(9$/8$6,-(1,6%$+$13(167$%,/'$1.2$*8/$1/$7(.63$'$
6,67(05($.6,+,'52*(1$6,.$7$/,7,./$7(.6
.$5(7$/$06.$/$6(0,3,/27
(YDOXDWLRQRI/DWH[6WDELOL]HUDQG&RDJXODQWLQWKH&DWDO\WLF+\GURJHQDWLRQRI 1DWXUDO5XEEHU/DWH[6\VWHPDW6HPL3LORW6FDOH :RUR$1'5,$1, 6DQWL3863,7$6$5, $KPDG1XUXGGLQ=DQNL:,',<$17252 GDQ086/,&+ 3XVDW3HQHOLWLDQ.DUHW -DODQ6DODN1RPRU%RJRU-DZD%DUDW (PDLOSXVSLWDVDULVDQWL#SXVOLWNDUHWFRLG 'HSDUWHPHQ7HNQRORJL,QGXVWUL3HUWDQLDQ,QVWLWXW3HUWDQLDQ%RJRU *HGXQJ)DWHWD/DQWDL.DPSXV,3%'UDPDJD%RJRU-DZD%DUDW 'LWHULPD0HL'LVHWXMXL0HL $EVWUDFW + \ G U R J H Q D W H G Q D W X U D O U X E E H U SURGXFHG IURP K\GURJHQDWLRQ RI QDWXUDO UXEEHU ODWH[ E\ XVLQJ GLLPLGH FRPSRXQG LV KLJKO\ SRWHQWLDO WR EH XVHG WR VXEWLWXWH V\QWKHWLF UXEEHU (3'0 W\SH 2QH IDFWRU GHWHUPLQHWKHVXFFHVRIK\GURJHQDWLRQLVWKH VHOHFWLRQRIODWH[VWDELOL]HUDQGFRDJXODQW7KH DLP RI WKH UHVHDUFK ZDV WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH PRVWLGHDOODWH[VWDELOL]HUDQGFRDJXODQWIRU K\GURJHQDWLRQRIQDWXUDOUXEEHUODWH[DWVHPL SLORW VFDOH DW FDSDFLW\ DV .J ODWH[ FRQFHQWUDWHEDWFK 6WDELOL]HUV ZHUH XVHG FRQVLVWHG RI VWURQJ EDVH 1D2+ DQG DQLRQLF VXUIDFWDQW DV 6RGLXP /DXU\O 6XOIDWH 6/6 ZKLOHWKHFRDJXODQWFRYHULQRUJDQLFVDOW&D&O DQG RUJDQLF DFLG DV IRUPLF DFLG 7KH UHVXOW VKRZHG WKDW VWDELOL]HU W\SH 6/6 DQG FRDJXODQW W\SH IRUPLF DFLG ZHUH WKH PRVW LGHDO DGGLWLYH WR EH XVHG LQ GLLPLGH K\GURJHQDWLRQ RI QDWXUDO UXEEHU ODWH[ 7KH K\GURJHQDWHG QDWXUDO UXEEHU REWDLQHG KDG KLJK GHJUHH RI K\GURJHQDWLRQ ² IROORZHGZLWKORZDVKFRQWHQW² .H\ZRUGV &RDJXODQW FROORLG VWDELOL]HUK\GURJHQDWHG QDWXUDO UXEEHU QDWXUDOUXEEHUODWH[
$EVWUDN
.DUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ GDUL UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL NDUHW DODP IDVD ODWHNV ROHK VHQ\DZD GLLPLGD EHUSRWHQVL GLJXQDNDQ VHEDJDL SHQJJDQWL
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²\DQJGLLNXWLGHQJDQ NDGDUDEX \DQJUHQGDK²
.DWD NXQFL .DUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL NRDJXODQODWHNVNDUHWDODP SHQVWDELONRORLG
3(1'$+8/8$1
.RQVXPVLNDUHWVLQWHWLNGXQLDWHUXV PHQXQMXNNDQNHFHQGHUXQJDQSHQLQJNDWDQ EDKNDQ OHELK WLQJJL GDULSDGD NDUHW DODP
