LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY THE TOUR GUIDES AT
TAMAN AYUN
I WAYAN EKA BAWA PRADNYANA 1218351026
NON REGULER PROGRAMME OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND CULTURE
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my great praise to the Almighty God “Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa” for His blessing. I also indebted to my first supervisor and
also my academic supervisor, Drs. I Gede Putu Sudana, M.A and my second supervisor Dra. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum for giving advices, suggestions, comment, and corrections during the process of this writing.
My gratitude should be extended to Prof. Dr. Ni Luh Sutjiati Beratha, M.A, as the Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Culture, Udayana University and all the dean staff, to I Gusti Ngurah Parthama, S.S., M.Hum as the Head of English Department and to all lecturers in the English Non Regular Program who could not be mentioned one by one for the knowledge while I was in my academic years.
I would like thank to all of the staff at English Non Regular Program, who always give their help and also to all my friends in English Non Regular Program who could not be mentioned for their big support during my study. And my special thanks to my big family especially for my beloved parents I Wayan Urip Santosa and Ni Made Parwati who always give their help and supports. I also thank to my Brother for his support.
Denpasar, Mei 2016
ABSTRACT
The tittle of this study is Language Functions in Conversation used by the Tour Guide at Taman Ayun. This topic is choosen because English always used by the tour guides in their daily routines to serve the tourists in the tourism object. The analysis is focused on two main problems, the first one is: What types of expression are used by the tour guide in giving information to the tourists, and the second one is: What level of formality of language functions are used in the conversation.
The aims of this study is to analyze the types of expressions are used by the tour guides in giving information to the tourists at Taman Ayun Temple, to analyze the level of formality of language functions are used in the conversation. The discussion depends to the tour guide in expressing the language functions to the tourists in their own ways.
The main theory of this study proposed by Roman Jacobson, Function of Language (1973). According to Jacobson, there are six function of languages, they are: referential function, poetic function, emotive function, conative function, phatic function and metalingual function. The data were collected using two strategies, the first was field research which is carried out by recording the conversation in order to get the expressions of the tour guides used during the conversations with the tourists. And the second one was interviewing and giving questionnaire to the tour guides in order to get the tour guides personal data which was important in this research, such as: name, experience, and educational background.
The collected data were analyzed descriptively, in order to know the language functions that were used by the tour guides at taman ayun. The results, there were some language functions that have been used by the tour guides while handling the tourist. The analysis of the data was focused on the theory of Roman Jacobson, this theory covers all of the expressions of the tour guides in communicating to the tourists, such as: the expressions of describing thing and repeating are include in referential function, the expressions of realizing, apologizing and wondering are include in emotive function, the expressions of giving suggestion, asking suggestion and requesting are include in conative function, and greeting is include in phatic function. The analysis of types of expression and levels of formality used by the tour guides at Taman Ayun show that the tour guides are able to express the language functions according to the situation, it caused by their educations and experiences in the field.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i
ABSTRACT ... ii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... iii
I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Problems of the Study ... 3
1.3 Aims of the study ... 3
1.4 Scope of Discussion ... 3
1.5 Research Method ... 4
1.5.1 Data Source ... 4
1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 4
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 5
II. LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 6
2.1 Literature Review ... 6
2.2 Concepts ... 8
2.2.1 Language ... 8
2.2.2 Language Function ... 8
2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 9
2.3.1 Functions of Language according to Roman Jacobson ... 9
2.3.2 Functions of Language according to M.A.K. Halliday ... 10
III. TYPES OF EXPRESSION AND LEVEL OF FORMALITY USED BY THE
TOUR GUIDES AT TAMAN AYUN ... 12
3.1 General Description of Taman Ayun Temple ... 12
3.2 Language Functions used by the Tour Guides ... 13
3.2.1 Referential Function ... 14
3.2.1.1 Describing ... 14
3.2.1.2 Repeating ... 36
3.2.2 Emotive Function ... 39
3.2.2.1 Realizing ... 40
3.2.2.2 Apologizing ... 41
3.2.2.3 Wondering ... 42
3.2.3 Conative Function ... 44
3.2.3.1 Giving and Asking Suggestion ... 44
3.2.3.2 Requesting ... 47
3.2.4 Phatic Function ... 48
3.2.4.1 Greetings ... 48
3.3 The Level of Formality in the Conversation ... 49
3.3.1 Formal Style ... 49
3.3.2 Neutral Style ... 51
3.3.3 Informal Style ... 55
IV. CONCLUSION ... 57 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language function refers to the purpose of how the people use the language to communicate. The people use the language for a variety of formal, neutral, and informal purposes. Language function is one of the importance aspects in human life, because every word or sentence uttered by people has meanings to inform to the interlocutor.
