Javanese influence on English voiced consonants produced by the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta.

xi ABSTRACT

SIMATUPANG, NELIF MIKE. Javanese Influence on English Voiced Consonants Produced by the Tour Guides in Keraton Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Speaking English is one of the requirements to be tour guides because English is globally considered as a lingua-franca. In order to communicate with international tourists, they are expected to acquire English (L2) acquisition, especially speaking skill. Speaking skill close relates to the way they pronounce L2 words correctly. As a result, the purpose of this research is to examine how the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta articulate L2 words and the role of Javanese as their native language (L1) to L2 acquisition. For this aim, the data are English voiced consonants (EVCs): /b, d, z, g, v, ð, ʒ and dʒ /.

To conduct this thesis, there are three problems formulated including (1) what voiced consonants are often mispronounced by the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta? (2) How do the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta pronounce English voiced consonants? (3) What role does language interference play in these mispronunciations?

The methods used in conducting this research are field and library researches. They are used to observe the way the tour guides in Keraton mispronounce the observed EVCs and to relate the data result to the theory of language interference. The analyses used are phonetic, phonological, contrastive descriptive, and error analysis.

The result of this research is the tour guides in Keraton mispronounce 5 out of 8 the observed data: /z, v, ð, ʒ and dʒ /. They replace the target phonemes with the non-targeted phones by applying unexpected feature-changing rule. The unexpected feature-changing rule is caused by Javanese interference. English phonemes that are absent in Javanese cause the tour guides mispronounce them.

xii ABSTRAK

SIMATUPANG, NELIF MIKE. Javanese Influence on English Voiced Consonants Produced by the Tour Guides in Keraton Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakulas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Mampu berbahasa Inggris merupakan salah satu persyaratan menjadi pemandu wisata karena bahasa Inggris telah diakui secara global sebagai bahasa pemersatu. Dalam berkomunikasi dengan turis internasional, mereka diharapkan menguasai kemampuan berbahasa Inggris, terutama keterampilan berbicara. Keterampilan berbicara yang dimaksud berhubungan erat dengan cara melafalkan bahasa Inggris dengan benar. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah meneliti pemandu wisata di Keraton Yogyakarta dalam mengucapkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris dan mengetahui peranan bahasa Jawa sebagai bahasa ibu dalam kemahiran berbahasa Inggris mereka. Untuk tujuan tersebut, data yang dianalisis adalah kosonan bersuara dibahasa Inggris meliputi: /b, d, z, g, v, ð, ʒ dan dʒ /.

Dalam menulis skripsi ini, terdapat tiga rumusan masalah, yaitu: 1) Apa saja konsonan bersuara dalam Inggris yang disalah ucapkan oleh pemandu wisata di Keraton Yogyakarta? 2) Bagaimana pemandu wisata di Keraton Yogyakarta mengucapkan konsonan bersuara dibahasa Inggris? 3) Apa peranan interferensi bahasa pada pengucapan yang salah tersebut?

Metode yang digunakan dalam menjalankan penelitian ini adalah riset lapangan dan riset pustaka dalam mengamati pemandu wisata di Keraton yang salah melafalkan data yang diteliti dan menghubungkan hasil tersebut dengan interferensi bahasa. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis fonetik, analisis fonologi, analisis deskriptif perbandingan, dan analisis kesalahan.

Hasil penelitian ini adalah pemandu wisata salah mengucapkan 5 dari 8 data yang diteliti, yaitu: /z, v, ð, ʒ dan dʒ /. Mereka menganti target fonem dengan fonem yang tidak diduga dengan menerapan kaidah unexpected feautre-changing. Kaidah unexpected feautre-changing disebabkan oleh inteferensi bahasa Jawa. Fonem dalam bahasa Inggris yang tidak ditemui dalam bahasa Jawa menyebabkan pemandu wisata salah mengucapkan bunyi-bunyi tersebut.

JAVANESE INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH VOICED

CONSONANTS PRODUCED BY THE TOUR GUIDES IN

KERATON YOGYAKARTA

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Nelif Mike Simatupang Student Number: 114214096

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

ii

JAVANESE INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH VOICED

CONSONANTS PRODUCED BY THE TOUR GUIDES IN

KERATON YOGYAKARTA

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

Nelif Mike Simatupang Student Number: 114214096

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously writtern by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, June 25, 2015

vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Nelif Mike Simatupang

Nomor Mahasiswa : 114214096

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

JAVANESE INFLUENCE ON ENGLISH VOICED

CONSONANTS PRODUCED BY THE TOUR GUIDES IN

KERATON YOGYAKARTA

Berserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta, Pada tanggal Juni 25, 2015

Yang menyatakan,

vii

WORK HARD

PLAY HARD

viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Jesus Christ for all His unconditional loves and blessings in my entire life.

I owe my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S, for patiently guiding and giving me priceless and valuable wisdoms and understandings during this undergraduate thesis preparation. I also owe my appreciation to my co-advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum, for her helps and suggestions in improving this thesis. I thank Mr. Erik Christoper and other English Letters Department’s lecturers who I cannot mention all their names. I

thank Pengangen Tepas Pariwisata Keraton Yogyakata that allow me to do the field research and all my informants who are tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta who are so friendly and kind to allocate their times.

My special thank goes to my mom and dad for supporting and reminding me to finish this thesis. Their affections, hopes, and prays always strengthen me. I also thank all my sisters and brothers, Uci, Fitri, Yorif, and Victor for their supports. I am grateful to my best friends in college, Cicik and Nafta, my best roommates, Asti and Cungkring, and my boyfriend, Yugo. Their supports always encourage me. For all my friends in Class D batch 2011, time goes by so fast and I hope our friendship never ends.

ix

A. Mispronounced English Voiced Consonants by the Tour Guides ... 33

x

8. English Consonant [dʒ ] ... 38

B. Phonological Analysis of EVCs... 40

1. Voiced Alveolar Fricative Consonant /z/ ... 40

2. Voiced Labiodental Fricative Consonant /v/ ... 42

3. Voiced Interdental Consonant /ð/ ... 43

4. Voiced Palatal Fricative Consonant /ʒ / ... 45

5. Voiced Palatal Affricate Consonant /dʒ /... 47

C. Language Interference ... 49

1. Voiced Alveolar Fricative Consonant /z/ ... 50

2. Voiced Labiodental Fricative Consonant /v/ ... 52

3. Voiced Interdental Consonant /ð/ ... 54

4. Voiced Palatal Fricative Consonant /ʒ / ... 56

5. Voiced Palatal Affricate Consonant /dʒ /... 57

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 60

BLIBIOGRAPHY ... 63

APPENDICES ... 65

1. Data in Sentences ... 65

2. Data Result ... 67

3. The Calculation of Incorect Phones ... 73

4. The List of Informants... 81

xi ABSTRACT

SIMATUPANG, NELIF MIKE. Javanese Influence on English Voiced Consonants Produced by the Tour Guides in Keraton Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

Speaking English is one of the requirements to be tour guides because English is globally considered as a lingua-franca. In order to communicate with international tourists, they are expected to acquire English (L2) acquisition, especially speaking skill. Speaking skill close relates to the way they pronounce L2 words correctly. As a result, the purpose of this research is to examine how the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta articulate L2 words and the role of Javanese as their native language (L1) to L2 acquisition. For this aim, the data are English voiced consonants (EVCs): /b, d, z, g, v, ð, ʒ and dʒ /.

