Structure plant species diversity and pl

(1)

Structure, plant species diversity and plant species composition

of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest (East Kalimantan,

Indonesia)

J.W.F. Slik, P. Hovenkamp, M. Iqbal, N. Raes

Nationaal Herbarium Nederland

Leiden University Branch

PO-Box 9514

2300 RA

Leiden

The Netherlands

+31-71-5273529

(2)

Abstract

In this report we summarise the results of our general botanical survey and plot study in the

Gunung Lumut Protection forest. Surveys were carried out at three main locations, namely

Gunung Lumut itself, the logged lowland area around the base camp and the undisturbed lowland

forest on limestone near Rantau Layung. For the plot studies some additional locations were

added for comparison (undisturbed lowland forest near Gunung Meratus, undisturbed lowland

forest near Mului, and undisturbed coastal forest of Sungai Wain near Balikpapan). We found that

i) floristically and structurally, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is a typical example of the

forests that can be found on the Meratus Mountain Range, ii) the floristic diversity is high, as

might be expected for a forest in Southeast Borneo, iii) the environmental heterogeneity of the

area (soils and altitude range) contributes strongly to its floristic and structural diversity, and iv)

the logged forests within the area are as diverse as the undisturbed forests. We conclude that the

Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is one of the last remaining large tracts of relatively undisturbed

forest in Southeast Borneo, and it is very important as a representative sample of the forests in

this region. When protected effectively, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest (as a typical

(3)

Introduction

Phytogeographical setting of the Gunung Lumut Forest

The Gunung Lumut Protection forest is situated in one of the floristically most diverse regions of

Borneo (Fig. 1). In a large floristic study on tree genera from 28 plots from across Borneo (Slik et

al. 2003), Kalimantan was found to be a floristically rather homogeneous area that contrasted

sharply with tree generic composition in forests from Malaysian Borneo and Brunei (Fig. 2).

Based on these results we expect that the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest will be highly diverse

in tree genera as well, even though it might show a lot of generic overlap with other forests in

Kalimantan. At the species level there might be some surprises since the area is a rather isolated

mountain range with peaks up to ca. 1200 m altitude and part of it is formed by limestone

outcrops, which are usually associated with high levels of plant endemism.

Figure 1. Average tree family (a) and genera (b) diversity patterns across Borneo based on random draws of

640 individuals from 28 locations across Borneo (Slik et al. 2003).

Figure 2. Floristic relations within Borneo based on (a) Steinhause similarity and (b) Sorensen similarity of

28 locations across Borneo (Slik et al. 2003).

100.6 102.1 103.6 105.1

40.8 41.2 41.6 42.0

-a b

A

C

E

D

A

B

C

D

E

B2

B

a

_b

(4)

Research Locations

The current study was carried out at four locations within the Gunung Lumut Protection forest

(Map1): i) Lowland undisturbed forest in Mului; ii) Undisturbed montane forest on Gunung

Lumut; iii) Selectively (mid 80s) and illegally (still going on) logged forest at the Base Camp;

and iv) Undisturbed forest on limestone in Rantau Layung. For comparison, two forest sites

outside the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest were added: Sungai Wain (an undisturbed lowland

coastal forest15 km NW of Balikpapan) and Meratus (an undisturbed lowland forest at the

northern end of the Meratus Mountain Range, ca. 80 km west of Balikpapan).

Map 1. Research area with the four locations that were surveyed.

Mului

Gunung Lumut

Base Camp

(5)

Aims of this study

(6)

Methods

Botanical surveys

At all research locations general botanical surveys were carried out. These surveys included all

plant groups, with special emphasis on ferns and lianas. Surveys were planned in such a way that

they covered the full range of available micro-habitats at each site. Plants were collected on sight,

i.e. whenever a fertile plant was encountered it was collected, labeled, measured (diameter and

height), described (growth form, flower and/or fruit characteristics, habitat characteristics, etc.),

photographed, and its position determined with GPS. Collected plants were stored in airtight

plastic bags with low amounts of 70% alcohol (Schweinfurt method). These collections were later

dried and pressed in the Wanariset Herbarium (East Kalimantan) and send to Bogor, Leiden and

several other herbaria around the world.

Plot layout and measurements

At each location we established plots of 10 x 10 m at 50 m intervals along line transects, with the

exception of the plots on Gunung Lumut, which were spaced at 50 m altitude intervals. Within

each 10 x 10 m plot we measured (height and diameter) and identified all trees with a height taller

than 1.3 m. On Gunung Lumut we used a slightly adapted method in which we sampled 50 trees

in each plot, whereby we either extended or decreased the size of the plots depending on the

surface area needed to collect 50 individuals (sensu Sheil et al. 2003). Within each plot a subplot

of 3 x 3 m was established in which all ferns were measured (number of individuals per species

and cover estimate). All samples of trees and ferns were collected, and vouchers are present at the

Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University Branch.

For each 10 x 10 m plot a number of habitat variables were measured as well. These included:

location (GPS-coordinate), altitude above sea level, inclination, topographic position (swamp,

river valley, lower slope, middle slope, upper slope, ridge), canopy openness, direct- and diffuse

light, leaf area index, signs of disturbance (gaps, skid trails, tree stumps, paths).

Data analyses

Forest structure and environmental data. Differences in tree density (split up in diameter classes

of 0-2.5 cm, 2.5-5 cm, 5-10 cm and > 10 cm), canopy openness, direct- and diffuse-light, and leaf

area index between locations were determined with Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Diversity data. Fisher’s-alpha for tree genera was calculated for each plot. Species level data were

excluded because these were not sufficiently well identified yet. Differences in Fisher’s-alpha

between locations were then determined using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Furthermore, to determine

the total increase in genera with number of individuals for each location, we calculated

genera-individual curves based on 10 random draws per location (i.e. each location curve is based on the

average of 10 random curves from the same location). These individual-genera curves give an

indication of the rate of increase in genera with individuals and also show if the maximum

number of genera present in the area has been reached or not. For ferns we constructed a

species-area curve (increase in species with addition of plots), whereby we only calculated one replicate

per curve.

