MODALIZATION IN THE OPINION COLUMN OF THE
JAKARTA POST
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
FEBRIKA DWI LESTARI
Registration Number: 8116111008
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
ABSTRACT
Lestari, Febrika Dwi. Modalization in the Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post.
English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State
University of Medan. 2014
ABSTRAK
Lestari, Febrika Dwi. Modalisasi dalam Kolom Opini Pada Koran The Jakarta
Post. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana.
Universitas Negeri Medan. 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Jesus Christ the most Gracious Greatest Savior.
First of all, I would like to say praise to Jesus Christ who has given chance
and health to the writer in order could finish this thesis on time. There are so many
difficulties were found along this study, but it is all by His great blessing and
mercy that the writer could do this work.
Her special gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd, as the Head
of English Applied Linguitics Study Program and all lecturers, for the valuable
knowledge and instruction they have imparted to her during the years of studying.
The writer owe her deep and sincere gratitude to her first adviser Prof.
Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, and her second adviser Prof. Amrin Saragih, P.hD, for
their valuable advice, guidance, insight and precious time spent on supervising
and commenting this thesis until it appears in its present form. Without their help,
personal example and faith in the quality of this work, this thesis could never have
been completed.
The writer also very grateful to all examiners for this thesis, Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, M.S, Mara Untung Ritonga, M. Hum., Ph. D, and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
for their valuable question, critics and correction. Their extensive knowledge and
experience have been of great value to me.
Then, a very special debt of gratitude is directed to his beloved parents, St.
M. Lumbantoruan and R.P Hutajulu, together with his beloved brother, Rincan
Budiyanto, S.Pt, sister in-law, Eka Melisa Lestari, SE, and her sisters, Agnes Tri
Susanti, S.Pd and Dewi Septiani, S.Psi and the cutest niece, Maria Jill Hamoraon
whose love and encouragement have carried me this far. Her thanks also goes to
her relatives, Bg Ella and Family, Hutajulu’s Family, Omi Jill. Thanks for your
love, caring and help during the study.
The writer also would like to thank all friends of LTBI Angkatan 20 for all
support have helped me through the years in this study. Especially, Vidya, Tari,
Iwa, K’ Coy, K’ Saurma, Lily, K’ Zikra, a great thanks given to all of you guys,
for your support, help, patience, motivation and encouragement during this hard
time.
I would like to give a special thanks to the special friend of mine, Hestika
Ginting, S.S, Emma Sasa, S.S and Meilinda Saragih, S.S who help me through the
hardest time. You are like my own sisters and I am proud to be the part of this
friendship and hope that this will last forever. I also have to thank the lovable,
Dra. Netty F. Hutabarat for her pray, support, encouragement and most valuable
advices.
Her thanks also goes to the staff of LTBI, Bg. Farid for many helps
regarding with the administration problem and also the staff of LTBI Library who
has given a lot of help during the writing of this thesis.
Last but not least, she must confess that she has done to accomplish this
thesis but she is been fully aware that it is still far from being perfect. Therefore,
any critics, suggestions, or comments that given to make the thesis better will be
highly appreciated.
Medan, Maret 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1 Systemic Functional Grammar View on Modality... 11
2.2 Modality ... 13
2.4 Language Features in Politics ... 33
2.5 Modality in Text ... 34
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design ... 38
3.2 Source of Data ... 38
3.3 Technique for Collecting Data ... 39
3.4 Technique for Analyzing Data ... 39
3.5 Trustworthiness of the Data ... 40
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The Data and Data Analysis ... 42
4.1.1. Types of Modalization Used in the Texts ... 42
4.1.2. The Use/Realization of Modalization in the Text ... 47
4.1.2.1 Types of Modalization... 47
4.1.2.2 The Value of Modalization ... 64
4.1.2.3 The Orientation of Modalization ... 72
4.1.3 Reason Modalization used in the Opinion Column ... 78
4.2 Finding ... 80
4.3 Discussion ... 81
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions……….. ... 85
5.2 Suggestions……….. ... 86
REFERENCES ... 87
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. The Types of Modality ... 20
Table 2.2. The Realization of Modalization ... 22
Table 2.3. Modal Adjunct ... 22
Table 2.4. Positive and Negative Poles ... 27
Table 2.5. The Value of Modalization ... 28
Table 2.6. The Orientation of Modality ... 30
Table 4.1. The Sub Modalization Types ... 43
Table 4.2. Value of Modalization ... 45
Table 4.3. Modalization Indicators ... 48
Table 4.4. Modalization Value ... 65
Table 4.5. Indicators of Modalization Value ... 67
Table 4.6. The Total of Orientation of Modalization ... 72
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 The Full Text of Political Texts ... 91
Appendix 2 Types and Value of Modalization ... 108
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the Study
Modality is a part of interpersonal elements that can be considered as
comment or attitude (Fowler, 1991:85). It is a broad expression of a speaker’s or
writer’s attitude toward the situation or event described by a sentence or in regard
to the proposition expressed by the sentence. Fowler (1991) states that modality is
differentiated into four types of comment namely truth, obligation, permission and
desirability. Truth means that the speaker or writer indicates a commitment to the
truth of any proposition is uttered. Then obligation means the speaker or writer
stipulates the participants to perform the action to the proposition. Permission
means that the speaker or writer gives permission to do something. Next, the last,
desirability means that the speaker or writer indicates agreement/disagreement of
proposition.