3DGD WDKXQ NRQVXPVL JOREDO NDUHW VLQWHWLNPHQFDSDLMXWDWRQVHGDQJNDQ N D U H W D O D P K D Q \ D M X W D W R Q ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5XEEHU 6WXG\ *URXS >,56*@ -HQLV NDUHW VLQWHWLN \DQJ SDOLQJ EDQ\DN GLEXWXKNDQ ROHK LQGXVWUL DGDODK NDUHW VLQWHWLN XQWXN SHPEXDWDQ EDQ NHQGDUDDQ VHSHUWL 6%5 GDQ %5 NDUHW VLQWHWLNWDKDQRNVLGDVLWHUPDOVHSHUWL(3'0 ,,5 &5 VHUWD NDUHW VLQWHWLN WDKDQ PLQ\DN VHSHUWL 1%5 0H\HU 0HODOXL WHNQLN PRGLILNDVLNLPLDZLNDUHWDODP\DQJEHUDVDO GDUL VSHFLHV+HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV EHUSHOXDQJ GLJXQDNDQ XQWXN PHQVXEVWLWXVL EHUEDJDL MHQLVNDUHWVLQWHWLNEHUEDVLVSHWUROHXP6HUWD GLGXNXQJGHQJDQSRWHQVLNHWHUVHGLDDQNDUHW D O D P \ D Q J V D Q J D W P H O L P S D K G D Q SHPDQIDDWDQQ\D \DQJ EHOXP RSWLPDO WHUXWDPD GL QHJDUD SURGXVHQ VHSHUWL ,QGRQHVLD PDND SHQJJXQDDQ NDUHW DODP VHEDJDLFDORQEDKDQEDNXDOWHUQDWLQJJUHHQ SRO\PHUGLQLODLFXNXSPHQMDQMLNDQ
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
.HEHUKDVLODQ UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL ODWHNV NDUHW DODP VDQJDW EHUJDQWXQJ SDGD PXWXODWHNVSHNDWVHEDJDLEDKDQEDNXMHQLV GDQ UDVLR NRPSRVLVL SHUHDNVL MHQLV GDQ NRQVHQWUDVLNDWDOLVGDQEDKDQDGLWLINRQGLVL VHUWDWHNQLNUHDNVL0DKLWWLNXOHWDO 'LLPLGD \DQJ GLSHUROHK VHFDUD LQVLWX GDUL KDVLORNVLGDVLKLGUDVLQKLGUDWROHKKLGURJHQ SHURNVLGD PHUXSDNDQ VHQ\DZD GRQRU KLGURJHQ \DQJ SDOLQJ XPXP GLJXQDNDQ GDODPKLGURJHQDVLODWHNVNDUHWDODP6PLWK
HWDO&LIULDGLHWDO6HPHQWDUD
SHQJJXQDDQ EDKDQ DGLWLI NKXVXVQ\D MHQLV SHQVWDELOODWHNVVHSHUWLVHQ\DZDEDVDNXDW GDQVXUIDNWDQGLIXQJVLNDQXQWXNPHQMDPLQ NHVWDELODQ VLVWHP NRORLG ODWHNV NDUHW DODP VHSDQMDQJ UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL EHUODQJVXQJ /DWHNV NDUHW DODP \DQJ WLGDN VWDELO GDQ PHQJDODPL NRDJXODVL DNDQ PHQJDNLEDWNDQ VHQ\DZD GLLPLGD WLGDN GDSDW EHUHDNVL GHQJDQ PROHNXO NDUHW \DQJ WHUGLVSHUVL GL GDODP ODWHNV VHKLQJJD SURVHV KLGURJHQDVL PHQMDGLWLGDNRSWLPDO
7DKDSDQ SURVHV VHWHODK UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL ODWHNV NDUHW DODP WXUXW PHQHQWXNDQ NDUDNWHULVWLN NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL \DQJ GLSHUROHK 6HVXDL GHQJDQ SURVHGXU SHQJRODKDQ NDUHW DODP N R Q Y H Q V L R Q D O O D W H N V N D U H W D O D P WHUKLGURJHQDVL DNDQ GLJXPSDONDQ GHQJDQ P H Q D P E D K N D Q N R D J X O D Q V H K L Q J J D W H U E H Q W X N S D G D W D Q N D U H W D O D P WHUKLGURJHQDVL 6\DUDW UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL ODWHNV NDUHW DODP \DQJ EDLN DGDODK WLGDN PHQJDODPL SUDNRDJXODVL NHWLND UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL VHGDQJ EHUODQJVXQJ QDPXQ P X G D K G L J X P S D O N D Q N H W L N D U H D N V L KLGURJHQDVL WHODK VHOHVDL 2OHK NDUHQD LWX SHPLOLKDQ MHQLV NRDJXODQ VHODLQ EDKDQ SHQVWDELO ODWHNV GLDQJJDS PHQMDGL VDODK VDWX IDNWRU SHQHQWX GLSHUROHKQ\D HIILVLHQVL SURGXNVL GDQ NDUDNWHULVWLN NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL\DQJWLQJJL
