c s
g n i h t l a i v ir t n i r u c c o y ll a u t c
a s ilke jokes .In the wide rpurpose ,thi sstudy s
e c it c a r p e h t e c u d e r o t l a i c if e n e b e b t h g i
m in t heonilnemediawhichl eadt o .
m s i x e s .
3 Fort henextr esearchers
The nex tresearchers can make use o fthi sthesi sas a reference to conduc t m
s i x e s o t d e t a l e r y d u t s r e h t o n
a .The nex tresearche smigh t ifnd thi sthesi s s
a d e s u e b o t l u f e s
.
4 Fo rpeoplehavingi nteres tins exismmatter
Thist hesi scanbeavaluablesourcet o en ircht hei rknowledgeon everyday’ s o
s m u i d e m e n il n o e h t n i s r a e p p a t a h t m s i x e
s -calledt hewebstie .
.
F De ifniitono fTerms
t , g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m d i o v a o
T he wrtie rdeifnes some term srelated t o the h
t f o e lt
it i sthesis .Thoset erm sareasf ollows.
.
1 Sexistl anguage s i e g a u g n a l t s i x e
S al anguaget ha texpresse sbiasi nf avo ro fonesexandt hu s s i e g a u g n a l t s i x e S . ) 6 0 0 2 , i e L ( r e n n a m y r o t a n i m ir c s i d a n i x e s r e h t o e h t s t a e rt
a e t o n e d o t d e s u m r e t
a wider angeo fverydfiferen telement ,sf romt heuseo f s e l a m h t o b o t r e f e r o t d e s u n e h w ( ’ e h ‘ s a h c u s s n u o n o r p c ir e n e g s a s m e ti h c u s
‘ s a h c u s s g n i d n e d r o w ; ) s e l a m e f d n
a -ette ’and“-ess”usedt or efert owomen , , s ll i M ( n o o s d n a , n e m o w d n a n e m r o f r e f fi d o t m e e s h c i h w s m r e t t l u s n i
. ) 8 0 0
2 Sexistl anguage r epresent swomen and men unequally ,asi fmember s d a h d n a x e l p m o c s s e l d n a n a m u h y l e t e l p m o c s s e l w o h e m o s e r e w x e s e n o f o
e s r e h t o e h t f o s r e b m e m n a h t s t h g ir r e w e
f x( Thomas ,Wareing ,Singh ,Peccei , )
4 0 0 2 , s e n o J & , w o r r o b n r o h
T . In thi sstudy ,sexis tlanguage refer sto any s
n o i s s e r p x
e oft hel anguagewhetheri nt hef o s o frm insutlt erms( metaphors) , w ro d endings ,orsentence sfound i n blondej okesexisti ng in 15 blondej oke
s e ti s b e
w ther esearche robservedtha tareusedtocreateandpromoteunfai ro r n
o it c n it s i d t n a v e l e r
.
2 Sexism m s i x e
S i sa paritcula rcase where i n i nteraciton or i n t ext sgender i sdrawn e
c n e r e f fi d a s e k a m t i e r e h w d n a o t n o it n e tt
a fo rparitcipant s(Mills ,2008.) m
s i x e
S i salso denoted a sa language tha tdiscirminated agains twomen by t
a h t r o y l e v it a g e n m e h t g n it n e s e r p e
r seemed to impilcilty assume tha t l a i v ir t y li r a s s e c e n e r e w n e m o w h ti w d e t a i c o s s a y li r a m ir p s e it i v it c a
g n il r e tt e V
( -Braggin , 1981 .) Wlison (1997 ) deifne s sexism a s “set r e p o r p d n a s n o it o m e , s ll i k s , s n o it c a , e c n a r a e p p a s ‘ n e m o w f o s n o it a t c e p x e
n i e c a l
p society” .In t hi sstudy ,sexism refers t o any disc irminaiton sagains t n
e m o
w which includestereotypica lbeilef sabou twomen ,metaphor sused t o s n o it a p u c c o e t a i c n e r e f fi d o t s e x if f u s f o e c n e s e r p e h t d n a , n e m o w e t o n e d
n e m o w d n a n e m y b d e m r o f r e
p which are shown i n blonde j oke sexisitng i n s
e ti s b e w e k o j e d n o l b 5
1 ther esearche robserved . .
3 Joke e k o
J i sacomplexcogniitvef uncitonwhich o tfenl eadst o l aughter( Poilmen i & Reiss ,2006) .Joking can beused a saway o festabilshing firendship sand
s r e h t o g n i d u l c x
e (Ross ,1998) .Freud( 1960 )disitnguishest wot ype sofj okes : t
n e c o n n
i and tendenitous jokes .Innocen tjoke sa re those tha td o no tful if l s
n o it c n u f l a c i g o l o h c y s p p e e
d wh lie tendenitou sjoke sare those tha tpermi t d
e c i o v e b o t s e ri s e d d e s s e r p e
r .In thi sstudy ,the joke sto be analyzed are o
t g n o l e b h c i h w s e k o j e d n o l
b thetenden itou sjoke swhich excludeand attack .
.