To conduct this thesis, there are three problems formulated including (1) what voiced consonants are often mispronounced by the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta? (2) How do the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta pronounce English voiced consonants? (3) What role does language interference play in these mispronunciations?

The methods used in conducting this research are field and library researches. They are used to observe the way the tour guides in Keraton mispronounce the observed EVCs and to relate the data result to the theory of language interference. The analyses used are phonetic, phonological, contrastive descriptive, and error analysis.

The result of this research is the tour guides in Keraton mispronounce 5 out of 8 the observed data: /z, v, ð, ʒ and dʒ /. They replace the target phonemes with the non-targeted phones by applying unexpected feature-changing rule. The unexpected feature-changing rule is caused by Javanese interference. English phonemes that are absent in Javanese cause the tour guides mispronounce them.

xii ABSTRAK

SIMATUPANG, NELIF MIKE. Javanese Influence on English Voiced Consonants Produced by the Tour Guides in Keraton Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakulas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Mampu berbahasa Inggris merupakan salah satu persyaratan menjadi pemandu wisata karena bahasa Inggris telah diakui secara global sebagai bahasa pemersatu. Dalam berkomunikasi dengan turis internasional, mereka diharapkan menguasai kemampuan berbahasa Inggris, terutama keterampilan berbicara. Keterampilan berbicara yang dimaksud berhubungan erat dengan cara melafalkan bahasa Inggris dengan benar. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah meneliti pemandu wisata di Keraton Yogyakarta dalam mengucapkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris dan mengetahui peranan bahasa Jawa sebagai bahasa ibu dalam kemahiran berbahasa Inggris mereka. Untuk tujuan tersebut, data yang dianalisis adalah kosonan bersuara dibahasa Inggris meliputi: /b, d, z, g, v, ð, ʒ dan dʒ /.

Dalam menulis skripsi ini, terdapat tiga rumusan masalah, yaitu: 1) Apa saja konsonan bersuara dalam Inggris yang disalah ucapkan oleh pemandu wisata di Keraton Yogyakarta? 2) Bagaimana pemandu wisata di Keraton Yogyakarta mengucapkan konsonan bersuara dibahasa Inggris? 3) Apa peranan interferensi bahasa pada pengucapan yang salah tersebut?

Metode yang digunakan dalam menjalankan penelitian ini adalah riset lapangan dan riset pustaka dalam mengamati pemandu wisata di Keraton yang salah melafalkan data yang diteliti dan menghubungkan hasil tersebut dengan interferensi bahasa. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis fonetik, analisis fonologi, analisis deskriptif perbandingan, dan analisis kesalahan.

Hasil penelitian ini adalah pemandu wisata salah mengucapkan 5 dari 8 data yang diteliti, yaitu: /z, v, ð, ʒ dan dʒ /. Mereka menganti target fonem dengan fonem yang tidak diduga dengan menerapan kaidah unexpected feautre-changing. Kaidah unexpected feautre-changing disebabkan oleh inteferensi bahasa Jawa. Fonem dalam bahasa Inggris yang tidak ditemui dalam bahasa Jawa menyebabkan pemandu wisata salah mengucapkan bunyi-bunyi tersebut.

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Javanese is recognized as a large ethnic group located in three provinces on the island of Java in Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Central and East Java. The Javanese people have their own language that is spoken as their mother tongue or first language. Now, the Javanese language grows rapidly since Javanese native speakers have gone overseas. Therefore, it is not only spoken in those provinces. Like other languages, the structure of Javanese language is also influenced by linguistic aspects (e.g. phonology, morphology, and syntax) and non-linguistic aspects (social status, economic and educational background, age, and the participants’ relationship). Non-linguistic aspects found in Javanese language are more complex than the formal and informal aspects in other languages. Therefore, those aspects determine speech levels. Javanese speech levels are classified into Krama, Madya and Ngoko to indicate various degrees of respect and politeness (Poedjasoedarma, 1979: 8).

tourists. For the purpose of communicating, it is important for the tour guides to speak English correctly which means they can pronounce English words properly or with tolerable mispronunciations. They, consequently, need to limit or avoid mispronunciation by at least having a basic understanding of English phonetics and phonology. If they do not, they will often mispronounce words and represent different meanings (creating misunderstandings). For example, the tour guides whose native language in Javanese will often pronounce the word “breath” is not

as /breθ/ but as [bred] or [bret].

Acknowledging this challenging phenomenon, English mispronunciation produced by the local tour guides is a worthy topic for a research. In this study, the specific informants are the tour guides whose native language is Javanese and who work in the Keraton in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data that will be specifically observed are English voiced consonants.

produced by local, the tour guides, has not been done yet in Sanata Dharma University as a research project.

B. Problem Formulation

In designing this research, three research questions are formulated in order to limit the scope and objectives of this research:

1. What English voiced consonants are often mispronounced by the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta?

2. How do the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta pronounce English voiced consonants?

3. What role does language interference play in these mispronunciations?

C. Objectives of the Study

Based on these problem formulation, there are three objectives. The first objective is to identify the English voiced consonants which are repetitively mispronounced by the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta. The second objective is to analyze how the informants pronounce English consonants. Finally, the study will explore linguistically the cause and the role of language interference in phonological errors done by the tour guides.

D. Definition of Terms

language, Keraton Yogyakarta, mispronunciation, the tour guides, and linguistic interference.

Irene Thompson (2014) says that “Javanese is the spoken language of over

75 million people in central and eastern parts of the island of Java” (Thompson, 2014). It is a regional language in Central Java, East Java and Yogyakarta. Therefore, there are several kinds of Javanese’s dialect based on the

According to Turtle (2011) Keraton Yogyakarta is the Sultan’s palace that functions as the center of the official, political and the spiritual spheres. It is the royal residence and also a popular tourist attraction because the Sultan is the King of Yogyakarta and is also a Governor of the Special Regency Province of Yogyakarta (Turtle, 2011). Additionally, the palace or Keraton in Yogyakarta has been decorated with local cultures, especially Javanese culture, along with other religious influences such as Buddhist, Hinduism, and Islam. Therefore, the historical values of Keraton Yogyakarta with its rich history of pluralism and renovations become one of the tourist attractions in Yogyakarta.