(7)

analysis. This was done for all locations (including Sungai Wain and Meratus) and for locations

in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest only.

Altitudinal gradient analyses. To determine the effect of altitude on forest structure, generic

diversity and generic composition for the plots on Gunung Lumut, both simple and polynomial

regression analysis was applied. Generic composition data was based on the location of the plots

on the first axis of a PCA that was based on number of individuals per genus in the Gunung

Lumut plots only.

(8)

Results

Botanical surveys

Map 2 & 3 show the locations of the collections and plots that were made during this study.

Map 2. Collections and plots made in the environs of Gunung Lumut (northern camp) and the Base Camp

(southern camp). Red dots indicate the plots, all others are collections made during the botanical survey.

(9)

An overview of collections per plant group made in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are

presented in table 1. In total 239 angiosperms were collected, consisting of 65 families and 143

genera (Appendix 1). Additionally, 278 fern collections were made consisting of at least 181 taxa

(Appendix 2). During the plot tree inventories we encountered 59 plant families consisting of 163

genera and 2798 individuals (Appendix 3).

Plant group

Collections

Trees 111

Pteridophytes (ferns)

278 Table 1. Overview of number of collections per growth form (based on the botanical survey for fertile

plants by P. Hovenkamp, M. Iqbal and N. Raes).

Of the higher plants, one was new for East Kalimantan (Aristolochiaceae,

Aristolochia

nviculilimba

), one was new for Borneo (Orchidaceae,

Plocoglottis quadrifolia

, identified from

photograph) and one was new for the Malesian region (Celastraceae,

Lophopetalum wallichii

).

We also found a Bornean endemic family that was previously only known from Northern Borneo

(Scyphostegiaceae,

Scyphostegia borneensis

). Whether we encountered new species is as yet

unknown. For the ferns we found one new species for East Kalimantan (

Tectaria inopinnata

), and

two new species for Borneo (

Asplenium

cf.

subnormale

and

Pneumatopteris brooksii

). Some

Bornean endemics that were encountered are:

Pyrrosia platyphylla, Tectaria inopinnata,

Selliguea metacoela

and

Pyrrosia kinabaluensis

. Additionally we found several rare species, a.o.

Goniophlebium mehipitense

and

Pteris holttummii

, and possible new species in the genera

Hymenophyllum

,

Grammitis

and

Selliguea

. Specific limestone Pteridophyte flora elements were

only occasionally found, and appear to be present in low numbers only.

Forest structure, genus diversity and environmental data

Tree densities varied significantly between locations, with rather low densities in the logged

forest around the base camp, and very high densities in Sungai Wain, an undisturbed coastal

forest near Balikpapan (Table 2). Generic diversity on a per plot basis is especially low on the

Gunung Lumut mountain and at Rantau Layung (Table 2).

Location Generic

(10)

Canopy openness and associated diffuse light levels are especially high in the logged forests

around the Base Camp and on Gunung Lumut, possibly due to rather low leaf area indices for

these two forests (Table 3).

Location Canopy

Table 3. Average canopy openness, direct- and diffuse-light, and leaf area index per plot for the studied

locations. Significant differences within each column are indicated with different characters.

Diversity curves

The undisturbed forests on limestone in Rantau Layung and the undisturbed montane forests on

Gunung Lumut are among the least diverse forest locations in this study, while the undisturbed

forests at the foot of Gunung Meratus and the logged forests around the Base Camp are among

the most diverse (Figure 3). Undisturbed lowland forest at the foot of Gunung Lumut (Mului) and

the undisturbed coastal forest near Balikpapan (Sungai Wain) score average diversity.

0

(11)

Ferns show a rather low diversity for the Rantau Layung forest, intermediate diversity for the

forest around the Base Camp and very high diversity for Gunung Lumut (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. Species-area curves for ferns based on a single replicate per location.

Floristic patterns

The main floristic difference detected in the PCA that includes all studied forest locations is that

of the coastal Sungai Wain forest versus the more inland forests that are located on the Meratus

Mountain range (Fig. 5). However, also within these Meratus Mountain Range forests there is a

clear geographic gradient detected, i.e. most locations are characterized by specific floristic

compositions at the generic level.

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Base Gunung Rantau Mului Meratus Wain

Figure 5. Scores of the plots on the first two PCA-axes (based on number of individuals per genus per plot).

The two axes combined explain 10.2% of data variance, and clearly separate the Sungai Wain plots from all

other included plots.

Species accumulation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1

3

5

7

9 ₁₁

₁₃

₁₅

₁₇

₁₉

plot

n of

speci

es

(12)

Within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest all locations are separated rather well based on their

generic composition (Fig. 6). Noteworthy here is that the undisturbed lowland forest plots in

Mului have a very variable genera composition that spans the whole range found in the other

three forest locations along the second PCA axis. Also, the logged forests near the Base Camp

overlap considerably with those of the undisturbed forests near Mului, indicating that they closely

resemble undisturbed forest.

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Base camp Gunung Rantau Mului

Figure 6. Scores of the plots on the first two PCA-axes (based on number of individuals per genus per plot).

The two axes combined explain 8.5% of data variance, and clearly separate the plots from Mului, Rantau

Layung and Gunung Lumut.

Altitudinal patterns

The number of trees increases significantly with increasing altitude on Gunung Lumut (Fig. 7).

This relation was found to be strongest for treelets, i.e. trees with a diameter between 5 and 10 cm

(Table 4). Only for saplings (dbh 0-2.5 cm) we found no significant relation with altitude. None

of the environmental and tree diversity measures showed any significant relation with altitude.

The floristic composition of the plots, however, changed significantly with altitude (Fig. 8).

Diameter

class

Regression

type

Correlation

coefficient

R

2

P

0-2.5

NS

2.5-5 Linear

0.50 25.0 0.046

5-10 Linear

0.67 45.0 0.004

>

10 Linear

0.51 26.0 0.042

All Linear

0.57 32.0 0.023

(13)

Chart Title

300 500 700 900 1100 1300

Altitude (m)

Figure 7. Relationship between altitude and tree density on the slopes of Gunung Lumut (linear relationship

with a correlation coefficient of 0.57, and R

2

of 32%, and p = 0.023).