4 Blonde e d n o l
B i sapersono fveryf ai rcomplexion ,wtih ilgh thai rand ilgh tblueeye s s
’ r e t s b e W
( dicitonary .) Etymologically ,the word blonde come sfrom Old h
c n e r
F blund ,blont meaning "a colou rmidway between golden and ilgh t .)
y r a n o it c i D y g o l o m y t E e n il n O ( " t u n t s e h c
e d n o l b t s i x e s t a h t s e z ir a m m u s r e ti r w e h t ,s m r e t f o n o it i n if e d e h t n o d e s a B
o s s i e k o
j mething tha tcause slaughte rwhich tend to diminish and discirminate m
o
w en, i n t hi scasewomen wtih ilgh tcomplexion and paleyellow o rgold hai.r e h t g n i n i a t n o c s e c n e t n e s d n a , s d r o w , s e c n a r e tt u e h t n i n w o h s s i m s i x e s e h T
9
I I R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
t n e s e r p e h t t r o p p u s h c i h w s e i d u t s d e t a l e r e m o s s w e i v e r r e t p a h c s i h T
t a h t s t n i o p r o j a m o w t e r a e r e h T . h c r a e s e
r a rediscussed i n t hi sseciton .Thefris t w
e i v e r h c i h w n o it p ir c s e d l a c it e r o e h t e h t s i t n i o
p s some theo ire sand also othe r k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h t e h t s i t n i o p d n o c e s e h T . c i p o t e h t o t t n a v e l e r s e i d u t s d e t a l e r
e d i v o r p h c i h
w s thesynthesizedmajort heo ire swhich help t her esearchert o solve .s
n o it s e u q h c r a e s e r e h t
.
A Theoreitca lDescrip iton
c e s s i h t n
I iton ,there are some theo ire sto elaborate .The theo ire sare on ,
a i d e m d n a e g a u g n a l , r e d n e g d n a x e
s women and sexism ,sexis tlanguage, the s
e k o j f o e g a u g n a
l ,and blonde stereotypes .The t heo ire sdesc irbed i n t hi schapte r t
n a v e l e r e r
a tot hiss tudy .Thet heo ire sareusedast hebasist oanalyset her esearch .
s g n i d n if
.
1 SexandGender
n o m a s e t a b e d o t e m o c s a h r e d n e g d n a x e s f o c i p o t e h
T g many ilnguists .
) 6 0 0 2 ( r e lt u
B point sou ttha twhateve rbiologica lin rtactab litiy sex appears to f o t l u s e r l a s u a c e h t r e h ti e n s i r e d n e g , e c n e h : d e t c u rt s n o c y ll a r u tl u c s i r e d n e g , e v a h
. x e s m o r f t n e r e f fi d y ll a t o t s i r e d n e g , e r o f e r e h T . x e s s a d e x if y l g n i m e e s s a r o n x e s
consrtuct(Wardaugh ,2010) .Cameron( 2006)i nWardaugh( 2010)s ayst hats exi s d n a n a m u h k r a m t a h t s c it s ir e t c a r a h c l a c i g o l o i b e h t h ti w n o it c e n n o c n i d e s u d r o w a
s ti a rt l a r u tl u c e h t o t s r e f e r r e d n e g s a e r e h w , e l a m e f r o e l a m r e h ti e s a s l a m i n a r e h t o
o i v a h e b d n
a r sapprop iratef o rmen orwomen by aparitcula rsociety .In addiiton , n
i ri o v u a e B e d e n o m i
S TheSecond Sexsuggestst ha t“onei sno tborn ,butr ather , ” n e v i g “ g n i h t e m o s t o n s i r e d n e g t a h t s u o i v b o s i ti , ri o v u a e B r o F ” . e n o s e m o c e b
a d o W . ” d e t c u rt s n o c “ r e h t a
r k( 1997)i n Wardaugh ( 2010 )sayst ha tgenderi s“no t .
” s e o d “ n o s r e p a g n i h t e m o s t u b , n o s r e p a y b ” d e s s e s s o p s e t u b ir tt a l o o p
a I tmean s
r e d n e g h c i h w s e n i m r e t e d n o s r e p a y b e n o d s i t a h w t a h
t categoryheors hebelong s
o
t .Onei sdetermined by t heproces sof“doing”i n aparitcula rsociety .Sheadd s t
a h
t wha ti tmean sto be a woman o rto be a man also change sfrom one n i w e n a d e n r a e l e b d l u o h s r e d n e g , w e i v h c u s n I . n o it a r e n e g t x e n e h t o t n o it a r e n e g
. ) 0 1 0 2 , h g u a d r a W ( n o it a r e n e g h c a
e In conclusion ,gende ri sdeifntiely d fiferen t e
l a m e f r o e l a m s a d e r e d i s n o c e b n a c e n o t a h t , x e s m o r
f socially and cutlurallyi s
e h t h g u o r h
t proces so f‘consrtuciton ’in the society ,wherea ssex refer sto the s
ti r e h n i e n o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c l a c i g o l o i
b .
v a t o n n a c e w g n i h t e m o s s i r e d n e
G oid ;i ti spar to fthe way in which y lt n e r e f fi d g n ir e d r o t a h t g n i o d y t e i c o s h c a e h ti w , s u d n u o r a d e r e d r o e r a s e it e i c o s
l e n n o C c M d n a t r e k c E y b d e t a t s s i t I . ) 0 1 0 2 , h g u a d r a W
( -Gine t (2003 ) in
e k a m y t e i c o s n i s e ir o g e t a c r e d n e g f o e c r o f e h t t a h t ) 0 1 0 2 ( h g u a d r a
W s i t
n o n a n i s e v il r u o h g u o r h t e v o m o t s u r o f e l b i s s o p m
i -gendered way and
. s r e h t o n i r o i v a h e b d e r e d n e g t u o s g n ir b t a h t y a w a n i e v a h e b o t t o n e l b i s s o p m i
n u o r g e r o f f o t c e f f e e h t e v a
h ding t hemalenes stobothsexe swhich l ead sust or e -e
b ir c s n
i ou rgender /sex and o fothers .In such view ,i ti sinevtiable fo ru sto n
o n a n i e v il d n a e v a h e
b -gendered way .Consequenlty ,til ead sust oagreet o ilve s
r o ir e p u s e h t s a s e l a m h ti w d lr o w a n
i o rdominator .s
t o n , d e t c u rt s n o c y ll a i c o s e r a y t e i c o s e h t n i s n o i s i v i d r e d n e g e h T
c il b u p e h t t c u rt s n o c o t d e s u e b n a c e g a u g n a l e c n i S . d e t c u rt s n o c y ll a c it s i u g n il
. ) 1 9 9 1 , n n a w S & l o d d a r G ( ti f o e s u e h t s e k a m y t e i c o s e h t , n o i n i p
o tIi mpilest ha t
e d n e g h g u o h tl
a rdivision i sa socia lconsrtuct ,the language can stli lbe the .
