FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE HAS ACCOMPLISHED RESEARCH ON MANUFACTURING NYAMPLUNG
BIODIESEL (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) (Year 2005 – 2008)
Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan, Departemen Kehutanan
Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor. Telp : 0251 - 8633 378 ; Fax: 0251- 8633 413, email: [email protected]
History
Forest Products Research and Development Centre has already intensively conducted research and development on manufacturing biodiesel from Nyamplung (Callophyllum inophyllum) since 2005. And now (2008) it has been accomplished as the results of the research are as follow:
• Biodiesel from nyamplung has been tested for its physico-chemical characteristics by Puslitbang Minyak dan Gas Bumi (2008) and all 17 characteristics has met the Indonesia National Standard (SNI) No: 04 –7182– 2006 for biodiesel.
• Nyamplung biodiesel has already been tested for fuel of cars three times with attain 370 km distance. All road tests were succesfull results without troubling in machinery. The fastest car speed achieved was 120 km/hr.
• Testing of machine performance using nyamplung biodiesel has been undertaking by the Puspitek LIPI Serpong Jakarta. Next step, the nyamplung biodiesel will be registerred for Sertification to Badan Sertifikasi Nasional. Socialisation
As the results of this research are world wide important, it has already been socialized in the form of some activities such as: publishing a book, presentation in seminars, demonstrations, and road tests, as follows:
• Publishing a book entitled: Nyamplung sumber energi biofuel yang potensial. (Nyamplung a potential biofuel energy). This book has been distributed free of charge in some seminars.
• Presentation in “National Seminar of Nyamplung”, held in Jakarta (Manggala Wanabhakti), 23 September 2008 (Prof. Sudradjat)
• Presentation in “Wood-based bioenergy in Asia Pacific Workshop”, held in Jakarta (Meridien Hotel), 14 – 17 October 2008 (Prof. Sudradjat)
• Presentation in “ Discussion on biofuel policy in Asia Workshop” , 24 – 27 September in Beijing China (Prof. Sudradjat)
• Presentation in “Temu Nasional Desa Mandiri Energi Workshop”, 11 – 13 Nopember 2008 in Sanur, Bali (Prof.Sudradjat)
• Presentation in “Bilateral meeting FORDA – FRIM (Malaysia)”, 18 December 2008 (Prof. Sudradjat).
Desember 2008, Jakarta – Bogor – Banten (bf), one medium bus used nyamplung biodiesel 100% (B-100).
Superiority of plant
• Coastal plant living from 0 – 400 m (asl), widely occurs all over Indonesian island also in other coastal countries such as in Africa countries, Madagaskar, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and China.
• High survival rates of harsh environment as it was found in large populations, wide range of ages (1 – 50 years), lot of seedlings, fruiting along the year with high peak in September – November.
• Potency of nature population in Indonesia according to spot map is 480.000 Ha, 10% or 50.000 Ha in the form of productive population.
• High dry-seed productivity: 10 ton ( 5 x 10 m plants distance), and 20 ton for 5 x 5 m. High oil content of 60-65% total capacity, and 40 – 45% oil extracted
• Besides oil, wood has been long time commercial marketing for people manufacturing boat as wood has high resistancy to marine borer.
• Giving many side products from processing such as: Coumarine ( HIV/Aids medicine), stearine, charcoal briquettes, activated charcoal, etc
Processing
The processing of biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum L. seeds is almost the same as oil palm, coconut oil and Jatropha oil. However, Calophyllum inophyllum L. seeds have high extractive materials content. It takes longer time for steaming and degumming which is carried out in high concentration.
Steps of processing the Calophyllum inophyllum L. seeds into biodiesel are: 1. Seeds storage
Dried and uncovered seeds with moisture content of 8 – 12% are kept in sealed sacks and stored in a warehouse with temperature of 26 – 27 °C and humidity of 60 – 70%.
2. Seeds peeling
Air dried seeds before steaming needs to be peeled from its shell. It can be done manually by hand or using peeling machine.