The tour guides in and around the Keraton Yogyakarta are selected to lead the groups of tourists in sightseeing to interesting places in the palace area. Since they are local citizens, they often share interesting stories about the legendary aspects of certain popular spots.

6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

There are three main parts that will be discussed in this chapter. The purposes of reviewing the related studies are not only to find similarities in the approach, topic choice, and research objectives from previous studies, but also to differentiate this research from previous researches. The review of related theories elaborates the relevant theories that will be applied in the analysis. The theoretical framework explains the contribution of related theories to how the theories can be applied to answer the research questions.

A. Review of Related Studies

One similar topic found in Samsuri’s study, Javanese Phoneme and Their

Distinctive Feature, discusses English mispronunciation. He argues that Javanese people naturally mispronounce certain English sounds. It, therefore, can make the addressee confused. For example, when the addresser asks an English native speaker “Will you fetch me my robe, please?” and spontaneously the addressee

questions him back “Did you say robe or rope?” (Samsuri, 1961: 316). He

Though the topic between Samsuri’s and this research is similar, they

focus on different objectives and informants. Samsuri examines all English sounds which are probably mispronounced by general Javanese people, while the researcher examines English voiced consonants especially: /b/, /d/, /z/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /ʒ/ and /dʒ/ spoken by the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta.

In his research titled The English Consonant Mispronunciations Produced By Sundanese Native Speakers, Aloysius Prianto Raharjo observes English consonants which are /f/, /v/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ spoken by English learners whose native language is Sundanese. He finds that the informants regularly make consonants change on /v/, /ð/, /θ/ /ʒ/, and /z/ are less than 50 percent accuracy (Raharjo, 2009: 74). He assumes that these changing sounds have been caused by inattention and interference by their mother tongue (Sundanese). Based on the research results, inattention of the informants causes devoicing rule e.g. /v/  [f]. Devoicing rule reduces voiced consonants into voiceless consonants (Raharjo, 2009: 75). However, he comes to the conclusion that the most likely reason for mispronunciation is the interference of informants’ mother tongue. In other words,

Sundanese phonetics does not have those phonemes (/f/, /v/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/) and it is therefore likely that these sounds will be mispronounced in English. He compares English and Sundanese phonetics by applying contrastive analysis.

Raharjo’s research is different from the researcher’s work since the objects

native speakers, while this research examines English voiced consonants spoken by Javanese native speakers working as the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta.

The other study is Kristin Kersten’s Comparative Studies in the

Phonological L2 Acquisition in Bilingual Pre-school. In this study, Kersten examines two bilingual Pre-school which are a French-German and an English-German project. She thinks English is getting more important for globalization since it has generally developed into the world’s vehicular language. It implies

that people have to be familiar with English in order to adapt this new situation. As a result, teachers have an important role to introduce and educate students or even children to be able to adapt this situation. Teaching foreign language (L2) is not that simple since they have to find the effective ways or strategies of teaching L2. One of the obstacles of teaching L2 is caused by children’s native language. In her study, she figures out four problems which are the role of foreign accent in the pronunciation of the L2, other elements beside foreign accent may cause error in pronunciation, the differences and similarities of L1 and L2, and the role of learners’ age to be first introduced to L2.

The first difference from Kersten’s study (2002) is that Kersten examines different informants. She observes mispronunciation produced by children, while the researcher observes mispronunciation produced by adults, the tour guides in Keraton. She does not only focus on the role of L1 as the obstruent to acquire L2, but also to find the role of foreign accent and learners’ age to be first introduced to

L2. Her study also has similarity to the researcher’s work which is both of them

produced by English non-native speakers. She notes all speech sounds found in English, French, and German, while the researcher notes consonants found either in Javanese or in English.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. English Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds based on the characteristic of individual sound; how they are produced and how they are characterized (Fromkin, 2000: 204-205). Since phonetics describes speech sounds, each sound will differ from all other. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the most acceptable and commonly used transcription alphabet, utilizes specific symbols for each distinctive sound of languages and classifies English sounds into two major natural classes: vowels (/i:/, /I/, /e/, / æ/, /ə/, /ʌ/, /u/, /ʊ/, /o/, /ɔ/, and /ɒ/) and consonants (/p/, /d/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /j/, and /w/).

a. English Consonant

Consonants are defined as a group of sounds which are produced by stopping and constricting the airflow in the vocal tract. This definition is explained by Fromkin stating:

Consequently, consonants are distinct from one another according to their place of articulation as well as their manner of articulation.

The place of articulation shows in which articulators that the consonants are produced (Fromkin, 2003: 242). It means the place of articulation refers to the where and what articulators are involved to produce speech sounds.

i. Bilabials

Bilabial sounds, /b, p, and m/, are produced by putting upper and lower lips together (Fromkin: 2003, 242).

ii. Labiodentals

Labiodental sounds are produced by touching lower lip to upper teeth or in words fat and vase incisors (Fromkin: 2003, 242). They are /f and v/.

iii. Interdentals

Inserting the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth will articulate /θ and ð/ termed interdental sounds (Fromkin: 2003, 242).

iv. Alveolars

Alveolar sounds, / d, n, s, z, l, and t/ are produced by raising the front part of the tongue to the alveolar ridge (Fromkin: 2003, 242).

v. Palatals

vi. Velars

The velar sounds, /k, g, and ŋ/, are produced when the back of the tongue is raised and touches the soft palate or velum (Fromkin: 2003, 243).

vii. Uvulars

Fromkin (2003, 243) states that “uvular sounds are produced by raising the

back of the tongue to the uvula”. This speech sound is symbolized as as /r/.

Additionaly, /r/ found in French is different to /r/ in other languages such as English since it is classified into lateral.

viii. Glottal

There are two sounds glottal including /h and ?/. The difference are the /h/ are produced when the glottis is open and there is no airstream produced in the mouth, while /?/ is produced when the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal cords (Fromkin: 2003, 243). Therefore, /?/ is known as a glottal stop.

