Co
Evaluation of Jatro
Mea
I. O. Oladunjoye, O. O. O
Abstract – An eight week feeding trial evaluate the nutritional value of fermen cake meal (JSCM) for growing rabbits to less utilized by product of biodiesel prod fermented byAspergillus nigerusing solid substituted for either 25% (diet 2), 50% (d 4) soybean meal (wt/wt) in the control diet for growing rabbits. Sixty mixed sex, cross × Flemish giant) rabbits average 877±4g four groups of 15 rabbits each and assigned diets in a completely randomized design. D on production performance, mortality, nutrient digestibility, carcass yield and or were analyzed by one way analysis of varia ware package. Results showed that averag of the rabbits that received diet 2 (14.37g) were similar to that of the control (14.35 obtained for those that received diet 3 (1 (P<0.05). Feed conversion efficiency, fina weight followed the same trend. Feed co increase JSCM in the diets. Productio (P<0.05) at 50% substitution level than i higher (P<0.05) at 25% and 75%. Crud digested at 75% substitution level. Feeding to rabbits reduced liver and spleen size. It w up to 75% soybean meal can be replace JSCM in growing rabbit diet without growth but for economic reason 50% shou
Keywords – Feed Conversion Effi Digestibility, Solid State Fermentation, Weight Gain.
I. I
NTRODUCTIONThe animal protein intake of an aver been estimated to be 7.5g/caput/day [1] short of the minimum value o recommended for an adult [2]. This ca many reasons among which is high co emanating from escalating cost of soy which constitute the bulk of compoun increase in animal protein production price is one of the pragmatic approaches anomaly. This placed rabbit at a vantage they possess high fecundity, rapid growth interval and ability to utilize a lot of rabbit production however requires conc since forage alone cannot sustain the leve improved breeds of rabbit.
Rabbit production is also facing food/f being witnessed in pig and poultry produ novelty plant protein crops has been sugg solving this problem. Jatropha is one novelty crops that abound in Nigeria belongs to the family of euphorbiaceae publicity due to the fact that its oil is
Copyright © 2014 IJAIR, All right reserved
atropha (
Jatropha curcas
L.)
Meal as Feed for Rabbit
O. Ojebiyi, T. Ojediran, A. B. Adeniyi and S. A
ial was conducted to ented jatropha seed to find a use for this oduction. The JSCM lid state method was (diet 3) or 75% (diet iet (diet 1) formulated ossbred (Newzealand 4g were divided into ned to any of the four . Data were collected ty, production cost, organ weight. Data riance using SAS soft age daily weight gain g) and diet 5 (13.14g) It was concluded that aced with fermented ut adverse effect on
ould be replaced.
Efficiency, Nutrient n, Aspergillus Niger,
N
verage Nigerian has 1] which greatly fall of 35g/caput/day can be attributed to cost of production soybean and maize ound feed. A rapid tion at an affordable hes of correcting this tage position because wth, short generation of forage. Intensive ncentrate pellet feed level of production of od/feed crisis that is oduction. The use of uggested as a way of ne of the numerous ria. This crop that ae is gaining wider il is being used for
biodiesel production. The pre premised on the fact that it is much environmental impact bec destroy earth ozone layer. One biodiesel production from jatro meal. This byproduct is likely to in the production of biodiesel causing pollution problem.
Jatropha seed cake byproduct rich in nitrogen and can be a source [3] that can spare the proteins like soybean cake and detoxified. Amino acid profile
Jatropha curcasis reported to other seeds [4]. However, the p factors such as lectins, saponin trypsin inhibitors, hydrocyanide greatest constrain to its use [ methods have been used to redu jatropha seed meal. One of the however is solid state fermenta seed cake meal will go a long problem that is likely to attend on large scale. Several studies the use of jatropha seed meal f on its use as feed for rabbit is was therefore conducted to fill th
II. M
ATERIALS ANDA. Experimental site
The study was conducted at Teaching and Research Unit, L of Technology, Ogbomoso Oyo rainy season (August-Septemb within the derived savanna between latitudes 8007’N and 4004’E and 4015’E. The mean with relative humidity of bet location is situated at about 500 a mean annual temperature of 26
B. Collection and processing
The unshelled seed were c trader and processor in Ibadan. until they attained about 13% unshelled seed were milled, def sun to avoid mould. The dried c Jatropha seed cake meal (JSCM
C. Source and culture of
inoculation procedure
Isolated and purified culture
niger was obtained from the
L.) Seed Cake
. A. Shonibare
preference for biodiesel is it is safer and does not have because its byproducts do not e of the major byproducts of tropha seed is jatropha seed to increase with the increase sel with the consequence of uct of biodiesel production is e an excellent plant protein e use of conventional plant d groundnut cake if properly file and mineral content of to be comparable to those of e presence of anti-nutritional onins, tannins, phytic acids, ides and phorboesters is the e [5]. Different processing educe the toxic compounds in the most promising of them ntation. The use of jatropha ng way in solving pollution d the production of biodiesel ies have been carried out on it, Ladoke Akintola University yo State, Nigeria during the 00m above the sea level with f 26.20C.