3HQHOLWLDQ LQL EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQJHWDKXL MHQLV EDKDQ SHQVWDELO VHUWD EDKDQ SHQJJXPSDO NRDJXODQ ODWHNV \DQJ SDOLQJ LGHDO GLJXQDNDQ GDODP UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL SHPEHQWXNNDQ NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL \DQJ GLMDODQNDQ SDGD VNDOD VHPL SLORW EHUNDSDVLWDV .J ODWHNV SHNDWEDWFK 3HQHQWXDQ MHQLV EDKDQ SHQVWDELO GDQ NRDJXODQ WHUEDLN GLGDVDUNDQ SDGD SHQJDPDWDQ VHSDQMDQJ UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL SURVHV NRDJXODVL ODWHNV NDUHW DODPWHUKLGURJHQDVLGDQKDVLONDUDNWHULVWLN NLPLDZLNDUHWDODPWHUKLGURJHQDVL
%$+$1'$10(72'(
3HQHOLWLDQ WHODK GLODNVDQDNDQ GL 3DEULN3HUFREDDQGDQ/DERUDWRULXP3HQJXML 3XVDW 3HQHOLWLDQ .DUHW %DKDQ \DQJ GLJXQDNDQGDODPSHQHOLWLDQLQLGLJRORQJNDQ PHQMDGLGXD\DLWXEDKDQSHPEXDWDQNDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL +15 GDQ UHDJHQW
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
3HUDODWDQ \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ PHOLSXWL UHDNWRU WDQJNL EHUSHQJDGXN EHUNDSDVLWDV WRWDO .J ODWHNV SHNDWEDWFK \DQJ GLOHQJNDSL GHQJDQ DJLWDWRU PHNDQLV VHUWD VHSHUDQJNDWSHQJHQGDOLVXKXPHVLQFUHSHU
XQWXN PHQJJLOLQJ NDUHW RYHQ VHUWD
O D E R U D W R U \ J O D V V Z D U H , Q V W U X P H Q W SHQJJXMLDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ )7,5 1LFROHW L6 GDUL7KHUPR6FLHQWLILF
3HQHOLWLDQ LQL GLODNXNDQ GDODP WLJD WDKDSDQ \DLWX NDUDNWHULVDVL EDKDQ EDNX ODWHNV SHNDW NDGDU DPRQLDN WLQJJL +$15 SURVHVUHDNVLKLGURJHQDVLODWHNVNDUHWDODP GDQ NDUDNWHULVDVL VLIDW NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL+15
.DUDNWHULVDVL %DKDQ %DNX /DWHNV 3HNDW .DGDU$PRQLDN7LQJJL
3HQJXMLDQNDUDNWHULVWLNODWHNVSHNDW NDGDUDPRQLDNWLQJJL\DQJGLODNXNDQEHUXSD XML NDGDU NDUHW NHULQJ . NDGDU MXPODK SDGDWDQ .-3 NDGDU DPRQLDN DWDX DONDOLQLWDV ZDNWX NHPDQWDSDQ PHNDQLN GDQ)7,5.DGDUNDUHWNHULQJ.GLJXQDNDQ VHEDJDLEDVLVSHUKLWXQJDQMXPODKSHUHDNVL 3URVHGXUSHQJXMLDQPHQJDFXSDGDVWDQGDU $670'6HODLQLWXMXJDWXUXWGLXML VLIDWNLPLDNDUHWDODPPXUQLGDODPEHQWXN SDGDW\DQJPHOLSXWLSDUDPHWHUELODQJDQLRG NDGDU JHO GDQ NDGDU DEX VHEDJDL SHPEDQGLQJ
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