d n i m s ’ e l p o e p d li u b o t m u i d e m l u f r e w o
p In accordance to that ,Coates (1986 ) s
n i a l p x
e that :“Linguisitc sd fiferencei sonlyt hepictureo fsocia ldfiferences ,and n
a m a s w e i v y t e i c o s e h t e c n i
s and woman dfiferent ,unequal ,therefore , ilnguisitc l
li w s e c n e r e f fi
d conitnue t o exist.” (Coates ,1986 i n Graddo l& Swan ,1991 .) tI t
a h t s n a e
m duet osocia ldfiferences ,thel anguage tisel fha sdfiferenitatedbetween n
e m o w d n a n e
m .
y k s l o p S , r e h tr u
F (1998 )point soutt ha tstudie so fgende rd fiference shave A
. g n i p y t o e r e t s f o r e w o p e h t n w o h
s poet is t aken more seirously t han apoetess; e n il u c s a m c ir e n e g f o e s u e h T . s lr i g e h t o t s e c n e r e f e r y b d e r e w o l s i s u t a t s s ’ n e m o w
, h c n u l s i h g n ir b d l u o h s e n o y r e v e
( we need to h rie the bes tman avaliable) , e h t h g u o h t s p u o r g l a i c o s y n a m n i n e m o w f o s u t a t s y r a d n o c e s e h t s e c r o f n i e r
m n o it n e t n i s ’ r e k a e p
s igh tb eneu rtal .Thewomen’ s ilberaiton movemen tha salso e
k il s d r o w s a h c u s , e g a u g n a l f o s t c e p s a r e h t o n o n o it n e tt a d e s u c o
f chairman .Thi s
y e h t e li h w , e c n i s y r o t a n i m ir c s i d e b o t r a e p p a e p y t s i h t f o s d r o w e s u a c e b s
e r a y e h t ,s e x e s h t o b f o e l p o e p o t y l p p a t c a
f obviou slym -aleo irentatedi n t hatt hey t
n e m e l e e h t n i a t n o
c – nme (Trudgill ,1989) .
.
2 LanguageandMedia
. s n o it c n u f y n a m s a h e g a u g n a
L Language i s both an insrtumen t o f d
lr o w e h t f o e g d e l w o n k f o t n e m u rt s n i n a d n a n o it a c i n u m m o
c around us( Umera
-k s m o h C . ) 2 1 0 2 , e k e k
O y( 1965 )inGray( 2009 )suggestst ha tanessenita lprope try e
m e h t s e d i v o r p t i t a h t s i e g a u g n a l f
o an sfo r expressing indeifntiely many n
i y l e t a ir p o r p p a g n it c a e r r o f d n a s t h g u o h
t a nyranges o fnews tiuaitons .According i
) 5 0 0 2 ( n á l a t a C z e n é m i J o
t n Umera-Okeke (2012 )by mean so flanguage ,we e
g d e l w o n k r u o e z i n a g r o e w , y t e i c o s f o w e i v r u o e p a h
s , da n we assimliate the
. y ti n u m m o c r u o f o s n r e tt a p l a i c o s d n a s m r o n
a h t s e c n a t s b u s o w t e r a a i d e m d n a e g a u g n a
L tarei nterrelated .Medianeed m
a s a e g a u g n a l e h
t edium to deilve rideas ,concepts ,and behavior sto people . y g e t a rt s e v it c e f f e t s o m e h t s i e g a u g n a l t a h t s m i a l c ) 8 0 0 2 ( a if o S n i ) 6 0 0 2 ( o t n a y ir E
e h t g n it t e s n
i mindconsrtuciton o fsociall fie. I tmeansthatl anguagecan beused u
rt s n o c o t l o o t l u fr e w o p a s
a c thuman’ smind .Nowadays ,language i sbroadly e
h t n i d e s
u media; one o fthem i sin onilne medium called the Internet .The n i a tr e c a o t d n i m s ’ e l p o e p p u d li u b o t r e w o p a s a h a i d e m e h t n i d e s u e g a u g n a l
s i m t h g i m g n i k n i h t f o t p e c n o c s i h T . g n i k n i h t f o t p e c n o
c lead society t o obey and
e m a s e h t m i a l
c p irnciplea sagenera lperspecitve. s
e u l a v d n a s t h g u o h
t n a y r B . y t e i c o
s a nd Zillman (2002)i n Blaine a nd McErloy (2002 )state that t he h
c r a e s e r t n a d n u b a f o s tl u s e
r show how television programming re lfect sand e c n e u lf n i g n i z il a i c o s a s a h d n a e r u tl u c g n il i a v e r p e h t f o s e u l a v l a i c o s e h t s ti m s n a rt
. s r e w e i v n
o I tmeanst ha tmediaplayapivotalr olei n broadcasitngcetrainvalue s e
l p o e p e h t n o s t c a p m i g n i c n e u lf n i g n i v i g d n
a accessingt hemedia.
