LITERATURE REVIEW
Th e th ree metafunction in SF L
There are three broad functions in the functional grammar; they are experiential function, interpersonal function, and textual function-. These three functions are mapped out onto the structure of the clause. Experiential function can be defined through the form of the clause which focus on what is happening and who is taking part. Thompson (2004) states that experiential function refers to the action that has happened and the thing that the action was done to . While the Interpersonal function is defined through analyzing the form of Subject and Finite in order to see how the speaker or the the writer deliver what s/he wants to say. According to Halliday, interpersonal function is a transaction between speaker and listener; the Subject is the warranty of the exchange. It is the element the speaker makes responsible for the validity of what he is saying (Halliday, 2004). The last metafunction is textual metafunction which focuses on how is the text organized at a micro level (Theme/Rheme) and as a series of larger units of meaning (Gledhill, 2013)
Inter per son al fun ction
speaker, or writer, and audience (Halliday, 2004). Halliday also says that in the conversation, the speaker or the writer interacts with the audience by taking a particular speech role. According to him, there are only two fundamental speech role, giving and demanding. As the act of speaking can also be called as interaction, there must be action and reaction from both the speaker and the listener or an exchange, in which giving implies receiving and demanding implies giving in response (Halliday, 2004). The reaction or response is defined as the commodity that being exchanged, this can be good and service or information. Both the speech role in exchange and commodity exchanged shows the relation in between (see figure 1).
Role in
exch ange
Commodity exchanged (a) goods-&-services
(b)
infor mat ion
Giving Offer Statements
[image:2.1018.170.881.420.982.2]Demanding Command Question
Figure. 1 Speech Roles (Halliday, 2004)
Mood and sp eech acts
Mood is one of the components which are being exchanged in a particular clause. Mood consists of two parts, they are subject and finite. When Subject and Finite are closely linked together, and combine to form one constituent can be identified as mood . According to Halliday (2004), Subject is the nominal group while Finite is the verbal operators that express the tense or modality. Since Finite consists of tense and modality, Halliday then defines primary tense means past, present or future at the moment of speaking; it is time relative to now . Modality means likely or unlikely (if a proposition), desirable or undesirable (if a proposal). A proposition or proposal may become arguable through being assessed in terms of the degree of probability or obligation that is associated with it (Halliday, 2004). However, finite sometimes can be fused depending on when the interaction which occurs. For example in the sentence my mother went to her office everyday , the finite past is fused within the word went . For instance we cannot merely see the finite of the sentence through the modality used in a sentence. We can also see the finite through the verb used in a sentence. In the interpersonal function, mood becomes the core of the exchange. As in the sentence I will buy a cup of coffee , we talk about who will buy a cup of coffee and not about what will I buy.
structure according to the interpersonal function which is formed by the combination of Subject and Finite. This form combination of mood can be a signal for the speech role. Declarative which function as a statement is typically form by Subject then followed with Finite. In interrogative which function as question is formed by Finite and followed with Subject. As for the imperative which functions as command can be formed by only Subject and/or the Finite is for emphasizing the command. Since a command is absolute (there are no imperative forms of the modal verbs), and there is no need to specify time relevance (Thompson, 2004). As for the offers function can be formed in a similar way with the question function. It is formed by Finite then followed by Subject, it is why the offer function can be considered as modalised interrogative.
Pr evious Study
There were some conducted studies analyzing the mood choice as well. As the example below, it was a study by Wellman Kondowe (2014). He analyzed the mood choice in Bingu wa Mutharika s speech. He analyzed the mood choice through looking at the forms of Subject and Finite (Mood). Kondowe (2014) found that the result of mood analysis showed that the address was chosen for declarative clauses because it provided information as much as possible, while interrogative clauses could make the speech more serious and information oriented.