/DWHNVWHUKLGURJHQDVL\DQJGLSHUROHK GLDNKLU UHDNVL NHPXGLDQ GLEDJL PHQMDGL EDJLDQ GHQJDQ YROXPH \DQJ VDPD 6HODQMXWQ\DNHGDODPPDVLQJPDVLQJ,DWHNV GLWDPEDKNDQ GHQJDQ ODUXWDQ DVDP IRUPDW GDQ ODUXWDQ &D&O VHKLQJJD W H U E H Q W X N J X P S D O D Q N D U H W D O D P WHUKLGURJHQDVL6HWLDSJXPSDODQNDUHWDODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL NHPXGLDQ GLFXFL XQWXN PHQJKLODQJNDQ LPSXULWLV \DQJ WLGDN LNXW WHUJXPSDONDQ6HWLDSJXPSDODQNDUHW\DQJ WHODKEHUVLKNHPXGLDQGLJLOLQJGHQJDQPHVLQ
FUHSHU PHQMDGL OHPEDUDQ NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL6HWLDSOHPEDUDQNDUHWDODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL EDVDK \DQJ GLSHUROHK ODOX GLNHULQJDQJLQNDQ VHODPD MDP VHEHOXP GLNHULQJNDQ GDODP RYHQ SDGD VXKX & V H O D P D M D P / H P E D U D Q N D U H W WHUKLGURJHQDVLNHULQJODOXGLNDUDNWHULVDVL
(YDOXDVLNLQHUMDEDKDQSHQVWDELOGDQ EDKDQ SHQJJXPSDO NRDJXODQ ODWHNV GLODNXNDQ VHFDUD NXDOLWDWLI .LQHUMD EDKDQ SHQVWDELO NRORLG ODWHNV GLQLODL RSWLPDO MLND
7DEHO.RGHVDPSHONDUHWDODPWHUKLGURJHQDVL
7DEOH6DPSOHFRGHRIK\GURJHQDWHGQDWXUDOUXEEHU
VHSDQMDQJ EHUMDODQQ\D UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL WLGDN WHUMDGL SUDNRDJXODVL DWDX WLGDN WHUEHQWXN NRDJXOXP NDUHW WHUKLGURJHQDVL 6HPHQWDUD NLQHUMD EDKDQ SHQJJXPSDO GLHYDOXDVL NXDOLWDV VHUXP \DQJ WHUEHQWXN DNLEDW SURVHV NRDJXODVL ODWHNV NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL VHWHODK UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL VHOHVDL .RGH VHWLDS VDPSHO NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVLGLULQFLGDODP7DEHOVHEDJDL EHULNXW
. D U D N W H U L V D V L 6 L I D W . D U H W $ O D P 7HUKLGURJHQDVL
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
WDQSD PHQJDODPL SUDNRDJXODVL PHVNLSXQ GLNHQDL HIHN SHQJDGXNDQ SDGD NHFHSDWDQ WLQJJL'HQJDQGHPLNLDQPHVNLSXQPHPLOLNL QLODL . .-3 GDQ NDGDU DONDOLQLWDV \DQJ UHQGDK ODWHNV NDUHW DODP SHNDW WHWDS GLDQJJDS OD\DN GLJXQDNDQ VHEDJDL EDKDQ EDNX GDODP SHPEXDWDQ NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVLSDGDVNDODVHPLSLORW
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
3HQJDPDWDQ .HVWDELODQ GDQ 3URVHV
. R D J X O D V L / D W H N V . D U H W $ O D P 7HUKLGURJHQDVL
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
6\DUDW SURVHV KLGURJHQDVL ODWHNV NDUHW DODP \DQJ EDLN DGDODK EDKZD ODWHNV NDUHW DODP WLGDN PHQJDODPL SUDNRDJXODVL NHWLND PDVLK GLUHDNVLNDQ GHQJDQ VHQ\DZD GLLPLGDQDPXPDNDQPXGDKGLJXPSDONDQ GHQJDQ SHQDPEDKDQ EDKDQ SHQJJXPSDO NRDJXODQ NHWLND UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL WHODK G L K H Q W L N D Q 3 H Q J J X P S D O D Q O D W H N V PHUXSDNDQPHNDQLVPHSHUXEDKDQIDVDVRO PHQMDGL JHO PHODOXL SHQXUXQDQ PXDWDQ