Today’ spotenita lmediumto rtansmi tpeople’st houghtsist heI nternet .A s n
a m fi h S y b d e t s e g g u s s i
ti a ndLemish( 2010 ,)i nar elaitvelyshor tpeirodo fitme d n a n o it c u d o r p e h t n i r e y a l p r o j a m a e m o c e b s a h t e n r e t n I e h t , d e t s i x e s a h t i t a h t
. r a l u c it r a p n i ,r e d n e g t u o b a r o m u h d n a , l a r e n e g n i ,r o m u h f o n o it u b ir t s i
d Shfiman
) 7 0 0 2
( claimstha tjoke sabouts exandgende rweref oundtobewidespreadont he t
e n r e t n
I .I tindicate stha tnowadays ,joke swhich tend to be sexis tare found in .
s e ti s b e w e k o j t s i x e s e h t f o y n a
m In those sexis tjokes , rtadiitona lgende rrole s e
m o h s a n e m o w , . g . e
( -makers )are reinforced (Sh fiman & Thelwall ,2009) .I t n
it a u t e p r e p n i tr a p l a i c u r c a e k a t s e k o j t s i x e s t a h t s e il p m
i g t he rtadiitona lgende r
s e l o
r .Tha tstiuaiton i smadeworse by t he ease of i nterne tacces .s Access t o t he Interne tha sincreased the ease wtih which sexis t joke scan be located and
b ir t s i
d uted (Woodzicka & Ford ,2010) .In accordance wtih the ease o fInterne t n
i a tr e c , s s e c c
a view , thought , percepiton can be spread easliy . The vas t i
m i d d n a , e d a r g e d , n a e m e d n e tf o h c i h w e k o j t s i x e s f o s e c n e r r u c c
o nishwomencan
r e p n i a tr e c a e v a h o t e l p o e p d a e
l specitve on how they value women a shuman .
s g n i e b
n a m fi h
S a nd Thelwall( 2009 )suggestt ha twhen j oke saret oldorally , tii s o
t tl u c if fi
t e n r e t n I e h t t a h t d e il p m i s i tI . e l b i s a e f s i h
t i sa potenita lmedium t ha tcan make n i m s i x e s f o g n i d a e r p s e h t s e s a e t I . e n o y r e v e o t e l b i s s e c c a e b s e k o j e d n o l b t s i x e s
e h t n i s e k o j e d n o l b t s i x e s f o y ti r a l u p o p e c n i s g n i g a m a d s i t I . d lr o w s ’ y a d o t r u o
s d r a w o t n o i n i p o e v it a g e n s ’ e l p o e p t i c il e t h g i m t e n r e t n
I blondewomen .
.
3 WomenandSexism
m s i x e
S i s deifned a s language tha t discirminates agains t women by g
n it n e s e r p e
r them negaitvely o rtha tseem to impilcilty assume tha tacitviite s h
ti w d e t a i c o s s a y li r a m ir
p women a renecessarliyt irvia l(Vetterilng-Braggin ,1981 d
n a lr e d n u S n i d e ti c s
a ,2006) .S he adds tha tsexism i sthe pracitce swhereby s i h t m o r F . e r u t a e f t n e il a s t s o m e h t t o n s i t i n e h w r e d n e g s d n u o r g e r o f e n o e m o s
m s i x e s t a h t d e il p m i s i ti , w e i
v see sgende rast hemos tessenitalt hing .Howeveri t t
i t a h t d e il p m i s
i i srelaitvely rare t ha tsexismhappen sfo rmen . tIi smore ilkely s e c it c a r p d e r e d n e g r i a f n u e h t y b d e d a r g n w o d e r a o h w s e n o e h t e r a n e m o w t a h t
. m s i x e s d e ll a
c Wlison (1997) i n Umera-Okeke(2012 )deifne ssexism sa ase to f w
f o s n o it a t c e p x
e omen‘ sappearance ,acitons ,skills ,emoiton sandprope rplacei n y
t e i c o
s .Women areexpected t o obey such kind o frule sbecause t hey arei n t he .
n o it i s o p e t a n i d r o b u
s Umera-Okeke(2012 )point soutt hati n mos tsocieites , tii s t
s r u o i v a h e b n i n w o h s y l n o m m o
c ha tdepic tmale sa ssupe irors .I tconceivest ha t . n e m o w e r a s r o ir e f n i e h t e m o c e b t a h t s e n o e h T . e n o r e h t o n a o t r o ir e p u s s i x e s e n o
r o n e m o w t s n i a g a n o it a n i m ir c s i d y n a s a m s i x e s e n if e d ) 5 0 0 2 ( n a w S d n a l o d d a r G
t n a v e l e r ri n o e d a m d n a , x e s r i e h t f o e s u a c e b n e
d n a m s i x e s n o s t h g u o h t ’ s tr e p x e e m o s d e z ir a m m u
s the followings are some
s n o it a t s e fi n a
m ofs exisminl anguageaccordingt ot hem: .