The explanation above brings us to some important functions of the
language; firstly, language is used as the purposes of communication and social
cooperation. In this function language enables us to influence people’s behavior in
detail, thereby makes communication and social cooperation possible. Secondly,
language can also function as an instrument of thought. A philosopher, for
example, uses language to clarify and develop his ideas on subject so here
language is used as an instrument of thought. Thirdly, language can also be used
for an expressive purpose. As an outcome of human social activities, language
plays a variety function in human communication. Halliday (1994:10) has
metafunction namely, ideational function where language is used to represent
ideas, interpersonal function where language is used to exchange ideas and textual
function where language is used to organize ideas.
As explained above, one of the functions of language as purposed by
Halliday is interpersonal function where the language is used to enable us to
participate with communicative acts with other people. It means here in this
function we use language to interact to other, to establish and maintain the social
link with them. In interacting with other, we usually tell things for purpose such as
influence people’s attitude/behavior, provide information, explain our attitude,
etc. In other words, we use language to exchange the transaction between speaker
and listener.
Moreover, since modality is referred to as "a form of participation by the
speaker in the speech event", and since it is through modality that "the speaker
associates with the thesis an indication of its status and validity in his own
judgment" (through the comment whether it is truth, obligation, permission or
desirability), thus "intruding" and taking up a position (Halliday 1970: 335),
modality is placed as part of the interpersonal function. This is the case since it
expresses "a role relationship between the speaker and hearer" in the sense that
"the speaker is taking upon himself a particular communicative role" through
which he determines both his own role as well as the hearer's in relation to each
other (Halliday 1970:325). Therefore as one of the realizations of interpersonal
function, modality is divided into modalization and modulation. Modalization
that are probability (how likely it is to be true) and usuality (how frequently it is
true). For example it is naïve to deny Jokowi’s presidential aspirations. He has
been in politics since contesting-and winning- the Surakarta mayoral election in
2005. His surprise win in the Jakarta election last year must make the move up
the ladder tempting……(opinion column of The Jakarta Post, Sunday, 28 July
2013), the writer here exchanges the information to the reader and gives judge that
Jokowi’ winning in the election must make the move up the public confidence.
The speaker conveys confidently in the truth of what he/she is saying based on a
deduction from the facts he/she known. On the other hand, modulation deals with
option to express judgment of obligation and inclination. For example “Another
bombshell in the hydrocarbon industry: The Jakarta Corruption Court this week
jailed three executives from Chevron Pacific Indonesia, the largest oil producer in
the country, in a controversial case that should have been handled as a civil
case” (opinion column of The Jakarta Post, Sunday, July 21, 2013), the modality
used in this sentence indicates obligation, means that the Jakarta Corruption Court
obligates to handled the case of the bombshell in the hydrocarbon industry as the
civil case.
Modality has been originally understood as the truth value of the
proposition logicians. It also might be construed as the relativization of the
validity of sentence meaning to a set of possible worlds or way in which people
could conceive the world to be different (Kiefer, 1994:2515). This means that,
modality allows the language users to express what is, what would be, what may
be and what should be. It can be said that, interpersonal function is realized by
doubted or contradicted, insisted on or accepted with reservation, etc. what stance
a speaker or a writer takes depends largely on the modality system underlying the
clauses. In other words, modality will express different degree of the speaker or
writer commitment to proposition.
It is realized that the principal function of the language is a tool of
communication. Language that used in communication is not only in form of
spoken language but also in written form. When we use language, whether it is
orally or writing, our main purpose is to convey some sort of message to other
people. The message may be kind of informative or inquiring but it may also be
persuasive, attempting to influence the hearer or reader, implicitly and explicitly,
toward a desired attitude or behavior.