sing of jatropha seed
collected from a Jatropha an. The seeds were sun-dried 13% moisture content. The defatted and cake dried in the d cake was then referred to asM).
of
Aspergillus niger
and
re of the fungus Aspergillus
Applied Biology Laboratory, Ladoke Ak of Technology, Ogbomoso. The fungus c in potato dextrose agar (PDA) which w with 20% sucrose at PH of 5.5 with tem and then preserved in a refrigerator at 40 suspension of A niger was prepared fungus in an inoculums medium for 7 d content of JSCM was raised to 60% a fermenter fabricated locally with 24kg ca the substrate. Sterilization was done at 12 the JSCM was allowed to cool, then in and then left to ferment for 6-7 days at autoclaving each plate containing JSCM muslin cloth and aluminium foil.
D. Preparation Experimental diets
Four experimental diets were formula (diet 1) was formulated to contain soy source of protein whileJatropha curcasreplaced 25% (diet 2), 50% (diet 3) a soybean meal respectively in the three The diets were iso-caloric and iso-nitro the minimum requirements recommende rabbits [6]. All the diets were processed using 4mm pelleting machine to ensu intake and avoid wastage. The composi shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Gross composition of exper
Level of JSCM sub
Parameter 0
(diet 1) 25 (diet 2)
Maize 10.0 10.0
Corn bran 18.0 18.0 Wheat offal 28.8 28.8 Palm kernel cake 21.8 21.8 Soy bean meal 3.0 2.1 Fish meal 2.0 2.0 Rice bran 14.0 14.0 Common salt 0.2 0.2 Oyster shell 3.0 3.0
JSCM 0.0 0.9
Total 100 100
Crude protein (%) 16.04 15.82 Crude fibre (%) 9.33 9.27 1Metabolizable
energy
2487.87 2463.57
1
Calculated value; JSCM = Jatropha seed
E. Animals and Management
Sixty (60) cross bred of Newzealand a and mixed sex growing rabbits average 8 for the study. The rabbits were divided in fifteen rabbits of about equal weig randomly into the four experimental die randomized design. The rabbits were h hutches measuring 60×50×45cm. Feed supplied ad libitum using clay pot conta (8.00am and 400pm). Hutches wer germicide, properly disinfected and dried the commencement of the study. The treated for endo-parasites and ecto ivomectin injection and allowed to a duration of the study was eight weeks.
Akintola University s culture was grown h was supplemented temperature of 300C 40C. Aqueous spore d by culturing the days. The moisture and sterilized in a carrying capacity of t 1210C for 3 hrs and inoculated A niger
at 30±10C. Prior to M was covered with
ts
ulated. Control diet soybean as a major
asmeal was used to ) and 75% (diet 4) ree remaining diets. itrogenous and meet ded for the growing sed into pellet form nsure adequate feed osition of the diet is
d and Flemish giant e 877±4g were used d into four groups of eight and assigned iets in a completely e housed in a metal eds and water were ntainers twice daily ere washed with ied in the sun before e rabbits were also cto-parasites using acclimatized. The
F. Data collection
Data were collected on feed conversion efficiency, mortalit cost/kilogram weight gain.
G. Feed intake
A known quantity of feed wa daily and the rejected feed c following morning using weigh consumed was then determined Feed consumed = Feed supplied
H. Weight gain
Weight of each rabbit was tak experiment and thereafter eve growth of the animals. Weight g subtracting the weight of the an from that of a particular week. Weight gain = Weight of the ra Weight of the rabbit in the previo
I. Feed conversion efficiency
This was determined as we consumed.