OLVWULN DNLEDW SHQXUXQDQ S+ ODWHNV
SHQDPEDKDQ DVDP + VHUWD SHQDPEDKDQ HOHNWUROLW \DQJ PHQJDQGXQJ NDWLRQ
PLVDOQ\D &D VHKLQJJD PHQ\HEDENDQ SHQXUXQDQ SRWHQVLDO HOHNWURNLQHWLN *DEXQJDQ 3HUXVDKDDQ .DUHW ,QGRQHVLD >*$3.,1'2@
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
- X P O D K D V D P I R U P D W \ D Q J GLJXQDNDQ XQWXN PHQJJXPSDONDQ ODWHNV NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL OHELK EDQ\DN GLEDQGLQJNDQ MXPODK &D&O +DO LQL GLNDUHQDNDQVHODLQXQWXNPHQJJXPSDONDQ ODWHNV DVDP IRUPDW MXJD GLJXQDNDQ XQWXN PHQHWUDONDQ NDQGXQJDQ DPRQLDN GDODP ODWHNV NDUHW DODP SHNDW NDGDU DPPRQLDN WLQJJL \DQJ PHUXSDNDQ EDKDQ EDNX GDODP S H P E X D W D Q O D W H N V N D U H W D O D P WHUKLGURJHQDVL 1DPXQ GHPLNLDQ XQWXN PHQJHWDKXL HIHNWLYLWDV SHPLOLKDQ EDKDQ SHQVWDELO GDQ EDKDQ SHQJJXPSDO ODWHNV SDGD SURVHV KLGURJHQDVL ODWHNV NDUHW DODP WHWDS GLGXNXQJ GHQJDQ GDWD KDVLO DQDOLVLV NXDQWLWDWLI VLIDW NLPLDZL NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL 1R 3DUDPHWHUXML 7HVWLQJSDUDPHWHU 6WDQGDUPXWX 4XDOLW\VWDQGDUG 1LODL 9DOXH 6DWXDQ 8QLWV .DGDU$ONDOLQLWDV 0LQ 1+ .DGDU.DUHW.HULQJ 0LQ .DGDU-XPODK3DGDWDQ 0LQ :DNWX.HPDQWDSDQ0HNDQLN 0LQ ! GHWLN 7DEHO6LIDWNLPLDODWHNVNDUHWDODPSHNDW 7DEOH&KHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIQDWXUDOUXEEHUODWH[FRQFHQWUDWH
*DPEDU.RDJXOXPNDUHWDODPWHUKLGURJHQDVLEHUSHQVWDELO1D2+NLULGDQ6/6NDQDQ
)LJXUH +\GURJHQDWHGQDWXUDOUXEEHUFRDJXOXPVWDELOL]HGZLWK1D2+OHIWDQG6/6ULJKW
.DUDNWHULVDVL .LPLDZL .DUHW $ODP 7HUKLGURJHQDVL
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
%HUGDVDUNDQ *DPEDU WHUOLKDW EDKZDVSHNWUDNDUHWDODPPXUQL/36GDQ /36 PHQXQMXNNDQ SROD \DQJ LGHQWLN GHQJDQVSHNWUXPNDUHWDODPWHUKLGURJHQDVL $GDQ$6SHNWUD)7,5NDUHWDODPPXUQL GLFLULNDQ GHQJDQ PXQFXOQ\D SLWD VHUDSDQ WDMDP SDGD SXQFDN ELODQJDQ JHORPEDQJ
FP XQWXN LNDWDQ UDQJNDS WDN MHQXK
& &YLEUDVLXOXUGDQFP XQWXNLNDWDQ &+ YLEUDVL WHNXN ,EUDKLPHW DO
$]KDUHWDO3LWDVHUDSDQSHQWLQJODLQ \DQJ WXUXW PHQJLGHQWLILNDVL NDUHW DODP DQWDUDODLQWHUOLKDWSDGDELODQJDQJHORPEDQJ
FP LNDWDQ &+ YLEUDVL XOXU
FP LNDWDQ &+ YLEUDVL WHNXN FP
LNDWDQ&+ YLEUDVLXOXUFP LNDWDQ
&+ YLEUDVL WHNXN VHUWD FP LNDWDQ ²&+ 0DKLWWLNXOHWDO0DKLWWLNXOHW DO $UD\DSUDQHH 5HPSHO 6HPHQWDUD SDGD VSHNWUD )7,5 NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL WHUOLKDW EDKZD WHUMDGL SHQXUXQDQ LQWHQVLWDV SXQFDN VHUDSDQ