300 500 700 900 1100 1300

Altitude (m)

Figure 8. Relationship between altitude and generic tree composition on Gunung Lumut, whereby

composition was based on the scores of the plots on the first axis of the PCA (correlation coefficient 0.78,

R2 of 60.7% and p = 0.0004).

Fern diversity increased significantly with altitude (Fig. 9), which corresponds to observed fern

densities with increasing altitude.

(14)

Discussion

The Gunung Lumut Protection Forest in relation to other Bornean forests

This study shows that the forests of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are floristically very

similar to the forests at the foot of Gunung Meratus. This is perhaps not so surprising since

Gunung Meratus forms the northern extension of the Meratus Mountain Range of which Gunung

Lumut is also a part. Floristically, the forests on this mountain range differ considerably from the

coastal lowland forests near Balikpapan. This difference is even larger than the difference

between undisturbed, logged, montane and limestone forests that were studied in the Gunung

Lumut Protection Forest. Thus, the coastal Sungai Wain forest and the interior Meratus Range

forests complement each other, i.e. for plant conservation it would make good sense to conserve

both types of forests.

Earlier studies have shown that both Sungai Wain and Meratus form part of a large floristic

region that more or less covers the whole of Kalimantan (Slik et al. 2003). The close floristic

similarity between the Gunung Lumut area and the Meratus area means that Gunung Lumut

Protection Forest also forms a typical example of this floristic region. The plant diversity in the

Gunung Lumut Protection Forest was comparable to that of Meratus and Sungai Wain, indicating

that also in that respect, the Gunung Lumut area forms a typical example for the region, which

according to Slik et al. (2003) harbours the largest tree diversity in Borneo.

Structurally the forests in the Gunung Lumut area are very similar to the forests at the foot of

Gunung Meratus, which in turn differ significantly from the coastal forest near Balikpapan which

has much higher stem densities.

Differences within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest

Species composition within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest differs considerably, i.e.

lowland forest (Mului and Base Camp) could be separated from montane (Gunung Lumut) and

limestone (Rabtau Layung) forest. This means that these different locations complement each

other floristically, i.e. each location adds to the diversity of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest.

The most deviating locations in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest, both in terms of plant

diversity and structure, are Rantau Layung and Gunung Lumut itself. This is probably related to

soil properties (Rantau Layung) and altitude (Gunung Lumut). This shows that the environmental

heterogeneity of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is an important contributor to the floristic

diversity of the area. This effect is even stronger for fern composition and diversity, both of

which were closely linked with altitude (which is probably a proxy for air humidity).

Another finding of this study is that the logged forest (Base Camp) was still very diverse and

floristically not very different from undisturbed forest nearby (Mului), even though compositional

difference between plots in the logged forest was much lower than in undisturbed forest. This

means that although large parts of the Gunung Lumut area have been logged in the past, this has

probably had only limited effect on species diversity and composition, i.e. for conservation these

logged forests are just as valuable as the undisturbed forests in the Gunung Lumut area.

Conclusions

(15)

2. The plant diversity is typical for southeast Borneo, i.e. very high compared to other parts

of the island.

3. The environmental heterogeneity (soils and altitude range) of the Gunung Lumut area

contributes to the floristic and structural diversity of this protection forest.

4. The logged forests within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are as diverse as the

undisturbed forests and are also floristically very rich.

Conservation recommendation

The Gunung Lumut area is one of the last remaining large tracts of relatively undisturbed forest in

southeast Borneo, and is very important as a representative sample of the forests in this region,

which was found to belong to the most diverse plant regions in Borneo. When protected

effectively, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest could, together with the Sungai Wain forest (as

a typical example of lowland coastal forest), conserve much of the plant diversity in this region

for the future.

References

Sheil D, Ducey MJ, Sidiyasa K, Samsoedin I, 2003. A new type of sample unit for the efficient assessment

of diverse tree communities in complex forest landscapes. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15:

117-135.

(16)

Appendix 1. Collection list of Niels Raes (Angiosperms).

Collector Nr. Family Genus Raes, N. 639 Acanthaceae Ptyssiglottis sp.

Raes, N. 518 Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp.

Raes, N. 549 Anacardiaceae Buchanania sessifolia Blume

Raes, N. 505 Annonaceae Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume

Raes, N. 501 Annonaceae Dasymaschalon sp.

Raes, N. 592 Annonaceae Enicosanthum fuscum (King) Airy Shaw

Raes, N. 546 Annonaceae Enicosanthum paradoxum Becc.

Raes, N. 651 Annonaceae Friesodielsia sp.

Raes, N. 665 Annonaceae Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson

Raes, N. 728 Annonaceae Goniothalamus sp.

Raes, N. 706b Annonaceae Meiogyne cylindrocarpa (Burck) Heusden

Raes, N. 618 Annonaceae Orophea sp.

Raes, N. 551 Annonaceae Popowia pisocarpa Endl.

Raes, N. 579 Annonaceae Popowia sp.

Raes, N. 643 Araliaceae Schefflera sp.

Raes, N. 702 Araucariaceae Agathis borneensis Warb.

Raes, N. 593 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia naviculilimba Ding Hou

Raes, N. 709 Asclepiadaceae Dischidia sp.

Raes, N. 636 Balsaminaceae Impatiens sp.

Raes, N. 536 Begoniaceae Begonia sp.

Raes, N. 638 Begoniaceae Begonia sp.

Raes, N. 540 Burmanniaceae Burmannia lutescens Becc.

Raes, N. 616 Campanulaceae Laurentia longiflora (L.) Wimm.

Raes, N. 506 Celastraceae Arnicratea grahami (Wight) N.Hallé

Raes, N. 726 Celastraceae Lophopetalum wallichii Kurz

Raes, N. 558 Celastraceae Salacia macrophylla Blume

Raes, N. 591 Chloranthaceae Chloranthus officinalis Blume

Raes, N. 731 Chloranthaceae Chloranthus officinalis Blume

Raes, N. 698 Commelinaceae Amischotolype sp.