Manner of articulation involves differentiating consonants “by the way the

air stream is affected as it travels from the lungs up and out of the mouth and nose” (Fromkin, 2000: 217). They include the following:

i. Voiced and voiceless sounds

bilabial sounds, but what makes them dissimilar is their manner of articulation. Sound /b/ is classified into voiced consonants while /p/ is classified into voiceless consonants.

ii. Nasal and oral sounds

According to Fromkin (2003, 246), nasal sounds are produced when the velum or soft palate is not raised. The air can pass through either nose or mouth. However oral sounds are produced whenever the air only comes out through the nose. It happens because the velum blocks the air passing the nose. It also helps to distinguish that they have different characteristics. The sound /b/ is classified into oral sounds while /m/ is considered as nasal sound.

iii. Stops

Some consonants categorized into stops are /p, b, m, t, n, k, g, and ?/. “Stops are sounds produced when the airflow is completely obstructed during the

speech.” (Akmajian, 2001: 73)

iv. Fricatives

When there is a narrow opening in the vocal tract, it causes the airflow to still pass through it and it produces hissing sounds. It helps to distinguish this by putting one hand in front of the mouth while producing fricative sounds. Fricatives consist of /f, v, θ, and ð/ (Akmajian, 2001: 73).

v. Affricates

Fromkin explains that “some sounds are produced by a stop closure

characteristic of a fricative.” (Fromkin, 2003: 248). Affricates are also known as a

sequence of a stop plus a fricative (Fromkin, 2003: 248).

The descriptions of English consonants based on the place and manner of articulation can be simplied into the following table of English consonants.

Table 2.1 English Consonants

(Source: John Eulenberg)

2. English Phonology

Phonemes, phones, and allophones are the basic units found in phonetics and phonology. A phoneme is a smaller underlying representation of a speech sound (Giegerich, 1992: 31). The researchers consider phonemes as an abstract mental representation in the speakers’ mind and a smaller phonological unit of language. The symbol referring to the phoneme enclosed in slanted bracket /..../. A phoneme is also known as “a contrastive unit in that they distinguish words,

Giegerich, a phone is identified as a concrete realization of certain phoneme (Giegerich, 1992: 31). It is concrete realization since it can be heard or comes in the form of utterances. The symbol of phone is enclosed in square brackets [...]. In her book, Fromkin (2000: 254) states that “an allophone is therefore a

predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme.” An allophone is the variant of

phonemes’ realization which occurs in certain environments e.g. [p] and [ph] are

allophones of the phoneme /p/. Since allophones are phonetically similar sounds, they do not contrast with each other and change the meaning of the words. For example pitch, which phonemically must be represented as /phItʃ/, might be pronounced as [pItʃ] without changing the meaning.

Besides phonemes, phones, and allophones, phonology uses phonological features to describe the characteristic of one phoneme. For example, the features of [b]: [+stop, +voiced, +labial, -alveolar, -nasal] and [d]: [+stop, +voiced, -labial, +alveolar, -nasal]. These features or properties also show the difference between /b/ and /p/. They are called distinctive features. Distinctive features (also known as phonological features) use a plus (+) and a minus (-) feature values to distinguish the phoneme from others (Fromkin, 2000: 256). Plus (+) signifies the presence of place and manner of articulation, but minus (-) signifies the absence of place and manner of articulation. Therefore, for example, the distinctive or phonemic features of /b/ and /p/ are [±voiced].

a. Phonological Rules

phonology to present sounds from the mental (abstract) level into the concrete level (utterances) by giving explanation about predictable aspects of speech (the environment of the phonemes). In order to convert from phonemes to phones, linguists use a phonological notation. The notation of phonological rule uses some symbols to make the rule statement more concise. For example as in assimilation rule, the notation is:

V  [+nasal] / ___ [nasal]

To the right of the arrow is the phonetic change that occurs, while to the left of the arrow is the sounds that is affected. The slash symbolizes the phonological environment that the phonetic change occurs. The underscore stands for the relative position of the sound to be changed with in the environment. To relate Hyman’s statement, the sound on left side of the arrow refers to the phonemic

representation and the sound on the right of the arrow refers to the phonetic representation. As a result, the notation above means vowel becomes nasalized in the environment before nasal segments.

Since phonological rules’ purpose is to give the explanation about the

predictable aspects of speech sounds, this research uses term the unexpected feature-changing rule to describe how the informants produce the data. The unexpected feature-changing rule is done by adding distinctive features that are unpredictable from the context and devoicing the data.

3. Javanese Phonetics

Javanese phonetics. Javanese sounds are classified into three categories which include vowels, consonants and semi-vowels (Wedhawati, 2001: 33). Summarizing from Wedhawati, Javanese vowels consist of /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /ə/, /o/ and /ɔ/, Javanese consonants consist of /p/, /b/, /m/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /n/, /r/, /ṭ/, /ḍ/, /l/, /c/, /j/, /n /, /k/, /g/, /ŋ/, /?/, and /h/ and Javanese semi-vowels consist of /w/ and /y/

(Whedawati, 2001: 33-41). Additionally, /ṭ/ is pronounced as /th/, while /ḍ/ is pronounced as /dh/. These speech sounds are different from aspirated sound /th/ in English since Javanese sounds are strong and clear than English aspirated sounds. Besides different sounds’ classification, there are some English sounds are absent

in Javanese phonetics. They are/f/ and /v/. Therefore, they are considered as foreign sounds.

a. Javanese Consonants

Javanese consonants are also classified based on place and manner of articulation and major classes. According to place of articulation, Javanese consonants are organized into the following:

i. Bilabials

ii. Labiodentals

Labiodental sound is produced by locating the lower lips to upper teeth (Mulyani, 2008, 31-32). The example of labial-dental sound is /w/ in word e.g. tuwa means old pronounced as [tuwɔ].

iii. Alveolars

iv. Medio-palatal

Medio palatal sounds are articulated when the middle tongue is on the hard palate (Mulyani, 2008: 34). They are /y, n , j, and c/ in words: koyo means like pronounced as [kɔyɔ], banyu means water pronounced as [ban u], jiwit means pinching pronounced as [jiwit], and coro means cockroach pronounced as [coro].

v. Dorso-velar

Sounds /g, ŋ, and k/ are classified into dorso-velar in words: jejeg which means erect pronounced as [jəjəg], tangi means wake up pronounced as [taŋi], and soko means from pronounced as [sɔkɔ]. These sounds are produced by touching the back part of the tongue to the velum (Mulyani, 2008: 35).

vi. Laringal

Laringal sound is /h/. It is produced on pharynx (Mulyani, 2008: 36). The glottal sound is /h/ in words: dhahar means eating. It is pronounced as [ḍahar],

vii. Glottal stop

Glottal sounds are produced on the glottis (Mulyani, 2008: 36). The example is in word papak means blunt pronounced as [papa?]. In this case, /k/ is articulated as [?].

the aspiration rule which creates the variation of phone and phoneme or allophone. The aspiration rule includes certain consonants that are produced with aspiration. Contrasting to English phonology, the English aspirated consonants are /p, t, and k/ when occurring in the initial position, while in Javanese phonology the aspirated consonants are /p, t, k, and d/ (Samsuri, 1985: 142). However /p, t, k/ are not aspirated when occurring in the initial position. It is thought to be aspirated when occurring in the final position e.g. [?uuaph], [kauath], and [gabakh]. Aspirated consonants [th] is different from the /ṭ/ pronounced as [th] and /ḍ/ pronounced as [dh] since those sounds are produced more clearly. Therefore, those sounds are not considered allophones or variants of /d/. They are classified into pico-palatals. Javanese sounds such as /b, d, ḍ, j, and g/ are produced with unclear aspiration such as in [bhabhath], [dhabhakh], [dhhadhhaph], [jhara?], and [cagha?] (Samsuri, 1985: 142).