English has become the second language in every country because it is very easy to do an interaction among people around the world and English is the most important part in every aspect of human life. Lots of industries use English in their operations. In Hospitality Industry English has an important function, because the people who have a role in this Industry should be able to speak English. There are some important aspects that make Hospitality become important; they are Hotel, Restaurant, Tour and Travel, etc. Therefore, the people who work in that industry should be able to speak English fluently.
Bali is one of the tourism islands in Indonesia. A lot of tourists come to Bali frequently. They have some purposes to visit this island, for example, business and travel. Most tourists who come to Bali want to see tourist places, history, culture and tradition. Of course, they need tour guides if they want to see those things. Tour guides are needed because they can guide or explain the tourists about places, history, culture, and tradition.
relation of people may result in the level of formality and courtesy of the expressions with certain language functions in communication. This always can be seen in the conversation of a tour guide while handling the guest.
In doing their occupation, the tour guides at Taman Ayun always use some Language Functions when they handle tourists. The tour guides know about greeting, explaining, inviting, thanking and replying to thanks, apologizing, agreeing and disagreeing, giving and asking for recommendation, offering something, saying good bye etc. while handling tourists. The style of the language used by the tour guides depend on their familiarity to tourists. The tour guides tend to use formal language to communicate to tourists because the courtesy of formality is needed. In some cases, tour guides use informal language to communicate to tourists, due to the relation between the tour guides and tourists. If a person is getting familiar to another person, they will use informal language to communicate.
1.2 Problems of the Study
Based on the background mentioned above, there are two problems formulated, as follows:
1. What types of expression are used by the tour guide in giving information to the tourists?
2. What level of formality of language functions are used in the conversation? 1.3 Aims of the Study
1. To analyze the types of expressions are used by the tour guides in giving information to the tourists.
2. To analyze the level of formality of language functions are used in the conversation. 1.4 Scope of Discussion
The Language can be discussed and studied from many points of view. Related to the background and the problems that have been mentioned above, the scope of discussion of this study focuses on the analysis of language functions used by the tour guides at Taman Ayun.
1. The analysis of the general expression in language functions, for example: greetings, describing thing, repeating, realizing, wondering, apologizing, asking and giving suggestion in the conversation.
2. The analysis the level of formality of language functions are used in the conversation.
1.5 Research Method
The method used in this research was field research, generally characterized as qualitative research. The method can be divided into data sources, method and technique of collecting data and method and technique of analyzing data.
1.5.1 Data Source
conversation were collected. The conversation was on February-March 2016, as there were many tourists visiting Taman Ayun in the afternoon.
1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
The data in this research were collected through field research; there were several steps done in collecting the data, they are as follows:
- The first step was asking for permission from the management of Taman Ayun Temple. - Second, the data were collected using a tape recorder at Taman Ayun Temple; it was
important to record the conversation and collect the expression used by the tour guides while handling the tourists.
- Third, while recording the conversation the researcher did not disturb or interrupt the conversation between the tour guides and the tourists, in order to make conversation more natural.
- Fourth, giving questionaire to the tour guides for the needs of their names, the education background of tour guides, and what kind of language formality that they use mostly (formal, neutral or informal)
1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
The technique of analyzing the collected data in this research was adopted from Jacobson’s theory called six functions of language, which are: referential function, poetic
function, emotive function, conative function, phatic function, and metalingual function. Some steps of analyzing the data are as follows:
- Second, after the whole conversations were transcribed, the conversations that were relevant to six functions of language were selected.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1.1 Literature Review
Language function is an interesting topic to be discussed. Many students of the English Department have done many research on English functions as their under graduate thesis. Literature review has an important role as the comparison between the previous research and the present study. There are three theses written by students and one international journal were reviewed.
First, Sonny (2005) in Language Functions Used by Waiters at Amandari Hotel explored the language functions used by the waiters. This study focused on the ability of the waiters at Amandari Hotel to use the language function used with the tourists while describing their menus and the waiters must have special ability to make the tourists try the menus. The strength of this study is that it discussed more about how the waiters express the language functions. The weakness of this study is that the problem of the study focused on the error structure. The theory applied in this thesis is Jacobson’s theory as the main theory and Halidays’s theory as the
supporting theory.
study is the Blundell’s theory as the main theory and the Jacobson’s and Haliday’s theory as the supporting theories.