Raes, N. 590 Connaraceae Connarus odoratus Hook.f.

Raes, N. 737 Cucurbitaceae Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng

Raes, N. 715 Cucurbitaceae Zehneria mucronata (Blume) Miq.

Raes, N. 586 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum sp.

Raes, N. 675 Dipterocarpaceae Hopea sp.

Raes, N. 630 Ebenaceae Diospyros sp.

(17)

Raes, N. 699 Ebenaceae Diospyros sp.

Raes, N. 578 Euphorbiaceae Raes, N. 589 Euphorbiaceae

Raes, N. 667 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma leucopodum Miq.

Raes, N. 620 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma montanum Blume var. montanum

Raes, N. 666 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma montanum Blume var. montanum

Raes, N. 524 Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea odoratissima Elmer

Raes, N. 576 Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N. 608 Euphorbiaceae Croton argyratus Blume

Raes, N. 657 Euphorbiaceae Croton argyratus Blume

Raes, N. 541 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus.

Raes, N. 553 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion pubicapsa Airy Shaw

Raes, N. 684 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sericeum (Blume) Zoll. & Moritzi

Raes, N. 660 Euphorbiaceae Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax

Raes, N. 615 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N. 633 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus dispar (Blume) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N. 532 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus lackeyi Elmer

Raes, N. 545 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus peltatus (Geiseler) Müll.Arg.

Raes, N. 644 Euphorbiaceae Omphalea sargentii Merr.

Raes, N. 732 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus pachyphyllus Müll.Arg.

Raes, N. 574 Euphorbiaceae Sauropus rhamnoides Blume

Raes, N. 710 Gesneriaceae Aeschynanthus sp.

Raes, N. 503 Guttiferae Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume

Raes, N. 510 Icacinaceae Iodes velutina King var. subvillosa Sleumer

Raes, N. 712 Lauraceae Alseodaphne elmeri Merr.

Raes, N. 533 Lauraceae Cinnamomum sp.

Raes, N. 661 Lauraceae Litsea sp.

Raes, N. 670 Lauraceae Litsea sp.

Raes, N. 681 Lauraceae Phoebe sp.

Raes, N. 602 Leguminosae Indet.

Raes, N. 547 Leguminosae-caes Bauhinia kockiana Korth. var. kockiana

Raes, N. 568 Leguminosae-caes Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. acuminata K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen

Raes, N. 690 Leguminosae-caes Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. semibifida

Raes, N. 562 Leguminosae-caes Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Hattink

Raes, N. 603 Leguminosae-mim Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen var. casai (Blanco) I.C.Nielsen

Raes, N. 607 Leguminosae-mim Archidendron havilandii (Ridl.) I.C.Nielsen

Raes, N. 569 Leguminosae-pap Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. var. strigosum Meeuwen

Raes, N. 560 Leguminosae-pap Fordia splendidissima (Blume ex Miq.) Buijsen

Raes, N. 595 Leguminosae-pap Fordia splendidissima (Blume ex Miq.) Buijsen

Raes, N. 686 Leguminosae-pap Kunstleria sarawakensis Ridd.-Numan & Kornet

Raes, N. 566 Leguminosae-pap Mucuna toppongii Merr.

Raes, N. 631 Liliaceae Dracaena sp.

Raes, N. 663 Marantaceae Donax canniformis K.Schum.

Raes, N. 626 Melastomataceae

Raes, N. 701 Melastomataceae Blastus sp.

Raes, N. 720 Melastomataceae Diplectria sp.

Raes, N. 717 Melastomataceae Macrolenes sp.

(18)

Raes, N. 625 Melastomataceae Medinilla sp.

Raes, N. 733 Melastomataceae Medinilla sp.

Raes, N. 557 Melastomataceae Memecylon oleaefolium Blume

Raes, N. 537 Melastomataceae Memecylon sp.

Raes, N. 708 Melastomataceae Pachycentria sp.

Raes, N. 725 Melastomataceae Phyllagathis sp.

Raes, N. 697 Melastomataceae Pternandra azurea (Blume) Burkill

Raes, N. 588 Melastomataceae Pternandra sp.

Raes, N. 705 Melastomataceae Sonerila sp.

Raes, N. 711 Melastomataceae Sonerila sp.

Raes, N. 587 Meliaceae Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms

Raes, N. 664 Meliaceae Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms

Raes, N. 561 Meliaceae Aglaia sp.

Raes, N. 530 Meliaceae Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn.

Raes, N. 567 Meliaceae Chisocheton macranthus (Merr.) Airy Shaw

Raes, N. 601 Meliaceae Dysoxylum sp.

Raes, N. 619 Meliaceae Dysoxylum sp.

Raes, N. 730 Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Jack

Raes, N. 500 Menispermaceae Coscinium fenestratum Colebr.

Raes, N. 677 Menispermaceae Coscinium fenestratum Colebr.

Raes, N. 570 Menispermaceae Parabaena megalocarpa Merr.

Raes, N. 713 Menispermaceae Stephania corymbosa Miq.

Raes, N. 695 Moraceae

Raes, N. 580 Moraceae Ficus deltoidea Jack

Raes, N. 658 Moraceae Ficus gul Lauterb. & K.Schum.

Raes, N. 519 Moraceae Ficus heteropleura Blume

Raes, N. 556 Moraceae Ficus heteropleura Blume

Raes, N. 723 Moraceae Ficus pellucida-punctata Griff.

Raes, N. 692 Moraceae Ficus punctata Thunb.

Raes, N. 687 Moraceae Ficus uniglandulosa Wall.

Raes, N. 606 Moraceae Poikilospermum sp.

Raes, N. 642 Moraceae Poikilospermum sp.

Raes, N. 511 Myristicaceae Myristica elliptica Hook.f. & Thomson var. elliptica Hook.f. & Thomson

(19)

Raes, N. 656 Myrtaceae Syzygium sp.

Raes, N. 679 Myrtaceae Syzygium sp.

Raes, N. 521 Orchidaceae Apostasia wallichii R.Br.

Raes, N. 525 Orchidaceae Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh

Raes, N. 520 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis modesta J.J.Sm.