Nasalization also occurs in Javanese consonants i.e. /b, d, ḍ j, and g/. In his book, Samsuri (1985: 142) comes to conclusion that /b, d, ḍ j, and g/ are nasalized when they follow nasal sounds: /m, n, and ŋ/. For example, [mbalaph], [mandəŋ], [kandhaŋ], and [njuaph].

5. Language Interference

Javanese native speakers produce a girl smart instead of a smart girl. It is caused by different word orders found in Javanese and English. The word order of English noun phrase is adjective + noun. The adjective is used to modify the noun and placed before the noun. Javanese has different a word order. The adjective comes after the noun. It is proven by kenya wasis. Kenya means a girl, while wasis means smart. The examples of phonological errors are: 1. when the speakers do not articulate [stɒp], they add e and articulate [setɒp], 2. the pronounce regency: /ri:dʒənsi/ as [ri:gənsi]. It is influenced by the spelling pronunciation done by Javanese and Indonesian. Spelling pronunciation is a pronunciation based on the spelling of a word without regarding to its historical or traditional pronunciation (http://www.self.gutenberg.org/articles/Spelling_pronunciation). Spelling pronunciation is caused by letters that stand for certain sounds.

Besides language interference, another term commonly used by others linguist is language transfer. Terence Oldin (1989) states

Transfer is the influence resulting from similarities and differences between target language and any other languages that have been previously (and perhaps imperfectly) acquired (Odlin, 1989: 27).

As a result, language interference is defined as language transfer which delivers negative transfer in the target language (L2) caused by the speakers’ native language (L1).

Relating to this research, language interference in phonological errors is classified into psychological interference based on Dulay (1982). He states “interference has been used to refer to two very distinct linguistic phenomena, one

1982: 98). The psychological interference refers to how the old habit affects new habit being learned, while the sociolinguistic interference refers to language interactions including borrowing and switching (Dulay, 1982: 98). Psychological interference occurs when L1 sounds are unfamiliar with L2, then, L1 language system influences how the speakers pronounce L2 words. Sociolinguistic interference according to Haugen and Weinreich in Dulay (1982: 100) happens where the speakers are bilinguals. For example, Javanese native speakers also speak Indonesian language. Therefore, they know several sounds which are absent in Javanese such as /f/. They articulate word tv as [tifi] rather than /tivi/.

Michael Swan (2001) also supports the CA’s idea. He agrees that L1 can

affect the speakers in several ways including phonology, vocabulary, and grammar. L1 does not have equivalent feature and system to L2 or L1 has similarities but not identical to L2 (Swan, 2001: xi). Therefore, CA can predict that different phonemes found in L1 and L2 will pose problems which are mispronunciations.

The error analysis (EA) is complex than the CA in analyzing the errors caused by L1 interference. It is supported by Dulay (1982) stating that the EA is “an attempt to account for the learner errors that couldn’t be explained or

evaluation errors (Ellis, 1994: 48). In order to identify non-targeted productions, the EA has to look at the categorizations of sounds found in L1 and L2. The categorizations are based on mental processing of information dealing with different allophones (Kersten, 2002: 3). When the L1 and L2 speech sounds are similar, but not identical, or even unknown, the speakers find difficulties to differentiate those two sounds. Flege in Kersten’s says there are three possible set

of sounds of L2 phonemes. They are: L2 sound are identical with L1, equivalent with L1, and unknown by L1 (Kersten, 2002: 4). The identical sound means both L1 and L2 are having the same phoneme. Therefore, it does not pose any problem (errors in pronunciation). On the contrast, equivalent and unknown sounds cause negative transfer. Unknown sounds, according to Flege (1987), are “new L2

phones have no counterpart in the L1 and so, by definition, differ acoustically from phones found in L1” (Flege, 1887: 48). Since the L1 do not have L2

C. Theoretical Framework

To answer the first problem formulation, the researcher needs to identify what English voiced consonants (EVCs) mispronounced by the tour guides in Keraton. Theory of phonetics and theory of basic statistical are combined to determine the incorrect EVCs . The accuracy that is under 50% is classified into speech sounds which are (often) mispronounced by the informants.

In order to know how the tour guides in Keraton produce the incorrect data, phonological theory is applied. Therefore, the researcher can identify the target phonemes and the productions of target phoneme. If they are different, the distinctive feature is used to find out the binary features of the target phoneme and the productions of target phonene. As a result, it can describe the changes of target phonemes to the production of target phonemes. Phonological theories are applied including the manner and the place of articulation’s classification, the phonological rules’ theory in converting phonemic representation to phonetic representation, theories of phonological properties to describe the characterization of phonemes, and theory of distinctive feature to compare the target phoneme to the non-targeted phones.

26 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The observed linguistic elements are vocalized-sounds or phonemes. The specific objects of this study are English oral voiced consonants including /b/, /d/, /z/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /ʒ/ and /dʒ/. The subjects of the study are the tour guides in Keraton in Yogyakarta. The data are listed in the form of sentences.

B. Approach of the Study

C. Method of the Study 1. Data Collection

In order to observe the recordings of English voiced consonants (EVC), the researcher did a field research in Keraton Yogyakarta. The researcher analyzed the data by applying descriptive qualitative analysis. This method also took sampling of the target subjects to represent the population of the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta. This approach is explained by Cohen (2000: 92) stating that researchers have to obtain data from a smaller group where certain knowledge can be gained to represent the whole population. The sample size was 50 percentages of the total the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta. The researcher used this sampling because by observing half of the population, the result can be generalized the entire population under study. Cohen (2000) says “there is no clear-cut answer, for the correct sample size depends on the purpose of the study and the nature of the population under scrutiny” (Cohen, 2000: 93). Therefore, as long as the data were reliable, valid, and significant, it can represent the population. The sampling strategy used was a simple random sampling. A simple random sampling is one kind of possible samples since it seeks a wider population (Cohen: 2000: 99). In his book, he states:

“In random sampling, each member of the population under study has an equal chance of being selected and the probability of a member of the population being selected is unaffected by the selection of other members of the population.” (Cohen: 2000: 100)

tour guides. The tour guides were divided into two divisions that lead domestic and international tourists. The number of the tour guides leading international tourists was 25 persons. Therefore, the researcher selected random tour guides. There were 13 tour guides (a half population) being observed.