Feed conversion efficiency = W
J. Mortality
preparation and expressed as Na Cost of Jatropha seed meal was procurement, transportation a fermentation).L. Feed cost per kilogram w
This was determined from we feed consumed.M. Digestibility trial
A digestibility study was con treatment. The rabbits were ho with facility for watering, feedin three day pre-collection period another five days collection per output were recorded using total collected were weighed daily an days. Faeces of each replicate w representative samples collecte bottles for laboratory analysis.
N. Carcass evaluation
Five rabbits were selected carcass evaluation. The rabbits weighed, stunned, bled, clean weight were taken and expresse live weight. Internal organs (Li heart) were carefully severed, c electronic weighing balance. organs were expressed as th
lied–Feed rejected
taken at the beginning of the every week to monitor the t gain was then calculated by animal in the previous week
.
rabbit in the present week -evious week
ncy
weight gain per unit feed Weight gain/Feed intake taken throughout the duration
s the percentage of the total tment at the beginning of the
ined in Naira per kilogram l ingredients used for feed Naira per kilogram of feed. as calculated from the cost of and processing (including
weight gain
weight gain and feed cost and
Co
O. Laboratory analysis
Feeds, faeces, and fermented jatropha analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, extract, ash and nitrogen free extract usi AOAC [7]. The gross energy of the fe seed meal was determined using calorimeter.
P. Statistical analysis
Data collected were analyzed by one variance using the soft ware package of was determined at P<0.05 and where indicated, Duncan’s option of the same s to separate the means.
III. R
ESULTSThe proximate composition of the JS study is shown in Table 2. Jatropha Table 3: Performance and e
Parameter 0
(diet 1)
Initial wt (g) 876
Final wt(g) 1680b
A D G (g) 14.35b
Feed intake (g) 87.82
FCE 0.17ab
Mortality (%) 2.8
Feed cost (N/Kg) 79.1d
Cost/kg wt gain (N) 483.30c abcd: Means bearing different superscrip seed cake meal; N = Nigerian Naira; ADG=
Rabbits that were fed diets in which 50% soybean meal in their diets had h and average daily weight gain than tho (control diet) while those fed 25%JSCM had similar (p>0.05) values with th conversion efficiency of the rabbits th JSCM in replacement for soybean mea (P<0.05) than that of the group fed no values obtained for those that were fe JSCM diets were similar to the values control. Feed cost increased with increa Table 4: Nutrient d
Parameter 0
(diet
Dry matter (%) 71.0
Crude protein (%) 80.0
Crude fibre (%) 49.6
Ether extract (%) 87.1
N F E (%) 75.
ab: Means bearing different superscripts seed cake meal; NFE= Nitrogen free ex
Copyright © 2014 IJAIR, All right reserved pha seed meal were
in, crude fibre, ether using the methods of fermented jatropha g adiabatic bomb
one-way analysis of of [8]. Significance re significance were e software was used
JSCM used in this ha seed cake meal
contains substantial amount of crude protein, crude fibre, ethe free extract were 23%, 8.11%, respectively.
Table 2: Chemical composition Component
Dry matter Crude protein Crude fibre Ether extract Ash
NFE
1
Gross energy
NFE=Nitrogen free ex The performance and ec substituting Jatropha seed cake diet of growing rabbits is shown d economic implication of feeding Jatropha seed cake m
Level of JSCM substitution (%) )
25 (diet 2)
50
(diet 3) (die
879 875 8
1683b 1810a 16
14.37b 16.7a 13
88.67 89.01 86
0.16b 0.19a 0.
2.9 3.0 3
80.1c 84.1b 86
c
495.01b 448.25d 565
cripts along the same row are significantly different (P DG= average daily gain; FCE= Feed conversion efficien ich JSCM replaced
higher final weight those fed no JSCM CM and 75%JSCM the control. Feed that were fed 50% eal was also higher no JSCM while the fed 25% and 75% es obtained for the rease level of JSCM
substitution in the diet. Feed cos of the rabbits that were fed replacement for soybean meal w higher than that of the grou contained no JSCM (control). T that received diet that contained lower (P<0.05). No significa observed on feed intake and mo
The nutrient digestibility by replacement for soybean meal is
t digestibility of rabbits fed Jatropha seed cake meal Level of JSCM substitution (%)
0 iet1)
25 (diet2)
50
(diet3) (d
1.08 68.33 72.66 6
0.07 75.08 74.34 7
9.62a 48.89a 46.80a 4
7.17 84.24 87.12 8
75.2 74.5 75.1 7
ipts along the same row are significantly different (P<0.0 extract
of nutrients. The contents of ther extract, ash and nitrogen %, 29.2%, 8.4% and 31.29% ition of Jatropha seed cake meal
Percentage 90.11 23.00 8.11 29.2 8.4 31.29
6145 extract;1Kilocal/Kg
economic implication of ke meal for soy bean in the wn in Table 3.