a Metaphor sAvaliablet oDescribeWomen t
a h t t u o s t n i o p ) 8 0 0 2 ( s e m l o
H Engilsh language discirminate sagains t s
r o h p a t e m h s il g n E e h t a e r a c it n a m e s e h t n i t a h t n e m o
w which are avaliable to
s e g a m i y r o t a g o r e d f o r e b m u n h g i h y r a n i d r o a rt x e n a e d u l c n i n e m o w e b ir c s e d
t d e r a p m o
c o t hose used t o desc irbe men .In t erm so ffood imagery ,women are s
m r e t e n ir a h c c a S . d e tl u s n i o s l
a ,sucha ssweeite ,honey ,aremainlyusedt oaddres s g n i e b e r a n e m o w , r o h p a t e m n i n e v e t a h t t n e r a p p a s i t i , w e i v s i h t n I . n e m o w
. y r o t a g o r e d n e tf o e r a n e m o w o t n e v i g s e g a m i e h t ,r e v o e r o M . d e t a n i m ir c s i d
) 6 9 9 1 ( s e n i
H a sctied in Nicosia and Padua (2003 )classiife sthree main f
o s e p y
t metapho irca lexpressionsr epresentingwomena sanimal sasf o llows. W
) a
( omenareconsideredmereobject sofs exua ldesriemoreo tfent hanmenare e
r o m d n a s u o r e m u n e r o m
( vairousterm sareavaliablet or efert owomeni ns exual ;)
s m r e t
W ) b
( omenaredegradedbybeing rteateda sequivalentt oanimalst ha tarehunted e
h t s w o h s h c i h w ( n e t a e r o / d n a d e s s e s s o p d n
a combinaiton o fsex ,appettie and ;)
l o rt n o c
W ) c
( omen are also more o tfen conceptuailsed a sunreal ,fabulou sseducitve o r .
g . e , r e d i s n o c ( e r a n e m n a h t s e r u t a e r c e v it c u rt s e
d mermaid ,enchantress ,harpy) s r o h p a t e m l a m i n a f o s e p y t e h t n o t h g u o h t r a li m i s a s a h ) 9 0 0 2 ( z e u g ir d o R
. n e m o w e t o n e d o t d e s u y ll a u s
u S hecatego irzest hemetaphorica lexpressionsinto e
e r h
)
1 Womena sPets
. s t e p s a d e b ir c s e d n e tf o e r a n e m o w t a h t t u o s t n i o p ) 9 0 0 2 ( z e u g ir d o
R S he
e r a h c i h w s t e p e h t f o s e l p m a x e e m o s s e k a
m frequen lty used to denote women; oneof t hem i sbtich . eS h conveys t ha the rcharacteirsitco ffatihfulnes sdoe sno t
s y a w l
a remainvigoroussincet he ifguraitves enseo fdogwhenappiledt oaf emale s
n o it a t o n n o c e v it a g e n s y e v n o
c since ti impli es ugilnes s and promiscu tiy. o
t g n i d r o c c
A h , er btichi ,si nal lprobablitiy ,oneoft hemos tcommoninsul tterms ,
n a m o w a r o
f which expresses thesense so fmailcious ,sptiefu land bossy .From r
e
h deifniiton ,i tcan be concluded tha tthe anima lmetapho rgiven to women .
n e m o w o t s e g a m i e v it a g e n s e v i g s e m it e m o s
)
2 Womena sFarmyardAnimals
n i a tr e t n e o t s i n o it c n u f n i a m e s o h w , s t e p e k il n
U and provide company ,
x e s l a m i n a k c o t s e v
il ist t o be explotied ,eaten ,and they rende rservicet o human g
n i e
b s, etihe rby helping in farm o r by producing food (Rod irguez , 2009 .) s
l a m i n a d r a y m r a f t a h t s e u n it n o c z e u g ir d o
R are mainly reared for consumpiton . f
f o k a
L (1987) ,Kövecses (2002 )and Gibb se ta.l (2004) in Rod irguez (2009 ) n
o it a l e r r o c a e b o t s m e e s e r e h t t a h t t s e g g u
s between eaitng and human desrie . a
e z il a u t p e c n o c y e h
T metapho r“desriei shunger” , ni which desriei sunderstood d o o f s a d e t n e s e r p e r s i e ri s e d f o t c e j b o e h t , y lt n e u q e s n o c , d n a d o o f r o f r e g n u h s a
) 3 1 . p
( .Ins uchview tii ss hownt ha twomenarepresentedasf oodi nwhichf oodi s e
ri s e d f o t c e j b o e h t s a d e t o n e
d . tIi ndicatest ha twomen aremadeast heobjec to f .
e ri s e
t s e g g u s t h g i m s l a m i n
a tha tawoman’ splace should berestircted to t he domesitc .)
9 0 0 2 , z e u g ir d o R ( a n e r a
)
3 Womena sWlidAnimals
n a m e h t t a h t s e t a c i d n i s l a m i n a d li w s a d e t n e s e r p e r a n e m o w t a h t t c a f e h T s
i thehunte rwhohuntst heprey(.ie.t hewoman) .Themangoe shunitngwherea s o
t s ti a w n a m o w e h
t be hunted o rsho t(Rod irguez ,2009 .) S he provide ssome s
i m e h t f o e n o ; n e m o w e t o n e d o t d e s u n e tf o e r a t a h t s l a m i n
a vixen .Vixen i s
s a d e n if e
d a filrty woman and an attracitve woman . She convey s that the s
a n e m o w f o n o it a z il a u t p e c n o c l a c ir o h p a t e
m vixens place swomen i n t herole o f m
t a h t y e r p e h
t enhun .t tIi ndicatest ha twomenareunde rmen’ sconrtolt hati sby .
n e m y b d e t n u h g n i e b
.