All of consonants sounds being observed were recorded by using several instruments including: tape recorder, and microphone. This approach helped the researcher when describing how the tour guides pronounced words and what consonants were mispronounced. These instruments are important on data collecting according to Samarin (1967), he states “analysis must be on fact, we

mean facts whose sources we can incontrovertibly document, not those drawn out of our memories” (Samarin, 1967: 152). Therefore, the only way to accomplishing that statement was to file the data into a form of documents. Then, the researcher wrote down the data into a spoken texts, known as phonetic transcriptions by playing back the recordings and looking at a pronunciation on dictionary since phonetic transcriptions spoken by the tour guides would be contrasted with pronunciation as indicated by the phonetic spelling on dictionary. The researcher used the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th Edition. After working with the phonetic transcriptions, the researcher organized the phonetic data with the use of tables, then double-checked and tested the phonetic transcriptions by playing back the records, and analyzing the documents.

pronounce in a natural way, with true sounds of their own language.” (Ladefoged, 2003: 4). As a result, the researcher used the form of sentences, for example: please repeat the word marriage, can you say a bridge, and I mean a banyan tree. The researcher observed the words that were as close as possible to the informants. Each English voiced consonant consisted of 3 selected words in each environment (in initial, medial, and final position), except /ʒ/ occurring in initial position and medial position. The word genre is the only datum provided /ʒ/ in initial position. It was because the researcher did not find any word consisting /ʒ/ in initial position.

Table 3.1 Data Indicators Type of

EVC

Initial Position Medial Position Final Position

/b/ Banyan tree Labor Tomb

Bun Abdicate Job

Barn Trouble Robe

/d/ Design Wedding Crowned

Deer Building Guard

Dragon Kingdom Field

/z/ Zero Museum Amaze

Zone Citizen Cultures

Zodiac Colonialism Size

/g/ Gate Bangle Flag

Gazebo Against Leg

/v/ Vehicle Pavilion Stove

View Governor Active

Visual Believed Waves

/ð/ They Worthy Breathe

This Truths Clothe

Themselves Weather Smooth

/ʒ/ Genre Pleasure Garage

Treasure Massage

Beige

dʒ/ Generation Regency Marriage

Generous Regional Heritage

Genetically Rejoicing Carriage

2. Data Analysis

∑ _∑

where x= the percentage of each speech sound in each position. The formula to get the average of each EVC in initial, medial, or final position is:

̅ (_{∑ )}

Then, to find the average EVC in all position, the following formula is used:

̅ ( ̅ )

If the correctness of ECV was under 50%, the researcher concluded that that EVC was (often) mispronounced by the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta.

In order to answer the second research question, the researcher used both phonological analysis and descriptive qualitative analysis. The researcher described the phonological processes of EVC that were mispronounced by using certain symbols and the conversion like in mathematics. The formula was as follows, for example:

X  Y / A ___ B

X is the input, while Y is the output. The arrow indicates the change of the input from phonemes into phones.

33 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

The analysis result and discussions are divided into three subchapters. The coherence of theories and methodologies reviewed previously are applied together to answer the problem formulation of this research. The first subchapter uses descriptive qualitative analyses combined with basic statistical data to know what English voiced consonants are mispronounced by the tour guides in Keraton. The theory applied is English phonetics. The second subchapter uses contrastive, descriptive, and phonological analyses to answer the second problem formulation. Theories are used relate to phonetics and phonology. The third subchapter also uses contrastive and descriptive analyses to compare English phonemes to Javanese phonemes. Theories of language interference also take role in this subchapter. The language interference that caused errors in pronunciation will be examined by error analysis.

A. Mispronounced English Voiced Consonants by the tour Guides

example when the tour guides mispronounce word citizen. They produce [sɪtɪsn] than [sɪtɪzn]. Sound /z/ is replaced by [s]. This example of error in pronunciation is tolerated because these two sounds are closely related sounds. They sound similar. The example of mispronunciation creates misunderstanding is when the articulate word beige. This word must be pronounced as [beiʒ], but they pronounce it as [beig]. Therefore, the tourists cannot get what they mean.

The observed data are /b, d, z, v, g, ð, ʒ, and dʒ/ in initial, medial, and final position found in English as a target language (L2). In order to find the mean of correct pronunciation of each EVC, arithmetic mean or math average formula is applied. Arithmetic mean, according to Margaret Rouse, is “the quantity obtained

by summing two or more numbers or variables” (Rouse, 2005:1). In other words,

arithmetic mean is defined as the sum of all the given elements that are divided by the total number of elements and functioned to represent statistical data. The mean scores, further, is converted to a percentage by using these following formulas:

∑ _∑

Where x= the percentage of each speech sound in each position. The formula to get the average of each EVC in initial, medial, or final position is:

̅ (_{∑ )}

Then, to find the average EVC in all position, the following formula is used:

̅ ̅

1. English Consonant [b]

As the informants of phonological research, the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta are asked to articulate English words. There are 9 English words consisting voiced bilabial stop consonant /b/. Three English words are in each position: in initial, medial, and final position. Based on the arithmetic mean (enclosed in appendices), the accuracy of [b] is 100%. It means they can produce /b/ as [b]. Consonant /b/ as a target phoneme is articulated without any negative transfers or interferences.

2. English consonant [d]

The phonological features of /d/ are [+voiced, +alveolar, +stop, +consonantal]. This speech sound sounds similar to /b/ since the distinctive feature is only [±alveolar]. If the informants do not carefully produce those phonemes, they have possibilities to mispronounce /d/. However, the average of accuracy of [d] proves that they can come up with this case. The accuracy of [d] in every position is 100%. They do not do any mistake or mispronounce the data while producing [d]. The result comes to conclusion that they produce [d] like what /d/ as the target phoneme, is expected in English phonetics.

3. English Consonant [z]

[z] in initial, medial, and final position is about , 12.8%, and 48.7%. Therefore, the average of accuracy of [z] is 40%.

The mean of [z] which is less than 50% indicates that the tour guides in Keraton face problem to pronounce it. While producing /z/, they do negative transfer which causes a non-targeted phone. In other words, the target phoneme is substituted with other phones.