meal to rabbits 75
(diet 4)
SEM
878 6.0
1613b 75
13.14b 15
86.12 5.0
0.15b .025
3.2 0.6
86.3a 0.5
565.27a 7.0
t (P<0.05); JSCM = Jatropha iency; Wt = Weight.
cost per kilogram weight gain d 25% and 75% JSCM in l were significantly (P<0.05) oup that received diet that . The value obtained for those ined 50% JSCM was however ficant effect of diets was
ortality.
by the rabbits fed JSCM in l is shown in Table 4.
75
(diet4) SEM
69.44 5.5
76.46 7.0
42.40b 3.0
84.53 4.0
74.4 2.0
Dietary treatments had no significant ( the digestibility of dry matter, crude pro and nitrogen free extract. Significant ef however observed in crude fibre digestib received diet in which 50% soybean m Table 5: Carcass characteristics and
Parameter 0
(die
Live wt (Kg) 1.6
Carcass yield (% live wt) 47
Kidneys (% live wt) 0.
Liver (% live wt) 2.9
Heart (% live wt) 0.
Spleen (% live wt) 0.0
Lung (% live wt) 0.
ab: Means bearing different superscripts seed cake meal; Wt=weight
The live weight of the rabbits that we JSCM (diet3) was higher (P<0.05) than and 4). Livers of the rabbits that were fe 25% JSCM (diet 2) were similar in w (P<0.05) than those that were fed 50% The spleen of the rabbits that were fed JS (P<0.05) than that of the group fed soyb protein source.
IV. D
ISCUSSIONThe high protein content of JSCM ma protein feed resource for livestock ani nutrients in it can be properly process level for livestock animals. The crude content of JSCM used in this study wa reported by [9] for seed cake prepar seeds collected from different regions o and nitrogen free extract were however reported by the same author while the similar.
In this study rabbits that received 25 75%JSCM diet performed as well as th control diet while those that received 50% better than the control. This indicates soybean meal can be replaced with JSC diet without any adverse effect on growt better performance observed in the rabb could be due to better amino acid ba which probably favour higher growth. [10] indicates that amino acid compos seed is excellent. Also the higher ef utilization observed in the same group o due to the same reason. The results of t with that of [11] who reported a decreas broiler chicken fed fermented jatropha This difference could be due to the practice caecothrophy which is absent in The results obtained in this study show no difference in the feed intake of the rab
nt (P>0.05) effect on protein, ether extract t effect of diets was stibility. Rabbits that meal was replaced
with JSCM digested crude fibre inclusive).
The carcass characteristics an the rabbits fed JSCM in replac presented in Table 5.
nd internal organ weight of rabbits fed Jatropha seed cak Level of JSCM substitution (%)
0 (diet1)
25 (diet2)
50 (diet3)
1.67b 1.68b 1.80a
47.8 46.66 49.27
0.33 0.33 0.30
2.96a 2.38b 2.30b
0.21 0.19 0.18
0.08a 0.05b 0.04b
0.61 0.46 0.51
ts along the same row are significantly different (P<0.0
were placed on 50% an others (diets 1, 2 fed control diet and weight and larger % and 75% JSCM. JSCM were smaller oybean meal as sole
makes it a potential animals if the anti-essed to a tolerable de protein and fibre was lower than that ared from jatropha s of Ghana. The fat ver higher than that the ash content was 25%JSCM diet and those that received 50% even performed tes that up to 75% SCM meal in rabbit wth performance. A abbits on 50%JSCM balance in this diet h. Earlier report by position of jatropha efficiency of feed p of rabbit could be f this study disagree ase in the growth of a curcas seed meal. the fact that rabbits t in chicken.
owed that there was rabbits that received
diets that contained JSCM and diet. This contradict the report that rats fed alkali and heat tre curcas had reduced appetite a could be due to physiological difference in species. It can als usingAspergillus niger is a be reducing anti-nutritional factors heat treatment method.
This study revealed that ther mortality of the rabbits that we jatropha seed cake meal and tho diet. This is in line with the observed zero mortality in bro seed cake meal processed by autoclaved, refluxed by hex methanol.