WUDQVPLWWDQFH WHUXWDPD SDGD ELODQJDQ JHORPEDQJ FP \DQJ GLLNXWL GHQJDQ SHQLQJNDWDQ LQWHQVLWDV SXQFDN VHUDSDQ WUDQVPLWWDQFHSDGDELODQJDQJHORPEDQJ FP 3HUXEDKDQLQWHQVLWDVSXQFDNVHUDSDQ SDGD NHGXD ELODQJDQ JHORPEDQJ WHUVHEXW PHQJNRQILUPDVL WHUMDGLQ\D SHPXWXVDQ LNDWDQ UDQJNDS &+ PHQMDGL ²&+ ROHK VHQ\DZDGLLPLGDSDGDUDQWDLPROHNXONDUHW DODP FLV SROLLVRSUHQD .KXVXV SDGD VSHNWUD )7,5 NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL $ WHUOLKDW DGDQ\D SXQFDN VHUDSDQ SDGD
ELODQJDQJHORPEDQJFP \DQJEHUDUWL EDKZD SDGD NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL WHUVHEXW PHQJDODPL UHDNVL VDPSLQJ GHSROLPHULVDVL 'HSROLPHULVDVL DNDQ PHPXWXVUDQWDLSDQMDQJPROHNXONDUHWDODP PHQMDGLUDQWDLPROHNXO\DQJOHELKSHQGHN
6HFDUD NXDQWLWDWLI NRQYHUVL NDUHW D O D P P X U Q L P H Q M D G L N D U H W D O D P WHUKLGURJHQDVL GLNHWDKXL GDUL QLODL GHUDMDW KLGURJHQDVL\DQJGLKLWXQJEHUGDVDUNDQQLODL ELODQJDQLRG*DPEDU'HUDMDWKLGURJHQDVL PHUXSDNDQSHUEDQGLQJDQQLODLELODQJDQLRG NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL WHUKDGDS NDUHW DODP PXUQL %LODQJDQ LRG VHULQJNDOL GLJXQDNDQ XQWXN PHQJDQDOLVLV WLQJNDW NHWLGDNMHQXKDQVXDWXVHQ\DZD.DUHWDODP PXUQL \DQJ PHPLOLNL WLQJNDW NHWLGDN MHQXKDQ WLQJJL DNDQ PHPLOLNL ELODQJDQ LRG \DQJ OHELK WLQJJL GDULSDGD NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL %HUGDVDUNDQ *DPEDU WHUOLKDW EDKZD QLODL GHUDMDW KLGURJHQDVL NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL \DQJ GLVLQWHVLV GHQJDQ SHQDPEDKDQ EDVD NXDW 1D2+ FHQGHUXQJ OHELK UHQGDK GDULSDGD GHQJDQ SHQDPEDKDQVXUIDNWDQDQLRQLN6/6VHEDJDL EDKDQSHQVWDELO6XUIDNWDQDQLRQLNPHPLOLNL PXDWDQLRQQHJDWLI\DQJVDPDGHQJDQNDUHW DODP VHKLQJJD GDSDW EHUIXQJVL RSWLPDO VHEDJDL EDKDQ SHQVWDELO NRORLG ODWHNV VHODPD UHDNVL KLGURJHQDVL 6XUIDNWDQ DQLRQLN WHUXWDPD JRORQJDQVXOSKRQLF DFLG VDOWVHSHUWL6/6GDSDWGHQJDQFHSDWWHUVHUDS SDGDSDUWLNHONDUHW6LQJK 0HL
*DPEDU6SHNWUD)7,5NDUHWDODPPXUQL/36GDQ/36GDQNDUHWDODPWHUKLGURJHQDVL
$GDQ$
)LJXUH )7,5 VSHFWUXP RI SXUH QDWXUDO UXEEHU /36 DQG /36 DQG K\GURJHQDWHG QDWXUDO UXEEHU$DQG$ 7DEHO,QWHSUHWDVLGDWDVSHNWUD)7,5 7DEOH,QWHSUHWDWLRQGDWDRI)7,5VSHFWUXP %LODQJDQJHORPEDQJVSHNWUD)7,5 :DYHQXPEHURQ)7,5VSHFWUXP 9LEUDVLGDQJXJXVIXQJVL 9LEUDWLRQDQGIXQFWLRQDOJURXS /36 /36 $ $
8OXU ²2+ GDODP DVDP NDUERNVLODW
8OXU &+$VLPHWHUL
8OXU ²&+ $VLPHWHUL
8OXU ²&+ 6LPHWHUL
8OXU & &
7HNXN &+$VLPHWHUL
7HNXN &+6LPHWHUL
8OXU DWDX ZDJJLQJ &+& &
7HNXN ²&+ &+
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