4. English Consonant [g]

Producing phoneme /g/ is a piece of cake for the tour guides in Keraton. It means that they can easily pronounce it. This statement is supported by the accuracy of [g]. According to arithmetic mean, the accuracy of [g] in all positions (in initial, medial, and final) is 100%. They do not do any negative transfer or interference while articulating sound /g/. There is no tendency for them to mispronounce /g/ or to replace other phones. The target phone is exactly identical to the target phoneme.

5. English Consonant [v]

are , , and 48.7%. Then, the accuracy of [v] occurring in all position is 40%. From the data above, it can be concluded that the informants really face problems to articulate target phoneme either in initial and medial position.

6. English consonant [ð]

While pronouncing English speech sound /ð/, the tour guides in Keraton do errors in pronunciation. Most of them mispronounce /ð/ and replace it with non-targeted phones. In other words, /ð/ that is expected by the English phonology is substituted with other phones. Since there is a negative transfer, the non-targeted phones might be classified into two divisions including: similar to the target phoneme and unknown to the target phoneme.

The most difficult part the informants produce /ð/ is found in the initial position. It is supported by the arithmetic mean of /ð/ in every position. The accuracy of [ð] in initial position is about 5.12%, while the accuracies of [ð] in medial and final position are 51.27% and 28%. Though the accuracy of [ð] in medial position is more than 50%, the average of accuracy of [ð] in all position is low at 28.13%. It comes to the conclusion that, the informants find difficulties when pronouncing /ð/. It is proven when replace the target phoneme to the non-targeted production.

7. English Consonant [ʒ]

genre. Therefore, the total number of calculation is also different. The mean formula used is modified and adjusted toward this limitation as enclosed in the appendices.

The worse accuracy of English consonants done by the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta is when they pronounce /ʒ/. The percentage of correct [ʒ] is only about 13.59%. They do negative transfer by replacing the target phoneme with non-targeted phones. They also do mispronunciation while articulating /ʒ/ in other positions. The data show that the accuracy of [ʒ] in medial and final position is about 10% and 30.76%.

8. English Consonant /dʒ/

According to English manner of articulation, /dʒ/ is categorized as voiced and affricate consonant, while according to its place of articulation it is categorized as palatal consonant. Palatal sounds are produced by putting the front of the tongue toward the hard palate.

The accuracies of [dʒ] in initial, medial, and final position are 30.76%, 10.25% and 94.87%. The observed data indicates that the position of /dʒ/ really takes an important role. The range of accuracy of those positions supports this statement. Though the informants can produce /dʒ/ in final position properly, the average of all position is less than 50% which is 45.29%. This mean is used as the base of generalization how the tour guides in Keraton produce 8 English voiced consonants.

consonants and what data are (often) mispronounced by them. The number of informants are 13 people or a half population (population: 25 persons) of the tour guides who accompany international tourists.

The calculations point that the tour guides mispronounce some English voiced consonants (EVCs). The accuracies under 50%, further, are classified into EVCs which is (often) mispronounced by the tour guides. There are five EVCs that accuracies are less than 50%: [z, v, ð, ʒ, and dʒ]. The accuracies of these EVCs are 40%, 14.5%, 28.13%, 13.59% and 45.29%. In contrast to other phonemes, [b, d, and g], are articulated perfectly since the accuracy of each phoneme is 100%. They do not do any negative transfers. In other words, the target phonemes are identical to the target phone indicated by English phonetics.

B. Phonological Analysis of EVCs

After analyzing the data, the researcher comes to conclusion that the tour guides in Keraton do not produce all data correctly. There are EVCs they 100% pronounce correctly: /b, d, and g/ while others not. As a result, it is very important to know how they produce those English voiced consonants by analyzing the phonetic representations of each incorrect EVC. The phonetic representations refer to the results of transferring abstract sound on the speakers’ mind into real sounds. The phonetic representation will be done by applying theories of phonetics and phonology, and phonological analyses.

1. Voiced Alveolar Fricative Consonant /z/ /z/  [s] / __ V

Consonant /z/ becomes [s] in the environment before a vowel in words: zero, zodiac, zone, and cultures.

/z/  [s] / V __ V

Consonant /z/ becomes [s] in the environment between vowels in words: museum, citizen, size, and amaze.

/z/  [s] / __ C

Consonant /z/ becomes [s] in the environment before consonant in word: colonialism.

Table 4.4 Features contrast of [z] and [s]

[z] [s]

+ consonantal + consonantal

+ voiced - voiced

+ fricative + fricative

+ alveolar + alveolar

2. Voiced Labiodental Fricative Consonant /v/

Based on the data, the accuracy of the voiced labiodental fricative consonants /v/ is 14.5%. It means that the tour guides in Keraton, as the informants, cannot produce /v/ correctly. The explanation of phonetic representation of /v/ is explained below:

/v/  [f] / __ V

Consonant /v/ becomes [f] in the environment before a vowel, such as in words: vehicle, view, and visual.

/v/  [f] / V__V

Consonant /v/ becomes [f] in the environment between vowels in words: pavilion, governor, believed, stove, active, and waves.

These analyses show that wherever the consonant /v/ occurs, it is pronounced as [f]. The contrasts between these consonants are as follows:

Table 4.5 Feature Contrast of [v] and [f]

[v] [f]

+ consonantal + consonantal

+ voiced -voiced

+ fricative + fricative + labiodental + labiodental

vocal cords are together, the air stream forces them and causes them to vibrate. In fact, when utterancing the English words containing /v/, they substituted the expected phoneme with [f]. Then, the vocal cords are not together and the airflow goes freely through the throats.

Having no crucial difference makes /v/ and /f/ sound similar. It is supported by the distinctive feature of [v] and [f] which is [±voiced]. It also indicates that [f] is a target-like phone of /v/ though [f] is a non-targeted phone. Consonant [f] is classified into not-targeted phones since [f] is not exactly equal to /v/ in the L2. These speech sounds are just not identic but they are equivalent to each other. Therefore, the speakers or listeners have to pronounce or listen to L2 sounds carefully.

3. Voiced Interdental Fricative Consonant /ð/

The accuracy of consonant /ð/ is also low that is only 28.13%. It reflects that most of the informants cannot produce this sound correctly. The descriptions of the changing consonant /ð/ are below:

/ð/  [t] / __ V

Consonant /ð/ becomes [t] in the environment before a vowel in words: they, this, and them.

/ð/  [t] / C __ V

Consonant /ð/ becomes [t] in the environment between a consonant and a vowel, as in the words: worthy and truth.

Consonant /ð/ becomes [t] in the environment between vowels such as in words: weather, breathe, and clothe.

