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Effect of two commercial yeast cultures with Saccharomyces
cerevisiae on ruminal fermentation and digestion in sheep fed
sugar cane tops
b a ,
*
b a´
´
´
´
J.L. Arcos-Garcıa , F.A. Castrejon
, G.D. Mendoza , E.P. Perez-Gavilan
a´ ´ ´
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutricion Animal, ´
Cd. Universitaria, Mexico, D.F. 04510, Mexico b
´ ´ ´ ´
Colegio de Postgraduados, Programa de Ganaderıa, Montecillo, km 35.5 Carr. Mexico-Texcoco Estado de Mexico, 56230 Mexico, Mexico
Received 14 September 1998; received in revised form 19 April 1999; accepted 6 May 1999
Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of two direct-fed microbial cultures containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of diets based on sugar cane tops. Three Suffolk ewes (30 kg BW) with
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ruminal cannula were used in a latin square design, where treatments were control group (CG); 3 g / day of Yea-Sacc
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(YS, 1310 CFU / g) and 1 g / day of Levucell (LC, 20310 CFU / g). The cultures were added to the rumen. Diet was based on sugar cane tops (50%), sorghum grain (21%), wheat bran (15%), molasses (12%) and urea (2%). Ruminal pH was highest (P,0.05) in CG (6.05), and lower (P,0.05) with YS than with LC (5.85 vs. 5.96). Total VFA concentration was greater (P,0.05) with yeast cultures (LC, 107.6 mM; YS 105.5 mM) than in CG (97.3 mM). However, no effects were detected in VFA molar proportion, protozoa population, or total tract digestibility. In situ DM and NDF degradation was not affected by treatments. Neither direct-fed microbial culture with Saccharomyces cerevisiae improved either fermentation or digestion in sheep fed sugar cane tops. 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Yeast culture; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Probiotics; Rumen fermentation; Digestion
1. Introduction inconsistent (Chiquette, 1995). Some of the possible
causes for the inconsistency could be associated with Direct-fed microbial products containing Sac- characteristics of the strain (Newbold et al., 1995),
charomyces cerevisae have been used to improve differences between commercial additives (Mendoza
daily gain and milk production in ruminants (Wal- et al., 1995), and diet composition (Wallace, 1994). lace, 1994); however, results have been variable and Improvement of ruminal NDF digestion using Saccharomyces cerevisae with low quality forages has been reported previously (Plata et al., 1994;
*Corresponding author. Fax: 152-5-500-057. ´
E-mail address: [email protected] (F.A. Castrejon) Sommart et al., 1993) and benefits are explained by a
more active microbial population associated with the phoric acid (Erwin et al., 1961). Ammonia-N was ability of the yeast to remove O2 in ruminal fluid measured by the indophenol method (McCullough, (Newbold et al., 1993), improving anaerobiosis in 1967). A ruminal fluid sample was also used to count the rumen (Wallace, 1994). protozoa, mixing 5 ml of ruminal fluid with a 5 ml This trial was designed to compare the effect of iodine solution (Coleman, 1978) stored at 108C and two commercial yeast cultures with Saccharomyces counted per milliliter of ruminal fluid with a cerevisae on ruminal fermentation and digestibility, hemocytometer.
in sheep fed a diet based on sugar cane tops, which In situ disappearance of neutral detergent fiber is an important lignocellulosic by-product in de- (NDF) was measured incubating 3 g of sugar cane veloping countries. tops ground through a 1-mm screen, in polyester bags (7315 cm; 40-mm pore size). Duplicate bags were incubated at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h starting on 2. Material and methods day 2. NDF was determined by procedures outlined
by Goering and Van Soest (1970).
Three ruminally fistulated Suffolk ewes (30 kg Chromic oxide was dosed intraruminally (1 g / BW) were assigned randomly to the following day). Fecal grab samples were collected for 4 days,
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treatments: control group, 3 g / day of Yea-Sacc as recommended by Stock et al. (1987). Feed and 8
(Alltech, Nicholasville; YS, 1310 CFU / g) and 1 fecal samples were oven-dried (558C, 24 h) and g / day of Levucell [Agrimerica (Northbrook, IL, ground to pass a 1-mm screen and composited by
9
USA) LC, 20310 CFU / g). Yeast cultures were site and animal. Dry matter, organic matter and dosed intraruminally once daily at 8:00 h, immedi- nitrogen were analyzed by standard methods
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ately after feed was offered. Viability of Yea-Sacc (AOAC, 1980) and chromium was measured by and Levucell was measured by counts of CFU during atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Williams et incubation of yeasts in dextrose agar culture with a al., 1962).
penicillin–estreptomicin (200 ppm) at 308C for 48 h Data were analyzed as a 333 latin square design (Cruisckshank et al., 1975); CFU values were (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Orthogonal contrasts were
8 9
3.4260.58310 for Yea-Sacc and 20.563.75310 used to compare control group vs. microbial cultures, 1026
Levucell. and Yea-Sacc vs. Levucell, using the GLM The diet (dry basis) consisted of sugar cane tops procedure of SAS (1985).