Raes, N. 597 Palmae Calamus sp.

Raes, N. 543 Palmae Caryota sp.

Raes, N. 617 Passifloraceae Adenia macrophylla (Blume) Koord. var. macrophylla

Raes, N. 517 Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L.

Raes, N. 649 Piperaceae Piper sp.

Raes, N. 624 Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum adenotus Miq.

Raes, N. 650 Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb.

Raes, N. 598 Proteaceae Helicia sp.

Raes, N. 668 Proteaceae Helicia sp.

Raes, N. 714 Pteridophyta Lygodium borneense Alderw.

Raes, N. 572 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus sp.

Raes, N. 612 Rubiaceae Myrioneuron cyaneum Hallier f.

Raes, N. 613 Rubiaceae Myrmeconauclea strigosa (Korth.) Merr.

Raes, N. 635 Rubiaceae Ophiorrhiza sp.

Raes, N. 550 Rubiaceae Pleiocarpidia sp.

Raes, N. 627 Rubiaceae Praravinia sp.

Raes, N. 727 Rubiaceae Praravinia sp.

Raes, N. 544 Rubiaceae Prismatomeris sp.

Raes, N. 594 Rubiaceae Prismatomeris sp.

Raes, N. 502 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp.

Raes, N. 509 Rubiaceae Uncaria lanosa Wall. var. glabrata (Blume) Ridsdale

Raes, N. 508 Rubiaceae Uncaria longiflora (Poir.) Merr.

Raes, N. 507 Rubiaceae Uncaria nervosa Elmer

Raes, N. 535 Rubiaceae Urophyllum sp.

Raes, N. 736 Sabiaceae Meliosma sp.

Raes, N. 538 Santalaceae Scleropyrum sp.

(20)

Raes, N. 609 Sapindaceae Guioa pterorhachis Welzen

Raes, N. 539 Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh.

Raes, N. 688 Scyphostegiaceae Scyphostegia borneensis Stapf

Raes, N. 581 Smilacaceae Smilax sp.

Raes, N. 694 Solanaceae Solanum sp.

Raes, N. 696 Sonneratiaceae Duabanga moluccana Blume

Raes, N. 628 Sterculiaceae Sterculia sp.

Raes, N. 722 Sterculiaceae Sterculia sp.

Raes, N. 704 Symplocaceae Symplocos crassipes C.B.Clarke var. ernae (Brand) Noot.

Raes, N. 703 Symplocaceae Symplocos henschelii Benth. ex C.B.Clarke var. henscheli

Raes, N. 604 Theaceae Adinandra sp.

Raes, N. 707 Theaceae Camellia lanceolata (Blume) Seem.

Raes, N. 735 Thymelaeaceae Phaleria octandra (L.) Baill.

Raes, N. 526 Tiliaceae Microcos sp.

Raes, N. 700 Tiliaceae Microcos sp.

Raes, N. 719 Urticaceae Astrothalamus sp.

Raes, N. 614 Urticaceae Leucosyke capitellata Wedd.

Raes, N. 634 Urticaceae Pilea sp.

Raes, N. 693 Urticaceae Pipturus argenteus (G.Forst.) Wedd.

Raes, N. 610 Urticaceae Villebrunea sp.

Raes, N. 659 Verbenaceae Callicarpa sp.

Raes, N. 571 Verbenaceae Clerodendron sp.

Raes, N. 611 Verbenaceae Clerodendron sp.

Raes, N. 729 Verbenaceae Petraeovitex sp.

Raes, N. 575 Verbenaceae Vitex sp.

Raes, N. 629 Violaceae Rinorea sp.

Raes, N. 522 Vitaceae Ampelocissus sp.

Raes, N. 685 Vitaceae Ampelocissus sp.

Raes, N. 515 Vitaceae Cayratia sp.

Raes, N. 676 Vitaceae Cayratia sp.

Raes, N. 516 Vitaceae Cissus sp.

Raes, N. 669 Vitaceae Cissus sp.

Raes, N. 600 Vitaceae Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

Raes, N. 528 Vitaceae Leea sp.

Raes, N. 734 Vitaceae Leea sp.

Raes, N. 689 Vitaceae Pterisanthes sp.

Raes, N. 564 Vitaceae Tetrastigma sp.

(21)

Appendix 2. Collection list of Ferns and Fern Allies. Collectors: Peter Hovenkamp (PH);

Muhammad Iqbal (MIQ); Niels Raes (RAES); Ambriansyah (AA).

Collector Nr. Species

PH 56 Aglaomorpha acuminata (Willd.) Hovenk PH 74 Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum PH 242 Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum MIQ 20 Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum MIQ 58 Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum MIQ 83 Amphineuron kiauense (C. Chr.) Holttum PH 197 Angiopteris sp.

PH 38 Antrophyum indet.

PH 166 Antrophyum callifolium Bl. PH 192 Antrophyum callifolium Bl. PH 262 Antrophyum parvulum Bl. PH 316 Antrophyum parvulum Bl. MIQ 53 Asplenium belangerii (Bory) Kunze PH 167 Asplenium belangerii (Bory) Kunze PH 149 Asplenium belangerii (Bory) Kunze PH 153 Asplenium belangerii (Bory) Kunze MIQ 31 Asplenium borneense Hook PH 181 Asplenium caudatum G. Forst MIQ 46 Asplenium caudatum G. Forst PH 267 Asplenium falcatum? PH 66 Asplenium pellucidum Lam. PH 104 Asplenium scolopendriooides J. Sm. MIQ 75 Asplenium spathulinum J. Sm. PH 79 Asplenium sp.

PH 272 Asplenium sp.

PH 87 Asplenium squamulatum Bl. PH 209 Asplenium squamulatum Bl. MIQ 21 Asplenium cf. subnormale Copel. PH 193 Asplenium cf. subnormale Copel. PH 226 Asplenium cf. subnormale Copel. PH 302 Asplenium cf. subnormale Copel. PH 41 Asplenium tenerum G. Forst MIQ 70 Asplenium tenerum G. Forst PH 114 Belvisia indet.