/36 $ % & ' 6DPSHONDUHWDODPGHQJDQNRDJXODQ&D&O 1DWXUDOUXEEHUVDPSOHZLWK&D&OFRDJXDQW %LODQJDQ,RG 'HUDMDW+LGURJHQDVL %LODQJDQLRG ,RGLQHQXPEHU 'HUDMDWKLGURJHQDVL +\GURJHQDWLRQGHJUHH /36 $ % & ' 6DPSHONDUHWDODPGHQJDQNRDJXODQDVDPIRUPDW 1DWXUDOUXEEHUVDPSOHZLWKIRUPLFDFLGFRDJXODQW %LODQJDQ,RG 'HUDMDW+LGURJHQDVL %LODQJDQLRG ,RGLQH1XPEHU 'HUDMDWKLGURJHQDVL +\GURJHQDWLRQGHJUHH *DPEDU%LODQJDQLRGGDQGHUDMDWKLGURJHQDVLNDUHWDODPWHUKLGURJHQDVL )LJXUH,RGQXPEHUDQGGHJUHHRIK\GURJHQDWLRQRIK\GURJHQDWHGQDWXUDOUXEEHU
PXWX NDUHW DODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL +DVLO
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
NRDJXODQ &D&O DNDQ PHQJDNLEDWNDQ NDUHW PHPLOLNLVLIDWNHVWDELODQSDQDV\DQJUHQGDK
2OHKNDUHQDLWXKLQJJDVDDWLQLDVDP IRUPDW GLQLODL VHEDJDL NRDJXODQ WHUEDLN XQWXNNDUHWDODPPXUQLPDXSXQNDUHWDODP WHUKLGURJHQDVL 0HNDQLVPH SHQJJXPSDODQ ODWHNV NDUHW DODP ROHK DVDP IRUPDW GLODNXNDQ PHODOXL QHWUDOLVDVL PXDWDQ QHJDWLI ODSLVDQ SURWHLQOHPDN \DQJ PHQ\HOXEXQJL SDUWLNHO NDUHW ROHK PXDWDQ
SRVLWLI\DQJEHUDVDOGDULLRQ+ GDULVHQ\DZD DVDPIRUPDWVHKLQJJDWLGDNPHUXVDNPXWX SDUWLNHONDUHW%DLPDUNHWDO6HODLQ LWX GDODP DVDP IRUPDW MXJD WLGDN PHQJDQGXQJVHQ\DZDVXPEHUDEXGDQWLGDN EHUVLIDWKLGURVNRSLV
.DUHWPXUQL 1D2+SKU 1D2+SKU 6/6SKU 6/6SKU
6DPSHONDUHW 5XEEHUVDPSOH .DGDUJHO *HOFRQWHQ W *DPEDU.DGDUJHONDUHWDODPWHUKLGURJHQDVL )LJXUH*HOFRQWHQWRIK\GURJHQDWHGQDWXUDOUXEEHU
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²\DQJGLLNXWL GHQJDQ NDGDU DEX \DQJ UHQGDK ²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² 'RLDSS $UD\DSUDQHH : 5HPSHO */ (IIHFWV RI SRODULW\ RQ WKH ILOOHUUXEEHU LQWHUDFWLRQ DQG SURSHUWLHV RI VLOLFD I L O O H G J U D I W H G Q D W X U D O U X E E H U FRPSRVLWH-RXUQDORI3RO\PHUV 'RL
$]KDU1+$5DVLG+0G <XVRII6)0
(SR[LGDWLRQDQGK\GURF\ODWLRQ RI OLTXLG QDWXUDO UXEEHU 6DLQV
0DOD\VLDQD'RL
MVP
%DLPDUN < 7KUHHSRUQ - 'XPURQJFKDL 1 6ULVXZDQ < .RWVDHQJ 1 8WLOL]DWLRQRIZRRGYLQHJDUVDV V X V W D L Q D E O H F R D J X O D W L Q J D Q G DQWLIXQJDODJHQWVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRI QDWXUDO UXEEHU VKHHWV -RXUQDO RI (QYLURPHQWDO 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\
&LILUDGL $ &KDOLG 0 3XVSLWDVDUL 6 & K D U D F W H U L ] D W L R Q R I K \ G U R J H Q D W H G Q D W X U D O U X E E H U V\QWKHVL]HG E\ GLLPLGH WUDQVIHU K\GURJHQDWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI 7HFKQRORJ\ 'RL LMWHFKYL
*DEXQJDQ 3HUXVDKDDQ .DUHW ,QGRQHVLD 3HQJHWDKXDQ ODWHNV -DNDUWD ,QGRQHVLD*$3.,1'2