b Stereotype s m s i x e
S also present sstereotype so fwomen and men ,someitme sto the n
e m o w f o e g a t n a v d a s i d e h t o t n e tf o e r o m t u b , n e m f o e g a t n a v d a s i
d (Thoma se t
l
a ,. 2004) .Thi sview imp ile stha tthe one stha tfrequenlty made a sbecome the y e h t t a h t t c a f e h t y b y l e r e m d e p y t o e r e t s e r a n e m o W . n e m o w e r a m s i x e s f o s m it c i v
n I . r e d n e g r i e h t s a s e l a m e f g n i m o c e b s a y t e i c o s e h t y b d e t c u rt s n o c e r e w
t s i x e s , t a h t h ti w e c n a d r o c c
a language lead s people to have so-called sexis t t r e h t a r r e d n e g o t g n i d r o c c a n o s r e p a s e p y t o e r e t s e d u ti tt a t s i x e S . e d u ti tt
a han
l a u d i v i d n i n o g n i g d u
j quailites (Holmes ,2008) .In thi sview ,i ti sobviou stha t li
w y ti l a u q r e h r o s i h , d e r e d n e g s i n o s r e p a e c n
o lno tbemeasured f ailry .Gende r .l
e m o h e h t s a d e p y t o e r e t s n e tf o e r a n e m o w , s e s a c e m o s n
I -makers .Mill s
t a h t s y e v n o c ) 8 0 0 2
( the stereotype tha twomen should to t ake t he majo rrolei n d
n a g n ir a e r d li h
c household management i sone which i schallenged by many o
it i s o p p
o na ldiscourse ssuch a sfeminism .I tindicate stha tthere i ssomething n
i r i a f n
u relaiton to the d fiferen trole o fmen and women and thu sshould be .
r o f d e l g g u rt
s In t hepast ,women wereseen asi ncompetenti n deailng wtih non -n
e m o W . ) 8 0 0 2 , s ll i M ( s k s a t c it s e m o
d w ere“to be puti n t he house” .Therit ask s e
r e
w to do t he domesitc acitviite .s Whliemen could go outside t he“shell”and n
e m o w , t n a w y e h t t a h w p o l e v e
d w ere kep tin the k tichen to cook fo rmen . ,
r e v e w o
H such patirarchy r olecan stli lbeseenin r ecen tdays .Therearecasesi n s l a u d i v i d n i e v i s s a p s a d e b ir c s e d e r a n e m o w t a h t s e ti s b e w s e k o j e d n o l b e m o s
e m s i y t u d e s o h
w rely to do the domesitc chore .s I ti ssuggested by Sundelrand )
6 0 0 2
( tha twtihin t hi sreailsitc wo lrd t heman i spresented a sacitveagenti n t he w
e d i s t u
o o lrd ,andt hewomana spassiveandsupporitveagent. t
o e r e t s f o e p y t r e h t o n
A ype tha ti sfrequenlty attached to women i stha t x
e s e r a n e m o
w -objects .Shfiman and Lemish (2010 )poin tou ttha tthe dumb n
a s i e d n o l
b exaggerated version of‘ sex object ’stereotype. Canto ra nd Zillmann e h t y lt n e u q e r f e r o m e r a n e m o w t a h t e t a t s o s l a ) 1 1 0 2 ( y a r G n i d e ti c s a ) 3 7 9 1 (
e m n a h t r u o m u h l a u x e s f o t c e j b o e h t d n a r o m u h e v i s s e r g g a f o t e g r a
t n are .Tho se
t n e m e t a t
s s migh tgive an insigh ttha twomen are presented a sobject so fmen’ s .
e ri s e
d Moreover , the sexua lobjecitifcaiton o fwomen i s faclitiated through n
o l
b dej okewebsties .Besides ,women aresomeitmesj udgedo rvaluedf romt hei r n
a m r a e B y b d e t s e g g u s s i t i s A . e c n a r a e p p a l a c i s y h
s t n e m n o ri v n e l a i c o s n i d e s r e m m
i are o tfen looked at ,evaluated on the basi so f g n i h t e m o s t n e s e r p e r s k o o l d n a s e i d o b r i e h t f i s a d e t a e rt d n a , e c n a r a e p p a r i e h t
e h t t u o b a l a it n e s s
e i rpersonhood .They conitnue tha tsexism objecitife swomen , h
t a r , e d i s t u o e h t m o r f t a d e k o o l s t c e j b o l a u x e s d n a l a u s i v s a m e h t g n i d r a g e
r ert han
s t c e j b u s s
a who expeirence lfiefromwtihin .Mill s(2008 )i saffrimaitvewtih t he d
e n o it n e m e r o f
a statement .She state stha to tfen con ifden twomen in the pubilc e
r e h p
s tend to be attacked through sexis tlanguage ,where thei rsexualtiy o r o
t n o it n e tt a n w a r d s i s s e n e v it c a rt t
a .
s e x if f u S .
c Avaliablet oDisitnguishWomen’ sOccupa itons e
h t y fi t n e d i s p l e h m s i x e
S histo irca lpat irarcha lhierarchy t ha tha sexisted e h t d n a m r o n e h t s a d e r e d i s n o c s i ) n a m ( e n o e r e h w n e m o w d n a n e m n e e w t e b
r e h t o s a d e k r a m s i ) n e m o w ( r e h t
o -a ssomething qutie dfiferen tfrom the norm l
o h n a m e h t t a h t d e il p m i s i ti , w e i v s i h t n I .) 8 0 0 2 , e l u J
( dst heauthortiyandwha ta
o t g n i d r o c c a e b d l u o h s t i w o h s t n e s e r p e r s e o d n a
m a paritcula r society .