MIQ 14 Blechnum finlaysonianum

PH 15 Blechnum orientale

(22)

PH 83 Bolbitis indet.

MIQ 33 Bolbitis heteroclita (Pr.) Ching PH 265 Christella

PH 33 Christella arida?

MIQ 68 Christella hispidula (Decne.) Holtt.

PH 30 Ctenitis indet.

PH 162 Ctenopteris barathrophylla

PH 20 Cyathea indet.

PH 266 Davallia denticulata (Burm. f. ) Kuhn MIQ 88 Davallia divaricata Bl.

PH 177 Davallia divaricata Bl. PH 71 Davallia heterophylla Sm. PH 107 Davallia heterophylla Sm. PH 174 Davallia heterophylla Sm.

MIQ 76 Davallia hymenophylloides (Bl.) Kuhn MIQ 56 Davallia hymenophylloides (Bl.) Kuhn PH 63 Davallia pectinata Sm.

PH 173 Davallia pectinata Sm. PH 182 Davallia pentaphylla Blume MIQ 52 Davallia repens (L.f.) Kuhn PH 115 Davallodes borneensis (Hook.) Copel. PH 211 Davallodes borneensis (Hook.) Copel. PH 12 Dicranopteris curranii Copel.

MIQ 67 Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.f.) Underw. PH 77 Didymochlaena truncatula (Sw. )J. Sm. PH 246 Diplazium sp.

(23)

MIQ 4 Diplazium cordifolium Bl. MIQ 32 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. PH 35 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. PH 152 Diplazium lomariaceum (Christ) M.G. Price PH 245 Diplazium pallidum (Bl.) Moore

PH 236 Diplazium simplicivenium Holtt. PH 294 Diplazium simplicivenium Holtt. PH 158 Diplazium sorzogonense Pr. MIQ 48 Diplazium sorzogonense Pr. PH 48 Diplazium tomentosum Bl. PH 109 Diplazium tomentosum Bl. PH 235 Diplazium tomentosum Bl. MIQ 10 Diplazium tomentosum Bl. PH 18 Dipteris conjugata (L.) Reinw. MIQ 8 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. PH 61 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. PH 222 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.

PH 57 Drynaria rigidula Bedd.

PH 250 Drynaria rigidula Bedd. MIQ 36 Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore PH 73 Drynaria sparsisora (Desv.) T. Moore PH 170 Elaphoglossum blumeanum (Fée) J. Sm. PH 189 Elaphoglossum blumeanum (Fée) J. Sm. PH 16 Gleichenia truncata (Willd.) Spr.

PH 274 Goniophlebium mehipitense (C. Chr.) Parris PH 154 Goniophlebium persicifolium (Desv.) Bedd. MIQ 73A Goniophlebium sp.

PH 187 Goniophlebium subauriculatum (Bl.) Presl PH 286 Grammitis sp.

PH 151 Grammitis sp. PH 157 Grammitis sp.

PH 94 Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. PH 84 Heterogonium stenosemioides (Bak.) C. Chr. PH 108 Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw. MIQ 47 Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces. MIQ 55 Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces. PH 142 Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces. PH 168 Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces. PH 282 Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces. PH 285 Hymenophyllum pachydermicum Ces.

MIQ 60 Hymenophyllum sp.

(24)

MIQ 30 Lemmaphyllum accedens (Bl.) Donk PH 93 Lepisorus longifolius (Bl.) Holttum PH 186 Lepisorus longifolius (Bl.) Holttum MIQ 26 Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot. PH 252 Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot. PH 191 Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot. PH 221 Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot. PH 271 Leptochilus macrophyllus (Bl.) Noot. PH 69 Lindsaea indet.

PH 167 Lindsaea indet.

PH 148 Lindsaea carvifolia Kramer MIQ 45 Lindsaea carvifolia Kramer MIQ 1 Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw. PH 37 Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw. PH 290 Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. PH 293 Lindsaea javanensis Bl.

MIQ 2 Lindsaea lobata Poir.

PH 255 Lomariopsis lineata (Presl) Holttum PH 175 Loxogramme antrophyoides (Bak.) C. Chr. PH 204 Loxogramme avenia (Bl.) Presl

PH 190 Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory) Presl AA 2861 Loxogramme scolopendrina (Bory) Presl PH 13 Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Ser. MIQ 70B Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Ser.

MIQ 34 Lycopodium sp.

MIQ 54 Lycopodium aelleni (Herter) Tagawa PH 88 Lycopodium nummularifolium Bl. PH 229 Lycopodium phlegmaria L. PH 249 Lycopodium squarrosum Forster MIQ 13 Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw. MIQ 23 Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw. PH 47 Lygodium circinnatum (Burm.f.) Sw. RAES 714 Lygodium merrillii Copel.

PH 50 Mesophlebion motleyanum (Hook.) Holtt. MIQ 58A Metathelypteris sp.

MIQ 39 Microlepia sp.

PH 113 Microlepia manilensis Presl PH 17 Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore

(25)

PH 238 Microsorum pteropus (Bl.) Copel. PH 233 Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel. PH 283 Nephrolepis abrupta (Bory) Mett. PH 2 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 4 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 3 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 6 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 7 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 34 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 89 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 169 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 232 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 247 Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott PH 1 Nephrolepis falciformis J. Sm. MIQ 73 Nephrolepis falciformis J. Sm. PH 314 Nephrolepis falciformis J. Sm.

PH 5 Oleandra indet.

PH 68 Oleandra neriiformis Cav. PH 90 Oleandra neriiformis Cav. PH 146 Oleandra neriiformis Cav. PH 146 Oleandra neriiformis Cav. PH 275 Oleandra neriiformis Cav. PH 279 Oleandra neriiformis Cav. MIQ 42 Oleandra sp.

MIQ 49 Orthiopteris campylura (Kunze) Copel. PH 159 Orthiopteris campylura (Kunze) Copel. PH 14 Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link PH 308 Platycerium ridleyi Christ MIQ 7 Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl) Holttum MIQ 25 Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl) Holttum PH 75 Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl) Holttum PH 273 Pleocnemia irregularis (Presl) Holttum PH 264 Pleocnemia olivacea (Copel.) Holttum MIQ 37 Pleocnemia pleiotricha Holttum PH 231 Pneumatopteris brooksii (Copel.) Holtt.