Third, Krismayanthi (2010) in her undergraduate thesis entitled Functions of English Conversation Used Between Staff of Agung Rai Museum of Art Ubud and The English Speaking Tourists investigated the language functions used by the staff of Agung Rai Museum and English speaking tourists. The study of this thesis focused on the language functions used to give information and to find out the conversation activities among the staff members of the museum and the English speaking tourists. The strength of this study is that it explains the topic and the tourists as the interlocutors. The weakness of this study is that it focused to the staff members. The theory used in this study is proposed by Leech as the main theory and the theory proposed by Trudgill as the supporting theory.
And one international journal used is entitled Function of Language by John Benjamins. This journal explored the functionalist perspective of the organization and use of natural language. It publishes articles and reviews books from the full spectrum of functionalist linguistics, seeking to bring out the fundamental unity behind the various schools of thought, while stimulating discussion among functionalists. It encourages the interplay of theory and description, and provides space for the detailed analysis, qualitative or quantitative, of linguistic data from a broad range of languages. Its scope is broad, covering such matters as prosodic phenomena in phonology, the clause in its communicative context, and regularities of pragmatics, conversation and discourse as well as the interaction between the various levels of analysis.
The concepts presented in this research are the concepts of language and the concept of the language function. It is related to the people using the language as the communication tools. If one person is able to speak more than one languages, then, that person will have more interaction especially with the stranger.
2.2.1 Language
Basically, language acts as the communication tool in daily life. Without language the people cannot interact with each other. Every country in the world has national language even one country has more than one languages. All languages have the same function, that is, to communicate and to get any interaction. Language has an important role in daily life. Language is produced by tongue. The tongue is often used to produce the language to make the language clear to hear. According to Oxford Dictionary (1989:700), “language is a system of sound,
words, patterns, etc used by humans to communicate thoughts and feelings. 2.2.2 Language Function
Language is very important in human life and, of course, it has functions to express the idea of people to people. The word “language” comes from the Latin word “lingua” which means “tongue” and function has the synonym of the word “use”. Then, the meaning of language
function is the way of the people use the language (Jacobson, 1973). 1.3 Theoretical Framework
There are some theories applied in this paper to support the research. The main theory in this research is Function of Language for applied linguistics by Jacobson (1973) and the supporting theory in this research is Language,Context and Text: Aspect of Language in a Social - Semiotic Perspective (1985) by Halliday.
According to Jacobson (1973:145), language has many different functions and has many different uses in the society. The important part of using language, the speaker must learn the whole things of language, for example, the grammatical forms and the sounds. Jacobson classified the functions of language into six categories, below:
a. Referential Function
Referential function is to discuss something, object or situation. This function is to clarify and confirm the reality and existence of an object which are being discussed (1973:145).
b. Poetic Function
Poetic function role is to express feeling. This function focuses on the speaker and the listener. By this function, the speaker or the listener can express his feeling in his own way using expressive words (1973:147).
c. Emotive Function
Emotive function is used to express the speaker’s feelings and emotion. This function focuses on the speaker. The speaker can express his idea and feeling to the listener. The listener is able to understand the emotion of the speaker while using some expressions such as, ouch, ops, wow, aw, whether the speaker is angry, sad, happy, etc., by looking of those expressions while speaking (1973:149).
d. Conative Function
Connative function roles are to influence or to control the mind of the listener. The speaker tries to control the mind of the listener so that the listener stays in the situation wanted as long as it happens. This function also expresses invitation, giving ideas, and suggestion to the listener (1973:151).
Phatic function is used to start the communication or to see whether the addressee still follows or not. Phatic function is also used to keep relationship in human life or to get close to other people (1973:152).
f. Metalingual Function
Metalingual function is used to discuss the language itself, that is, the language which is being used while having communication. This function can be realized when both speaking participants use the same language (1973:153).
1.3.2 Functions of Language according to M.A.K. Halliday
According to Halliday (1985:15), adult language could be categorized as 3 different functions they are, Ideational Function, Interpersonal Function, and Textual Function.
a. Ideational function refers to the speakers who express the language according to their experience. In this case, the speakers try to think the language primarily in term of the capacity of the language to inform and reach all of the specific purposes (1985:18). b. Interpersonal function refers to the use of language specifically in the socio personal
kinds. It creates all of the usage of the language used to express social and personal relations. In this case, the speaker will choose a particular role in the speech situation. According to this language function, it uses to express personal feelings, such as: opinion, doubt, ask, answer, approve and disapprove. The speakers are able to use this language for all specific forms of personal expression and social interaction (1985:20).
2.3.3 Level of formality according to Ronald Wardhaugh
According to Ronald Wardhaugh in the book of An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