/ð/  [t] / V__

Consonant /ð/ becomes [t] in the environment after a vowel, as in word smooth. These phonological analyses comes to the conclusion that /ð/ is pronounced as [t]. In order to contrast these sounds, the phonological feature contrasts between these sounds are:

Table 4.5 Feature Contrast of [ð] and [t]

[ð] [t]

+ consonantal + consonantal

+ voiced -voiced

+ fricative + stop

+ interdental + alveolar

The result of sound changing of /ð/ is quite different from other previous consonants since the distinctive features are more than one. Previous consonants are produced by devoicing the target phonemes, while in this case the informants apply the unexpected feature-changing rule by articulating non-targeted phones randomly. However, most of the tour guides can produce /ð/ almost perfectly only in word: truth. The role of language exposure takes an important role in this case.

Language exposure is generally discussed in teaching foreign language for children. According to Galliot, language exposure is about the frequency of speaking and listening to the other language being learned. If they speak or listen to the other language consistently and continuously, it helps them to improve their foreign language acquisition. It makes the process of learning is so naturally and effectively. In fact, language exposure also takes an important role how the tour guides articulate /ð/ in the word truth. They are so familiar to this word. As a result, they have ability to detect /ð/ and produce truth correctly.

4. Voiced Palatal Fricative Consonant /ʒ/

The accuracy of /ʒ/ shows that it is the consonants that the tour guides in Keraton mostly mispronounce. The accuracy of /ʒ/ is 13.59%. The consonant /ʒ/ is often mispronounced in all positions whether in initial, medial, or final position. The phonological analyses are as follows:

/ʒ/  [g] / __ V

Consonant /ʒ/ becomes [g] in the environment before a vowel. It occurs in example word: genre where /ʒ/ is in the initial position.

Consonant /ʒ/ becomes [s] in the environment between vowels. In this observation, in the words: pleasure, treasure, garage, massage, and beige.

These phonological analyses demonstrate that the tour guides observed in Keraton are producing more than one non-targeted phone. The target phoneme, /ʒ/ is substituted with [g] or [s]. The further explanation will be explored in depth by looking at the difference between these consonants.

Table 4.7 Features Contrast of [ʒ], [g], and [s]

[ʒ] [g] [s]

+ consonantal + consonantal + consonantal

+ voiced + voiced - voiced

+ palatal + velar + alveolar

+ fricative + stop + stop

- nasal - nasal - nasal

Since the target phoneme is replaced by [g] and [s], the manner and place of articulations are also different. While producing [g], the tour guides change the place of articulation from palatals to velars. The tip or front of the tongue is no longer raised to touch the hard palate. Otherwise, the back of the tongue rises to the soft palate or also known as velum. Then, it obstructs the airstream completely. As a result, [g] is classified into stops, so does [s]. While producing [s] the speech organ involved is the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge. The airflow also goes out freely and does not vibrate the vocal cords, called voiceless.

5. Voiced Palatal Affricate Consonant /dʒ/

Consonant /dʒ/ spoken by the tour guides in Keraton also encounters the shift of phonetic representation. The production of target phoneme is different from the target phoneme. In fact, they mostly mispronounce /dʒ/ when it occurs in the initial and the medial position. Otherwise, they seem to have no difficulty while pronouncing /dʒ/ in the final position. The phonological analyses below explain how the informants are producing the voiced palatal-alveolar affricates consonant:

/dʒ/  [g] / __ V

Consonant /dʒ/ becomes [g] in the environment before a vowel as in example words: generation, generous, genetically, regency, and regional.

/dʒ/  [j] / __ V

The data analysis above shows that the tour guides in Keraton who mispronounce /dʒ/ are replacing it to [g] and [j], except /dʒ/ found in the final position. The accuracy of /dʒ/ in the final position is 94.87%. The differences between /dʒ/, /g/, and /j/ are explained by the features contrast below:

Table 4.8 Features Contrast of [dʒ], [g], and [j]

[dʒ] [g] [j]

+ consonantal + consonantal + consonantal

+ voiced + voiced + voiced

+ palatal + velar + palatal

+ affricate + stop + glide

- nasal - nasal - nasal

Consonant [j] is the target-like of /dʒ/ since they only share one distinctive feature which makes them sounds similar. Consonant [g] is the unexpected targeted phone of /dʒ/ because the two sounds are unlike each other.

C. Language Interference

When producing English voiced consonants (EVCs), the tour guides in Keraton Yogyakarta cannot pronounce all speech sounds correctly, except: /b, d, and g/. The observed data indicates that the tour guides mispronounce /z, v, ð, ʒ, and dʒ/. The accuracy of those speech sounds is under 50%. The accuracies of these speech sounds are 40%, 14.50%, 28.13%, 13.59% and 45.29%. According to first language interference’s theory, these errors in pronunciation are considered as the reflections of underlying differences between speech sounds in different languages (Dulay, 1982: 98). Therefore, it creates English-Javanese interdependence. Javanese as the tour guides’ native language (L1) with its language system affects their English (L2) acquisition. L2 in this research is quite different from other related works since L2 does not stand for a second language. L2 stands for the target language spoken by the tour guides. The reason is English is not a second language of Javanese native speakers. It is known as a foreign language.

L1 phone to replace L2 phonemes. Here is the role of Javanese as a native language interference in explaining errors in the target phonemes:

a. Voiced Alveolar Fricative Consonant /z/

UF/UR zero zone zodiac

/zɪroʊ/ /zoʊn/ /zoʊdɪaek/

Javanese interference [sɪroʊ] [soʊn] [soʊdɪaek] PF/PR [sɪroʊ] [soʊn] [soʊdɪaek]

UF/UR museum citizen colonialism

/mjuzi:əm/ /sɪtɪzn/ /kələʊniəlɪzəm/

Javanese interference [mjusi:əm] [sɪtɪsn] [kələʊniəlɪsəm] PF/PR [mjusi:əm] [sɪtɪsn] [kələʊniəlɪsəm]

UF/UR amaze cultures size

/əmeɪz/ /kʌltʃərz/ /saɪz/

Javanese interference [əmeɪs] [kʌltʃərs] [saɪs] PF/PR [əmeɪs] [kʌltʃərs] [saɪs]

informants break the English phonological rule which aim is to obtain the predictable sounds occurring in certain environments. For example in words: museum and citizen, though the spellings are /s and z/ is predicted to be pronounced as [z] since these phonemes occurs between vowels, voiced sounds. Another example to support that the informant doing the unexpected feature changing rule is in word: cultures = /kʌltʃərz/. The expected pronunciation of /s/ in cultures is [z] since it follows the voiced palatal liquid [r].

The evidence above supports the statement that different phonemes of two contrastive languages build language interference. The interference of the tour guides in Keraton to acquire a target language (L2), English, has been influenced by Javanese, the tour guides’ native language (L1). According to Javanese