(50%), sorghum grain (21%), wheat bran (15%), molasses (12%) and urea (2%) with the following
composition: DM, 90.23%; OM, 92.37%; CP, 3. Results and discussion 11.47%; NDF, 62.57% and ADF, 28.45%. A mineral
premix was offered ad libitum (Ca, 10%; P, 12%; S, Addition of Saccharomyces cerevisae reduced 1.5%; Mg, 2%; K, 2%; Co, 0.0015%; Cu, 0.07%; Fe, (P,0.01) ruminal pH compared to the control group 0.15%; I, 0.005%; Mn, 0.25%; Se, 0.0008%; Zn, (Table 1), as reported by other authors using low 0.25%). quality forages (Angeles et al., 1995). In some Sheep were fed ad libitum during the adaptation experiments addition of yeast culture did not affect period (10 days) and then restricted at 90% of intake ruminal pH (Newbold et al., 1995; Plata et al., during the collection period (5 days). Feed was 1994). In this experiment, ruminal pH was higher offered in two meals (8:00 and 16:00). (P,0.01) with Levucell than with Yea-Sacc, proba-Ruminal fluid samples were collected at 0, 4, 8 bly due to an effect of yeast strain, as has been also and 12 h on days 1 and 2. Ruminal fluid pH was noted by Newbold et al. (1995). Angeles et al. measured immediately after sampling and then 50 ml (1995) did not report differences comparing the of ruminal fluid were acidified with 1 ml 6 M HCl, same direct-fed microbial cultures.
and stored in a freezer (2208C) for further analysis. Ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P, 1026
Table 1
Effect of two yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisae) on variables related to rumen fermentation in sheep fed sugar cane tops
b a
Item Treatments S.E.M. Contrast
CG YS LC I II
Ruminal pH 6.05 5.85 5.96 0.05 0.003 0.01
NH -N (mg / dl)3 9.24 10.5 9.38 0.65 0.10 0.02
Total VFA (mM) 97.3 105.6 107.6 3.11 0.02 0.05
Molar proportion (%)
Acetate 66.6 66.6 67.3 0.72 0.81 0.99
Propionate 22.2 22.2 20.4 0.72 0.53 0.96
Butyrate 11.3 11.2 12.3 0.33 0.27 0.92
Acetate:propionate 3.07 3.20 3.41 0.11 0.33 0.64
4 Protozoa organisms (310 / ml)
Entodinidae 53 57 77 5.86 0.08 0.65
Holotrichidae 2 2 2 0.33 0.19 0.17
Total 55 59 79 5.98 0.08 0.62
a 1026
Probability of Type I error. Mean comparisons: I control group (CG) vs. yeast cultures mean [(YS1LC) / 2]; II Yea-Sacc vs. Levucell (YS vs. LC).
b
Standard error of mean.
reviewed studies, microbial cultures based on Sac- quality diets, protozoa counts were elevated with charomyces cerevisae had no effect on ruminal Saccharomyces cerevisae (Plata et al., 1994), but not ammonia nitrogen (Plata et al., 1994; Newbold et al., in others (Miranda et al., 1996).
1995), although in some others increases were Although intake was restricted, it tended (P, reported (Martin and Nisbet, 1992) and in others 0.10) to be higher in sheep fed yeast cultures (Table reductions were found (Newbold et al., 1995). Even 2). Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and
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when Yea-Sacc presented a greater ammonia-N, ADF were not affected by Saccharomyces cerevisae which should increase concentration gradient and (Table 2). Improvement in NDF digestibility using more absorption, the lower pH in ruminal fluid, and yeast cultures in low quality forages has been the pK may result in similar absorption through the reported previously (Plata et al., 1994). In contrast, ruminal wall. Differences observed in ammonia other studies show no effect (Sommart et al., 1993). nitrogen could be associated with a stimulation of In situ disappearance of DM and NDF at 12 and proteolytic bacteria. More information is needed on 24 h were not changed by addition of yeast culture or this subject because most of the studies involve by type of culture (Table 2). In situ DM disappear-changes on cellulolytic bacteria population (Newbold ance at 48 h was higher (P,0.01) in yeast cultures et al., 1995) and protozoa (Plata et al., 1994; than in CG and was higher for LC than for YS. In Miranda et al., 1996). situ NDF disappearance was higher (P,0.002) for Total VFA concentration was increased (P,0.02) YS than LC at 48 h. This effects disappearance at 72 with yeast cultures, and was more elevated (P, h. Similar results were observed by others authors 0.05) with Levucell than with Yea-Sacc (Table 1). comparing the same commercial yeast cultures The molar proportion of acetate, propionate and (Mendoza et al., 1995; Angeles et al., 1995). butyrate was similar (P.0.05). Differences between Inconsistency in results with yeast cultures could commercial yeasts have not been detected with low be associated to forage differences. Results from Roa quality forages (Angeles et al., 1995; Plata et al., et al. (1997) showed that forage quality may affect 1994). As observed by Angeles et al. (1995), rumi- the response to yeast culture in NDF digestion, and nal protozoa population tended (P50.08) to be that more benefits can be obtained with good quality reduced with yeast cultures, particularly the en- roughages.
Table 2
Effect of two yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisae) on intake and total tract digestibility of nutrients in sheep fed sugar cane tops
b a
NDF 39.0 36.0 32.1 2.22 0.40 0.62
ADF 16.7 16.3 18.6 2.32 0.90 0.95
In situ DM disappearance (%) c
12 27.8 27.3 27.4 0.22 0.37 0.37
24 35.6 35.3 35.1 0.39 0.63 0.63
48 39.6 42.7 46.4 0.28 0.01 0.0009
72 46.3 46.2 49.6 0.47 0.98 0.89
48 24.6 30.0 23.7 0.54 0.08 0.002
72 28.8 31.5 32.8 0.86 0.10 0.24
96 37.2 35.1 38.3 0.75 0.74 0.27
a 1026
Probability of Type I error. Mean comparisons: I control group (CG) vs. yeast cultures mean [(YS1LC) / 2]; II Yea-Sacc vs. Levucell (YS vs. LC).
cerevisae, Yea-Sacc and Levucell, did not im- Anglo-Corp, Mexico, who provided one yeast culture
prove digestibility or fermentation in diets based on for this study. sugar cane tops.
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