There are many kinds of written form of communications and one kind of
it is newspaper. Knowing the features in news can help us get more accurate
information around the world, and can fully enjoy the fastness and convenience of
the information age. Newspaper contains a range of items; news, comment and
analysis, advertising, entertainment, editorial, opinion and many other. Newspaper
as one kind of form of communications enables the writer and the reader to
communicate through the writing. One of important factors in communication
strategy is we should know to whom that language is used or what is the aim of
the communication. In this case, the writer should know how to use the language
in order to reach the aim of communication.
In reading the newspaper, there is an interaction between the speaker and
writer-what she/he has to say and employ accordingly all the language resources
available to help the reader interpret the message as successfully as possible. This
should hold true whether the writer’s objective is to entertain readers in narratives
or to convince them of the points in his/her argument in expository text.
The writer effort in writing to help the readers decode and interpret the
message successfully, could be motivated by his/her not so entirely conscientious
to win them over to his/her particular view of an issue and in fact could manifest
itself in the form of language manipulation (Mineshima,2009). Newspaper can
report one and the same incident of a demonstration quite differently based on
their ideological or point of view of the writer.
Thus this study addressees the use of modalization in the opinion column
of The Jakarta Post. The researcher chooses this newspaper because as the largest
English language newspaper in Indonesia much information delivered to the
reader. Nowadays more and more people read The Jakarta Post newspaper. The
Jakarta Post is considered as the leading national newspaper published in English.
Since its conception in 1983 the daily has developed into a prestigious newspaper
respected for its independent view and bold coverage of various national and
international events. In 1994, The Jakarta Post became the first Indonesian
newspaper to go global. The Jakarta Post is the first and so far the only Indonesian
newspaper that internationally acknowledged. With its system, The Jakarta Post
now reaches not only certain class of people who live in big cities but also any
citizen who is interest in reading the news.
As mentioned above, there are some items contained in the newspaper, and
Opinion Column exists to allow the reader to comment, give view on or draw
conclusion from an event. It contains people opinion in the sign of protest,
criticism, even their response toward tangible phenomenon. Word and expressions
are tools writer used to impress other with their writing. It is not easy to write,
especially by using the language that is not belongs to us, in this case English. As
modality relates to human’s conceptualization, while English is not a mother
tongue of Indonesian, it can be said that Indonesian writer will have different
conceptualization with English. For example the clause in the opinion column of
The Jakarta Post, “often times, an election is no more than a showoff ….” This
clause is categorized as modalization-usuality because of the use of word “often”.
But there will be different perception for the word “often” for native and non
native speaker. This differentiation was caused by many things, which one of that
is the culture of native and non-native speaker. So the writer of this column
should pay attention to the meaning of words and expression and know how to use
them accurately, clearly and appropriately. Selecting precise words and using
language distinctly allow the reader to catch the idea immediately.
Modality provides more step in the analysis, showing that it links not only
between form and content, but also between content and function. When a certain
type of modality is chosen, a writer is not only expressing an attitude or
demanding an action, a bigger concern also taken to enhance interpersonal
relationship and invite discussion. Halliday and Matthiesen state there are three
basic values for modality high, medium and low (2004:148). With these values a
are saying. In other words, different modals express different degree of
commitment by the user of those modal verbs. In other words, Modality is a sign
that the writer is presenting a personal view rather than objective facts.
As explained above, modality, in simplest sense, indicates a speaker’s or
writer’s special way of conceptualizing a world view. According to Fowler in
Bonyadi (2011), language does not allow us to say something without conveying
an attitude to that something. In other words hardly one can find a piece of written
and spoken text as purely objective, neutral, or value-free. It is basically the
writer’s point of view, angle of vision, angle of telling, or authorial interest that
determines the essence of a story style and that provides the story with its
particular feel and color (Simpson, 1993 in Bonyadi, 2011). It means there are
cases when different modal verbs are used by different newspaper or writer to
report the same pieces of news. This is happened as the consequences of different
writer that will have different point of view. In such cases, each of the modals
used contributes to the formulation of a certain communicative context within
which the readers of the news process that particular piece of news. Research has
shown that writers use of modal expression to communicate their stance toward
their statements and their constitutes a rhetorical feature crutial to writing (Biber,
2006). The use of lexical verbs involves lexical, tense and voice choices that most
non-native writers are not able to make.