e li h w n a e
M ,wha tthe “other” (woman )doe si sconsidered a sa deviaiton .Since r
o n b a s a n e e s e r a n e m o
w ma lo rdeviant ,they should begiven asignalindicaitng .s
s e n e l a m e f ri e h
t I thadbeens uggestedbyThoma se ta.l(2004)t hatt he“marked” r o F . fl e s ti m s i x e s g n i s y l a n a n i d e s u e b o t l u f e s u e r a s m r e t ” d e k r a m n u “ d n a
, e l p m a x
e ilon ,an unmarked form ,can actually refer t o a male o ra female ilon . a
c i d n i o t ,r e v e w o
H tet ha t tii saf emale ilon ,weshouldputt hesufifx– ses sot ha t s
e m o c e b t
i ilones s fi i trefers t o afemale ilon . tI i s“marked” because i thast he x
if f u s l a n o it i d d
a –ess .Theadding o fsuf ifx – se s i soneoft heexamplesi n which s
e h t t a h t t u o s t n i o p ) 1 0 0 2 ( s e m l o H . n e m o w s e z il a i v ir t e g a u g n a
d n
a – eett tirviailse and diminish women ,and when they refe rto occupaitons , y
r r a
c connotaiton sofl acko fseirousness .Lei( 2006 )addst hati nsociety ,menare n
a m u h r o f m r o n e h t d e r e d i s n o
c beings:t hei rcharacteirsitc ,st houghts ,beilef sand e
r s a d e w e i v e r a s n o it c
a presenitng t hose o fmale and female .Thist hough tsay s n e m o w f o e c n e t s i x e e h t h c i h w n i n e m o w d e d u l c x e y d a e rl a s a h y t e i c o s e h t t a h
t si
e v a h o t n a m o w r o f e l b i s s o p m i ti s e k a m w e i v s i h T . y r a t n e m e l p p u s y l n o d e r e d i s n o c
. n o it i s o p e t a n i d r o b u s n i t u p e b s y a w l a l li w n e m o W . n e m e k il n o it i s o p l a u q e n a
.
4 Sexis tLanguage
s i e g a u g n a l t s i x e
S alanguage t ha texpresse sbias i n favo ro fonesex and ,
i e L ( r e n n a m y r o t a n i m ir c s i d a n i x e s r e h t o e h t s t a e rt s u h
t 2006).I nmos tcase ,st he
e g a u g n a l t s i x e S . n e m o w o t s e g a t n a v d a s i d e v i g o t y l e k il e r o m s i n o it a n i m ir c s i d
w s t n e s e r p e
r omen and men unequally a s fi member s o f one sex were les s s a m o h T ( x e s r e h t o e h t f o s r e b m e m n a h t s t h g ir r e w e f d a h d n a n a m u h y l e t e l p m o
c e t
.l
a ,2004) .Women ,by t heexistenceofl anguage ,havebeenmarginailsed andpu t l
, t s a p e h t o t k c a b k o o l e w f I . ’ e d i s a
‘ anguage migh tbe sexis tdue to sexism in y
t e i c o
s .Thehistory o fpat irarchy cutlurehasl ooked womena s“theweake rsex” y ll a r e n e g d n a s s e lr e w o p e d a m n e e b e v a h n e m o w , t s a p e h t n I . ) 6 0 0 2 , i e L (
. n e m o t e t a n i d r o b u s
t t a h t m i a l c e h t tr o p p u s o t e c n e d i v e r e h tr u f e d i v o r p s e r u t c u rt s c ir e n e
G he
. ) 8 0 0 2 , s e m l o H ( l a m r o n b a m e h t s t a e rt d n a n e m o w s e s il a n i g r a m e g a u g n a l h s il g n E
r e d n e g s i h c i h w n u o n o r p r a l u g n i s n o s r e p d ri h t a s s e s s o p t o n s e o d h s il g n
E neurtal .
n e m h t o
b and women .Thegeneircpronoun heeilcti smorei mage so fmen i f tii s o
t d e r a p m o
c she ro they .Mill s(2008 )affrim stha tsentence susing the geneirc e l a m e f f o s s e n d e k r a m e h t g n i m ri f f a f o t c e f f e l a n o it i d d a e h t e v a h n u o n o r p
m r o n e h t s i e l a m . e .i ( e c n e r e f e
r andf emalei st hemarked f orm )and contirbutet o a s a y t e i c o s n i h ti w d n a e g a u g n a l e h t n i h ti w s e l a m e f f o y ti li b i s i v n i l a r e n e g e h t
c ir e n e g e h T . e l o h
w healso possesse samale-bia.s I fwer efert o t heo irgin oft he li
t s a G n i ) 5 7 9 1 ( e n i d o B , m r e
t (1990)f oundt hatt hegeneircuseo fhedeirvedf rom t
8 1 g n o m a w e i v c ir t n e c o d n a e h
t h grammairans which considered tha thuman e
b o t e r e w s g n i e
b deemed male .In such view ,women only had a mino rrole i n li
t s a G n i 1 8 9 1 , e a r a m a r K ( e g a u g n a l h s il g n E e h t g n i p a h
s 1990) .
s i x e
S t l anguage i smanfiested i n many ways ;oneoft hem i si n proverbs . s
i b r e v o r p e c n i
S apieceo fadvicetof ollowi nasociety ,sexismcanbefaclitiated s'
e fi w s i h s w o ll o f o h w e H “ , b r e v o r p h s il g n E e h T . s b r e v o r p n i y lt c e f r e
p advicewli l
s r e v e
n ee the face o f God” ha s obviously humiilated women . Women are s b r e v o r p h s il g n E f o t s il a s e k a m ) 6 0 0 2 ( i e L . n e m f o n o it a n i m o d e h t y b d e g a r a p s i d
. t s i x e s y ll a it n e t o p e r a h c i h
w Belowares omeexamples: r e h w o r h t d n a r e h e z e e u q s u o y ; n o m e l a e k il s i n a m o w A )
1 away.