3. Seeds steaming
The air of steaming is to remove unsaponified oil with polar character (white and sticky oil). Steaming is conducted for 2 hours at temperature 100 °C. 4. Seeds drying
Uncovered seeds drying can be performed in several ways, they are: a. solar exposing (directly under the sun)
b. frying with sand instead of oil c. machine drying
it takes a while to dry the seeds until they get the reddish-brown color. The right drying methods will lead to the good recovery of the oil resulted.
5. Seeds pressing
needs electricity power up to 5 KVA with oil production up to 100 litre per day.
Oil resulted from pressing machine has a dark color because of the bark content and some other chemical contents interferred such as alkaloid, phosphate, chlorophyl, carotenoid, etc.
6. Degumming
Degumming is performed using phosphatic acid 0,5 – 1% (b/b) of oil content, temperature of 60 °C for 30 minutes, oil is decanted until sediment is formed so it can be removed. The oil is washed with warm water (temperature of 60 °C) until it is clean. The water content is removed from oil by vacuum drying method in the temperature of 60 °C so oxidation reaction could be terminated. Degumming purpose is to separate oil from gum consists of phosphate, protein, carbohydrate, residue, water and resin. The next step is the processing of Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil to biodiesel.
7. Processing of Calophyllum inophyllum L. oil into biodiesel takes 3 more specific steps:
a. Esterification, using methanol, 1% HCl as catalyst. It takes 1 hour for this process
b. Transesterification, using methanol, 1% NaOH as catalyst. It takes 1 hour for this process.
c. If the acid number of the oil resulted is higher than the limit (> 0,8), it will take neutralization process, based on the free fatty acid (FFA) left.
The quality of the biodiesel resulted from the newer process already 100% meets the requirements of Indonesian National Standard (SNI 04-7182-2006) parameters, including density, viscosity, fogging point, carbon residue and acid number.
Contact Technology Processing : Prof. Dr. Ir. R. Sudradjat, MSc.
Table 1. Several physico-chemical properties of nyamplung biodiesel using SNI 04-7182-2006.
No. Parameter Unit Testing
Method
Value Nyamplung Biodiesel 1. Density on 40o C kg/m3 ASTM D1298 850-890 880,6 2. Kinematic viscosity on
40o C
mm2 /s(cSt) ASTM D445 2,3-6,0 5,724
3. Cetana number - ASTM D613 Min. 51 71,9
4. Lighting point (bow covered)
o
C ASTM D93 Min. 100 151
5. Fogging point oC ASTM D2500 Max. 18 38
6. Cuprum plate corotion (3 hours on 50o C)
- ASTM D130 Max.no 3 1 b 7. Carbon residue in:
- original samples - 10% distilled waste
% mass ASTM D4530 Max.0,05 Max.0,30
0,04
8. Water and sediment % volume ASTM D1796 Max.0,05 0 9. Distillation temperature
90%
o
C ASTM D1160 Max. 360 340 10. Sulphicated ash % mass ASTM D874 Max.0,02 0,026
11. Sulphur ppm-m
(mg/kg)
ASTM D1266 Max. 100 16
12. Phosphor ppm-m
(mg/kg)
ASTM D1091 Max. 10 0,223 13. Acid number mg KOH/g AOCS
Cd 3d-63
Max. 0,8 0,76 14. Total glycerol % mass AOCS
Ca 14-56
Max.0.24 0,222 15. Ester alcyl content % mass
SNI04-7182-2006
Min. 96,5 96,99
16. Iod number % mass
(g I2 /100 g)
AOCS Cd1-25
Figure 1. Tree, stem, flowers,leaves, fruits and seeds of nyamplung
Figure 3. Extruder press equipment and estrans reactor
Figure 5. Second road test rally 100% (B 100) biodiesel (B 100) Bogor - Cibinong using Strada and Daihatsu Jeep
PETA SEBARAN INDIKATIF TEGAKAN ALAM NYAMPLUNG DI INDONESIA
SUmber : (1). Peta Dasar Tematik Kehutanan ;
(2). Peta Penutupan Lahan Citra Satelit Landsat7 ETM+ masing-masing provinsi (2003)
•
keterangan :
• 1 spotminimal seluas 500 ha, dengan bentang(lebar tutupan) 200m ke arah darat
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