Authors of similar studies on modality have also noted the difficulties face
by non-native writers in providing evidential justification for their claims
(Carlson, 1988, Hyland and Milton 1997 in Salazar). The above facts urge the
column of The Jakarta Post. Discourse of analysis on the news has had many
years of history and most of the analysis is about vocabulary, features, rhetorical
and grammatical features of English news. It seems it is significant to analyze the
modality (modalization). Its role in the opinion text is the writer tend to make use
of this property of modalization to establish either a favorable or unfavorable bias
throughout the text to manipulate the reader’s opinion. it can be used to find out
how the opinion writers express their opinions and it can help people understand
about the opinion writing. And this is also important to ease the process of
communicative interaction between the writer and the reader. Thus, this study
seeks to ascertain the connection between meanings of different modal used by
the writer in opinion column. Modality that involved in this study is modalization
(how valid the information).
1.2The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study the problems are formulated as in
the following.
1. What types of modalizationare used in the Opinion Column of The Jakarta
Post?
2. How is modalization used by the writer in the opinion column of The
Jakarta Post?
3. Why is modalization used the way it is in such context in the opinion
1.3The Objectives of the Study
The objective of this research are.
1. To find the types of modalization used inthe Opinion Column of The
Jakarta Post
2. To describe the use of Modalization used in the Opinion Column of The
Jakarta Post
3. To investigates why modalization used the way it is in the Opinion
Column of The Jakarta Post
1.4The Scope of the Study
The study applies the concept of modality in systemic functional linguistic
(SFL) proposed by Halliday. SFL is particularly suitable for the type of this
research since it is enable us to analyze any passage and relate it to its context in
the discourse, and also to the general background of the text; who it is written for,
what is its angle on the subject matter and so on (Halliday, 1990:34). This
research will be focused on the occurrences of modalization covering probability
and usuality and the values of modalization used in opinion column of The Jakarta
Post. Thus, there are some realization of modality (modalization) such as modal
verb, modal adverb, adjective, etc, here this research is focused on the use of
modal verb as the indicator of it. Since the opinion column consist of many topics
to be discussed, this study focused on the topic of political opinion text as the
most genre that accused of using language manipulatively. Therefore politic is a
1.5The Significance of the Study
Findings of this reasearch are expected to be relevant and useful
theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the findings are useful for linguistic
development. It enriches discussions about the application of functional grammar
in media text. Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for the students
and those who are interested in language of newspaper or mass media. From the
pedagogical point of view, this research is also expected to be useful to the teacher
in teaching English especially in skill of writing consider the growing number of
students majoring in English language studies in Indonesia. Certain characteristics
of newspaper such as varying genre, standard language use will encouraged the
use of newspaper language as input to language teaching material. The students
also can profit from this study since it may enhance their rhetorical awareness in
media discourse. Thus the finding of this study on modalization can provide the
English teacher and student with the required knowledge about the discourse in a
certain genre, making them ready to use the newspaper text in the classroom.
Through this, it is possible to provide the students with the logic of the ideas and
the organization and development of the argument/opinion in the text of opinion
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1Conclusions
Having analyzed the data, conclusions are drawn as the following.
(1) In conveying their opinion, the sub modalization – probability and
usuality – are indicated in the political text of the opinion column but
they were not used by all the opinion’s writers in writing the opinion.
(2) In realizing the use of modalization in their opinion the writers of the
opinion of The Jakarta Post used sub modalization – probability with
the medium value. Having this probability with medium value
indicates that the writer of the opinion column has the uncertainty in
giving their opinion through the text. The lack of uncertainty in the
opinion written by the writer is strengthen by the using of subjective
implicit orientation of modalization as the most dominant orientation
of modalization used in the opinion text that shows the uncertain point
of view of the opinion writer. Although it seems it is lack of the
certainty in the opinion, the writer provides the opinion with the
objectivity. It means that the opinion sometimes construed as an
unquestionable fact. By having objective explicit as the second
orientation of modalization that dominantly used in the text, the writer
still have a chance to convince the reader to the fact they said. The
used of this orientation might persuade people that the writer’s opinion
is correct and thus readers might agree with his idea/point of view
(3) Modalization is used by the writers when they are trying to indicate to
the reader to what extent they align themselves with the evidence they
are reporting in their opinion since one of the purposes of the political
text is to persuade the reader. It’s also due to the thing that being
talked about is the one that has not happened yet or future events,
besides the things in political field is unpredictable.
5.2Suggestions
With references to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as follows:
1. It is suggested that the opinion column writers or journalist to
apply the strategy of modality in their text to convey their point of
view so they can persuade the reader about their point of view and
make the reader accept the idea.
2. It is suggested that the students of English department to have a
good comprehension in modality’s theory. Therefore, they are able
to see and comprehend the message in any text from the
perspective of functional grammar and more clearly understand the
text.
3. Students or other researcher are suggested to do further research in
modality theory on other type of text. It is suggested because
different text will have different use of modalization and also to
enable us to see the contrast or the comparison or the similarities of
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