PH 150 Polystichopsis indet.

PH 28 Pronephrium indet.

PH 195 Pronephrium hosei (Bak.) Holttum

MIQ 15 Pronephrium nitidum Holttum PH 32 Pronephrium nitidum Holttum PH 60 Pronephrium nitidum Holttum

MIQ 80

Pronephrium peltatum ( Alderw. ) Holttum var. persetiferum Holttum

PH 241

PH 256

PH 27 Psilotum triquetrum Sw. PH 225 Pteris sp.

(26)

PH 304 Pteris sp.

PH 205 Pteris holttummii Copel. MIQ 19 Pteris quadriaurita Retz. sensu lato MIQ 77 Pteris quadriaurita Retz. sensu lato MIQ 82 Pteris quadriaurita Retz. sensu lato MIQ 20A Pteris quadriaurita Retz. sensu lato PH 237 Pteris vittata L.

PH 263 Pteris vittata L.

PH 164 Pyrrosia kinabaluensis Hovenk. PH 176 Pyrrosia kinabaluensis Hovenk. PH 188 Pyrrosia kinabaluensis Hovenk. MIQ 9 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell PH 51 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell PH 54 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell PH 200 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell PH 296 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell PH 310 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farwell PH 53 Pyrrosia nummularifolia (Sw.) Ching PH 92 Pyrrosia platyphylla Hovenk. PH 194 Pyrrosia platyphylla Hovenk. PH 292 Schizaea digitata (L.) Sw. PH 9 Selaginella sp.

PH 10 Selaginella sp. PH 11 Selaginella sp. PH 202 Selaginella sp.

PH 31 Selaginella ?frondosa Warb. PH 45 Selaginella ?frondosa Warb. PH 23 Selaginella alutacia Spring

PH 178 Selaginella caulescens (Wall.) Spring PH 184 Selaginella caulescens (Wall.) Spring MIQ 74 Selaginella caulescens (Wall.) Spring MIQ 79 Selaginella cf. frondosa Warb. MIQ 87 Selaginella cf. frondosa Warb. PH 239 Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring MIQ 18 Selaginella frondosa Warb. PH 46 Selaginella frondosa Warb. PH 22 Selaginella griffithii Spring PH 172 Selaginella griffithii Spring PH 299 Selaginella griffithii Spring PH 311 Selaginella griffithii Spring MIQ 57 Selaginella griffithii Spring

(27)

MIQ 5 Selaginella sp. PH 24 Selaginella sp. MIQ 69 Selaginella sp. PH 96 Selaginella sp.

MIQ 86 Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Bak. PH 25 Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Bak. PH 258 Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Bak. PH 203 Selaginella willdenowii (Desv.) Bak. PH 212 Selliguea albidosquamata (Bl.) Parris PH 86 Selliguea lateritia (Bak.) Hovenk. PH 64 Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris PH 70 Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris PH 100 Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris PH 281 Selliguea metacoela (Alderw.) Parris PH 120 Selliguea platyphylla (Sw.) Ching MIQ 65 Selliguea soridens (Hook.) Hovenk. PH 280 Selliguea stenophylla (Bl.) Parris MIQ 63 Selliguea subsparsa (Baker) Hovenk. MIQ 41 Selliguea taeniata (Sw.) Parris PH 140 Selliguea taeniata (Sw.) Parris PH 141 Selliguea taeniata (Sw.) Parris

MIQ 64 Selliguea taeniata var quinquefida sensu Holttum PH 161 Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G. Price

PH 163 Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G. Price MIQ 72 Selliguea triloba (Houtt.) M.G. Price PH 29 Sphaerostephanos sp.

PH 39 Sphaerostephanos sp. PH 111 Sphaerostephanos sp.

MIQ 6 Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Bl.) Holttum MIQ 51 Sphaerostephanos heterocarpus (Bl.) Holttum PH 21 Sphaerostephanos penniger (Hook.) Holttum PH 223 Sphaerostephanos penniger (Hook.) Holttum PH 303 Sphaerostephanos sp.

MIQ 17 Syngramma coriacea (Copel.) Holttum PH 36 Syngramma coriacea (Copel.) Holttum

PH 40 Syngramma wallichii Bedd.

MIQ 12 Taenitis blechnoides (Willd.) Sw.

PH 160 Tapeinidium indet.

PH 171 Tapeinidium gracile (Bl.) Alderw. MIQ 11 Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hooker) Kramer PH 112 Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hooker) Kramer PH 284 Tapeinidium luzonicum (Hooker) Kramer PH 312 Tectaria devexa (Mett.) Copel.

PH 101 Tectaria grandidentata (Ces.) Holttum PH 95 Tectaria inopinnata Holttum

MIQ 84 Tectaria pleiosora (Anderw.) C. Chr. PH 208 Tectaria simonsii? (Baker) Ching MIQ 22 Tectaria sp.

(28)

MIQ 24 Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir. MIQ 28 Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir. MIQ 38 Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir. PH 52 Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir. MIQ 59 Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir. PH 59 Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir. PH 80 Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir. PH 243 Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir. PH 99 Trichomanes christii Copel. PH 248 Trichomanes grande Copel. PH 78 Trichomanes humile Forst. MIQ 29 Trichomanes humile Forst. PH 105 Trichomanes javanicum Bl. PH 110 Trichomanes javanicum Bl. PH 210 Trichomanes javanicum Bl. PH 82 Trichomanes maximum Bl. PH 98 Trichomanes maximum Bl. PH 81 Trichomanes minutum Bl. PH 278 Trichomanes obscurum Bl. PH 143 Trichomanes proliferum Bl. MIQ 61 Trichomanes proliferum Bl.

PH 49 Trichomanes singaporianum (Bosch) Alderw.

MIQ 43 Trichomanes sp.

MIQ 44 Trichomanes sp.

PH 207 Trichomanes sp.

PH 276 Trichomanes sp.

PH 65 Vittaria indet.