2 )Sevenwomeni nt hei r irghts ense sares urpassedbyamadman. 3 )Womenhavegotl onghai rands ho trs ense.
r e b m u n b r e v o r p n
I 1 ,awomani silkeal emon ;yous queezehe randt hrow y
a w a r e
h desc irbe show women are made a sa mere object t ha tmen can easliy o
C . y a w a n a m o w e h t e v a e l d n a x e s e v a
h nside ralso t heproverb numbe r2 ,seven h
g i r r i e h t n i n e m o
o
h wwomenaremadei nfeiror .Proverb numbe r3,women havegotl onghai rand ,
e s n e s t r o h
s i salso considered a st irviailzing women .In proverb numbe r3 , s i t a h t e c n a r a e p p a r i e h t m o r f y l e r e m e v it c a rt t a g n i e b s a d e b ir c s e d e r a n e m o w
e s a r h p e h t y b d e y a rt r o
p longhair, whereast herii ntelilgencei sunderesitmatedby e
s a r h p e h
t sho trs ense .Inothe rcase ,which stli lha saconnecitonandr el ve ancet o d e tr o p p u s s i tI . s t s i x e m s i x e s e r e h w d l e if e h t s e m o c e b o s l a g n i k o j ,s b r e v o r p e s o h t
r e h t o y n a m n i o s l a t u b , h s il g n E n i y l n o t o n t a h t s y a s o h w , ) 6 0 0 2 ( i e L y b
f o s m it c i v e h t e r a n e m o w , s e g a u g n a
l offensivej oke so rproverbs .Blondej oke, i n ,
e s a c s i h
t i stheinstancewheresexismemergesint oday’ swo lrd .Blondej oke sare y
ll a it n e t o
p sexist .Women in blonde joke sare o tfen seen a ssex-o irented and .
s s e l n i a r b
u o r h t d e t a n i m e s s i d e b n a c e g a u g n a l t s i x e s , s y a d a w o
N ghmedia.I nt oday’ s
e h T . t e n r e t n I e h t s i e g a u g n a l t s i x e s e h t d a e r p s o t m u i d e m l u fr e w o p e h t , d lr o w
f o s e c it c a r p e h t y b e c n e t s i x e s ’ n e m o w n a e m e d o t n o p a e w e h t s a n e e s s i t e n r e t n I
t s i x e s f o s e c n e r r u c c o t s a v e h T . s e ti s b e w s e k o j e d n o l b f o e m o s n i d n u o f m s i x e s
& a k c i z d o o W . s g n i e b n a m u h s a n e m o w e d a r g e d n a c s e ti s b e w e h t n i e k o j e d n o l b
, s e z i m it c i v , s e p y t o e r e t s , s tl u s n i , s n a e m e d r o m u h t s i x e s t a h t y e v n o c ) 0 1 0 2 ( d r o F
n e m o w , y lt n a tr o p m I .r e d n e g r e h r o s i h f o s i s a b e h t n o n o s r e p a s e if it c e j b o r o / d n a
y lt n e u q e r f e r o m e r
a thet arge to faggressivehumo randt heobjec tofs exua lhumo r h c u s n I . ) 0 1 0 2 , d r o F & a k c i z d o o W n i 3 7 9 1 , n n a m ll i Z & r o t n a C ( n e m e r a n a h t
, w e i
v the existence o f sexis t blonde joke s in the interne t i s inevtiable . e
l p o e p g a r d n a c n o n e m o n e h p h c u s , y l g n i d r o c c
e r a t a h t n e m o w s d r a w o t s e g a t n a v d a s i d f o t n a d n u b a e v i g n e tf o h c i h w n e m o w
. d e t c e j b o g n i e b
.
5 TheLanguageo fJokes
r o h g u a l n o s r e p a s e k a m t a h t g n i h t e m o s ‘ : s i r u o m u h f o n o it i n if e d e n O
y b d e tr o p p u s s i tI .) 8 9 9 1 , s s o R ( ’ e li m
s Po ilmen ia nd Reiss( 2006)t ha tdeifne the r e t h g u a l o t s d a e l n e tf o h c i h w n o it c n u f e v it i n g o c x e l p m o c a s a e k o j m r e
t .
) 9 9 9 1 ( n e h o C o t g n i d r o c c
A , somej oke shaveanelemen to fshock ,becauset aboo t
e g r a t a k c a tt a y e h t e s u a c e b r o d e n o it n e m e r a s d r o w r o s t c e j b u
s .Hi sstatemen t
s e k o j s e m it e m o s t a h t s e il p m
i carry some intenitons ;one o fthem i sto attack a .
e l p o e p f o p u o r g
t a h t s m e l b o r p e h t f o e n O . s n o it i d n o c e m o s n o d e s a b d e t a e r c e r a s e k o J
e k o j s e ri p s n
i -creaiton o tfen come s simply from on 'e s sense o f wha t people . ) 9 9 9 1 , n e h o C ( f o e r a w a y l e t a i d e m m i e r a t s a e l t a r o , t u o b a g n i k n i h t e r a y lt n e r r u c
r i e h T . n e m o w e d n o l b e r a t s e r e t n i f o s a e r a e h t s a e d a m e r a t a h t s e n o e h t , y li k c u l n U
e k o j e h t d a e l t h g i m s s e n e v it c a rt t a l a u s i
v -creato rto degrade blonde women by s
i x e s g n it a e r
c tj okes . ” g n i k o j y l n O
“ – I’t sone o fthe mos tcommon phrase sin the language , s m e l b o r p o t g n i d a e l e b o t m e e s y n n u f e b o t s t p m e tt a r u o n e h w d e s u y lt n e u q e r f
s i r u o m u H . ) 2 0 0 2 , e r u t c e L
( actuallyin lfuenital—from poilitca lsatriet oj okinga s ’ s s o R m o r F . ) 8 9 9 1 , s s o R ( s r e h t o g n i d u l c x e d n a s p i h s d n e ir f g n i h s il b a t s e f o y a w a
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