Higher cost of the feeds th attributed to higher cost of JSCM cost was incurred in the process meal for the purpose of this st biodiesel industry is therefore e the one used for this stud production cost was lower in the JSCM compared with those that The results of this study re adverse effect on nutrient diges when soybean meal was replac This further confirm that rabbits diets.
In this study, the liver and spl that were fed diets that containe those that were fed only soybe protein in their diet. This can b anti-nutritional factors like le phytic acids, trypsin inhibito phorboesters in JSCM [5]. A kidney and liver was also repo were fed diets containing dried jatropha curcas in substitution
ibre better than others (control and internal organ weights of lacement for soybean meal is
ake meal 75
(diet4) SEM
1.62b 0.09
50.39 4.5
0.34 0.1
2.48b 0.40
0.19 0.05
0.05b 0.02
0.50 0.2
0.05); JSCM = Jatropha
d those that received control rt of [12] who demonstrated treated seed meal of jatropha and low feed intake. This al adaptation resulting from also mean that fermentation better processing method for ors in JSCM than alkali and ere was no difference in the were fed diets that contained those fed only soybean meal the report of [11] who also broiler chicken fed jatropha y fermentation and the one hexane before soaking in that contain JSCM can be CM used in the study. A high essing of the jatropha seed to study. The seed meal from e expected to be cheaper than udy. That notwithstanding, the rabbits that were fed 50% that received control diet.
Co Similarly, atrophy of vital organs was re alkali and heat treated jatropha seed meal
R
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[10] S.N. Malviya, R. Malakar, M. Yadav, A. Estimation and characterization of protein ofJatropha curcas. Advance Research in Biology. 2011;1 (1):35-38
[11] E.Wina, B. Tangendjaja, T Pasaribu and performance fed jatropha curcas seed fermentation, physic and chemical tr Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences. [12] K.D. Rakshit, J. Darukeshwara, K Narasimhamurthy, P. Saibaba and S. Bh of detoxified Jatropha meal (Jatropha cur
Chemical Toxicology. 2008; 46 (12): 3621 [13] V.L Araújo, S.S. Brito, J.N.M. Neiva, Ferreira, F.G. Lima, A.T. Ramos, M.C Maruo and A.C.H. Ferreira.. Fruit shell including in sheep diets: a nutritio toxicological characterization. Arquivo B Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2010; 62 (5):35-3
A
UTHOR’
SP
ROFILEI. O. Oladunjoye
,Ph
was born in 1959 at Edunabo Government of Osun State, Ni Ph.D. degree in Animal Scien Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Dr Ol Reader in the Department of A Health, Ladoke Akintola Univ Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. He has over 28 pu in leading national and international journals. Email: iooladunjoye@yahoo.com
Dr O.O. Ojebiyi
is a senior lecturer in the Department of A Biotechnology, Ladoke Akintola University of Tec
Copyright © 2014 IJAIR, All right reserved reported in rats fed
eal [12].
tion FAOSTAT 2004. d on 9/4/2007
AO). Report on Energy taly 1985.
K..Becker,. Comparative opha curcas for chemical egradability and toxic 07-215.
provenances of Jatropha Mexico and effect of ctors in seeds. J. Agric. toxins and detoxification ical seeds. Asian Aust. J. bbit. National Academy nalytical and Applied sis 18th edition: 2008.
istic. SAS institute, Inc. and S.M. Makuza. Effect stere concentration, total and the proximate ha curcas provenance: A al of Biological Science. A. Mishra and A. Tiwari. in present in seed extract in Pharmaceuticals and d T Purwadaria..Broiler ed meal detoxified by treatments. Indonesian ces. 2010; 15 (3):
K. Rathina Raj, K. Bhagya. Toxicity studies
curcas) in rats. Food and 21-3625.
va, P.M. Barreto, O.R. .C.S. Fioravanti, V.M. ell from Jatropha curcas itional assessment and Brasileiro de Medicina
5-31
Ph.D.
abon in Ife North Local Nigeria. He obtained his ience from University of Oladunjoye is presently a f Animal production and niversity of Technology, publications to his credit
Animal Nutrition and Technology, Ogbomoso.
Mr. T. Ojediran
is a graduate student in The Depar Biotechnology, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso
Miss A.B. Adeniyi
are graduate students in the Departm Health, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso.
Miss S.A. Shonibare
are graduate students in the Departm Health, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso.
artment of Animal Nutrition and so.
rtment of Animal Production and