,EUDKLP6'DLN5 $EGXOODK, )XQFWLRQDOL]DWLRQ RI OLTXLG QDWXUDO UXEEHU YLD R[LGDWLYH GHJUDGDWLRQ RI QDWXUDO UXEEHU3RO\PHUV 'RLSRO\P ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5XEEHU 6WXG\ *URXS
5XEEHU %XOOHWLQ 6WDWLVWLF 6LQJDSRUH 6LQJDSRUH,56*
-L0<XH':X; =KDQJ/ 6WUXFWXUH DQG SHUIRUPDQFH RI K\GURJHQDWHGQDWXUDOUXEEHUSUHSDUHG E\ WKH ODWH[ PHWKRG3ODVWLFV 5XEEHU DQG &RPSRVLWHV 'RL .RQJSDUDNXO61J)77 5HPSHO*/ 0HWDWKHVLV K\GURJHQDWLRQ RI QDWXUDOUXEEHUODWH[$SSOLHG&DWDO\VLV $*HQHUDO²'RL MDSFDWD /L&3=KRQJ-3<DQJ//L6'.RQJ /; +RX776WXGLHVRQWKH S U R S H U W L H V D Q G W K H W K H U P D O GHFRPSRVLWLRQ NLQHWLFV RI QDWXUDO UXEEHUSUHSDUHGZLWKFDOFLXPFKORULGH H3RO\PHUV /LQ ; 3DQ 4 5HPSHO */ & X S U L F L R Q F D W D O \ ] H G G L L P L G H SURGXFWLRQIURPWKHUHDFWLRQEHWZHHQ K\GUD]LQH DQG K\GURJHQ SHUR[LGH
-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG&DWDO\VLV$*HQHUDO 'RL MDSFDWD
0DKLWWLNXO$3UDVDVVDUDNLFK3 5HPSHO */'LLPLGHK\GURJHQDWLRQRI QDWXUDO UXEEHU ODWH[ -RXUQDO RI $SSOLHG3RO\PHU6FLHQFH ²'RLDSS 0DKLWWLNXO$3UDVDVVDUDNLFK3 5HPSHO
*/+\GURJHQDWLRQRIQDWXUDO UXEEHU ODWH[ LQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI >,UFRG3F\ S\@3) -RXUQDO RI 0ROHFXODU &DWDO\VLV $ &KHPLFDO 'RL MPROFDWD 0H\HU % 2SWLPLVWLF 65 SURMHFWLRQV OHDGWRVDWXUDWHGPDUNHW5XEEHUDQG 3ODVWLF1HZV'LDNVHVGDULZZZUXEEHU QHZVFRP 3LPUDW3 3RROVDZDW:,QIOXHQFH RIFRDJXODQWVWRWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFXS OXPS DQG VWDQGDUG WKDL UXEEHU 675 RQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI UXEEHU 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5XEEHU &RQIHUHQFH S -DNDUWD ,QGRQHVLD,55,²,55'% D 3L\DDUHHWKDP 3 3UDVDVVDUDNLFK 3 5HPSHO*/2UJDQLFVROYHQW IUHH K\GURJHQDWLRQ RI QDWXUDO UXEEHU ODWH[ DQG V\QWKHWLF SRO\LVRSUHQH HPXOVLRQ FDWDO\]HG E\ ZDWHUVROXEOH UKRGLXP FRPSOH[HV -RXUQDO RI 0ROHFXODU &DWDO\VLV $ &KHPLFDO ² 'RL MPROFDWD E 3L\DDUHHWKDP 3 3UDVDVVDUDNLFK 3 5HPSHO */ $TXHRXVSKDVH K \ G U R J H Q D W L R Q R I Q D Q R V L ] H G SRO\LVRSUHQHHPXOVLRQXVLQJUKRGLXP FDWDO\VWV(XURSHDQ 3RO\PHU -RXUQDO ² 'RL MHXUSRO\PM 6LQJK0 0HL(/+6XUIDFWDQW DQGWKHLUXVHLQODWH[WHFKQRORJ\05% 5XEEHU7HFKQRORJ\'HYHORSPHQW
6PLW & )UDDLMH 0: 0LQQDDUG 5HGXFWLRQ RI FDUERQFDUERQ GRXEOHERQGXVLQJRUJDQRFDWDO\WLFDOO\ JHQHUDWHG GLLPLGH-RXUQDO RI 2UJDQLF &KHPLVWU\²'RL MRG
9HQL %1. 0D]DP 06 +\GURJHQDWHG QDWXUDO UXEEHU IURP GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI SUHVHUYHG ODWH[
-RXUQDO RI 5XEEHU 5HVHDUFK