(29)

Appendix 3. Collections made by Ferry Slik based on 53 plot (53 x 100 m

2

or 0.53 ha) inventories

of trees taller than 1.3 m, spread across the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest.

Family Genus individuals

Lauraceae Actinodaphne 10

Theaceae Adinandra 6

Meliaceae Aglaia 90

Alangiaceae Alangium 6

Sapindaceae Allophyllus 2

Lauraceae Alseodaphne 6

Dipterocarpaceae Anisoptera 3

Annonaceae Unknown 3

Rubiaceae Anthocephalus 3

Euphorbiaceae Antidesma 15

Meliaceae Aphanamixis 1

Euphorbiaceae Aporusa 17

Thymelaeaceae Aquilaria 2

Myrsinaceae Ardisia 18

Moraceae Artocarpus 10

Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea 30

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia 1

Lauraceae Beilschmiedia 32

Celastraceae Bhesa 2

Euphorbiaceae Blumeodendron 5

Euphorbiaceae Bridelia 2

Anacardiaceae Buchanania 12

Fabaceae Callerya 4

Clusiaceae Calophyllum 43

Burseraceae Canarium 10

Rubiaceae Canthium 6

Fagaceae Castanopsis 1

Celastraceae Unknown 17

Oleaceae Chionanthus 24

Meliaceae Chisocheton 5

Lauraceae Cinnamomum 8

Euphorbiaceae Cleistanthus 44

Clusiaceae Cratoxylum 5

Euphorbiaceae Croton 4

Crypteroniaceae Crypteronia 1

Lauraceae Cryptocarya 5

Burseraceae Dacryodes 13

Fabaceae Dalbergia 1

Lauraceae Dehaasia 20

Fabaceae Dialium 9

Dilleniaceae Dillenia 20

Sapindaceae Dimocarpus 9

Ebenaceae Diospyros 210

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus 14 Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon 2

(30)

Dipterocarpaceae Dryobalanops 12

Euphorbiaceae Drypetes 1

Sonneratiaceae Duabanga 4

Bombacaceae Durio 2

Meliaceae Dysoxylum 21

Elaeocarpaceae Unknown 6

Magnoliaceae Elmerillia 1

Fabaceae Endertia 24

Annonaceae Enicosanthum 8

Connaraceae Erycibe 5

Euphorbiaceae Unknown 18

Theaceae Eurya 1

Loganiaceae Fagraea 3

Moraceae Ficus 31

Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia 15

Fabaceae Fordia 79

Euphorbiaceae Galearia 2

Clusiaceae Garcinia 6

Ulmaceae Gironniera 2

Euphorbiaceae Glochidion 17

Anacardiaceae Gluta 1

Ochnaceae Gomphia 1

Annonaceae Goniothalamus 20

Sapindaceae Guioa 4

Proteaceae Helicia 8

Proteaceae Heliciopsis 2

Dipterocarpaceae Hopea 67

Myristicaceae Horsfieldia 3

Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus 4

Rubiaceae Hypobathrum 1

Aquifoliaceae Ilex 4

Rubiaceae Ixora 10

Monimiaceae Kibara 3

Myristicaceae Knema 43

Meliaceae Lansium 4

Rubiaceae Lasianthus 2

Lauraceae Unknown 12

Vitaceae Leea 152

Sapindaceae Lepisanthes 185

Urticaceae Leucosyke 1

Fagaceae Lithocarpus 21

Lauraceae Litsea 43

Loganiaceae Unknown 1

Celastraceae Lophopetalum 1

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga 5

Sapotaceae Madhuca 1

Magnoliaceae Magnolia 13

Euphorbiaceae Mallotus 75

Clusiaceae Mammea 1

(31)

Annonaceae Meiogyne 24

Melastomataceae Melastoma 4

Meliaceae Unknown 4

Rutaceae Melicope 3

Sabiaceae Meliosma 2

Melastomataceae Memecylon 10

Clusiaceae Mesua 1

Tiliaceae Microcos 23

Sapindaceae Mischocarpus 11

Annonaceae Monocarpia 2

Rubiaceae Nauclea 18

Lauraceae Neolitsea 2

Euphorbiaceae Neoscortechinia 6

Annonaceae Neouvaria 7

Sapindaceae Nephelium 29

Olacaceae Ochanostachys 1

Fabaceae Ormosia 4

Sapotaceae Palaquium 30

Sapindaceae Paranephelium 8

Chrysobalananceae Parinari 1

Fabaceae Parkia 2

Sapotaceae Payena 8

Rhizophoraceae Pellacalyx 1

Tiliaceae Pentace 1

Verbenaceae Peronema 2

Lauraceae Phoebe 5

Rubiaceae Pleiocarpidia 19

Annonaceae Polyalthia 67

Sapindaceae Pometia 1

Annonaceae Popowia 32

Rubiaceae Prismatomeris 6

Rosaceae Prunus 7

Rubiaceae Psychotria 1

Melastomataceae Pternandra 14 Sterculiaceae Pterospermum 47

Euphorbiaceae Ptychopyxis 9

Fagaceae Quercus 7

Violaceae Rinorea 8

Rubiaceae Unknown 31

Rutaceae Unknown 3

Annonaceae Sageraea 3

Burseraceae Santiria 8

Sapindaceae Unknown 4

Fabaceae Saraca 71

Actinidiaceae Saurauia 42

Saxifragaceae Unknown 1

Sterculiaceae Scaphium 2

Anacardiaceae Semecarpus 6

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea 128

(32)

Sterculiaceae Sterculia 22

Symplocaceae Symplocos 13

Myrtaceae Syzygium 173

Verbenaceae Teijsmanniodendron 2

Combretaceae Terminalia 3

Theaceae Unknown 1

Rubiaceae Timonius 3

Euphorbiaceae Trigonostemon 4

Rubiaceae Urophyllum 30

Dipterocarpaceae Vatica 9

Caprifoliaceae Viburnum 6

Verbenaceae Vitex 2

Meliaceae Walsura 6

Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum 39

Annonaceae Xylopia 3

Rhamnaceae Ziziphus 10

Unknown Unknown 37