FINANCIAL REPORTING
FRAUD/MANIPULATION AND
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
MONITORING
Kamran Ahmed
DEFINITION OF FINANCIAL REPORTING (FR) FRAUD
The National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting (1987): “intentional or reckless misconduct, whether act or omission, that resulted in materially
misleading financial statement. It may entail gross and deliberate distortion of corporate records and the misapplication of accounting principles” (p. 2).
The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (1988): “intentional, deliberate, misstatement or omission of material facts, or accounting data, which is
misleading and, when considered with all the information made available, would cause the reader to change or alter his or her judgement or decisions” (p. 12).
DEFINITION OF FR FRAUD
TYPES OF FR FRAUD
1. Fraudulent transactions in the accounts in various forms to deceive investors
2 Financial statement restatement: earnings restatement to mean a net change to the priorperiod’s earnings shown only in the currentperiod comparatives (Ahmed and Goodwin, 2007, Accounting and Finance). Three main categories of earnings restatements policy changes including adoption of accounting standards, revisions in priorperiod estimates, and a catchall group called errors and unknown.
3. Earnings Management Opportunistic Discretionary Accruals and Real Earnings Management (overproduction/underproduction) reversal of sales/purchase etc.
4. Related Party Transactions: loans, advances between company and board members and other related parties (e.g spouses)
REASONS FOR FR FRAUD: THEORETICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Financial statement is manipulated to achieve expected target earnings (Burgstahler & Dichev, 1997), maximise selfinterest (Degeorge, Patel, & Zeckhauser, 1999) and fulfil individual desires for personal wealth, prestige and job security (Mak & Li,
2001). (agency conflict).
The presence of pressure, opportunity and rationalization are significant to financial statement fraud occurrences (see Albrecht et al., 2004;
Hogan, Rezaee, Riley Jr, & Velury, 2008; Lou & Wang, 2011; Spathis,
Doumpos, and Zopounidis 2002; Stalebrink & Sacco, 2007; Turner, Mock, & Srivastava, 2003). ( social rationalisation)
Fraudsters take advantage of the weaknesses in monitoring as an opportunity to commit financial statement fraud. This is where the presence of an effective
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
Macro Approach
Effective regulation and penalties by regulatory bodies. In some emerging countries regulatory bodies take soft approach and don’t take preventive measures.
Micro Approach (firm level)
Implementing Effective Governance and Internal Control System voluntarily
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
Detecting financial statement fraud is a complicated task demanded by financial statement users. No easy solutions.
Improved accounting standards and principles have increased the opportunities in determining loopholes in a complex financial statement (Kranacher, 2006). Effective corporate governance structures and internal control system using modern technologies.
Computerised technology has also created new forms of financial statement
fraud. It makes the process of furnishing and publishing false financial information much more difficult to detect ( Zhou and Kapoor , 2011)
DETECTING AND PREVENTING FR FRAUD
Lower proportion of independent directors on the board (Beasley, 1996)
Firms with higher percentage of insiders on board (Dechow et al., 1996)
Lack of directors with financial expertise on the board (Agrawal & Chadha, 2005) Infrequent number of board meetings (Xie et al., 2003)
Firms with lower directors’ remuneration (Brown & Caylor, 2004)
Lower proportions of independent director on the audit committee (Abbott et al.,
2002; Persons, 2005)
Lack of audit committee with accounting and financial expertise (Moyes & Hasan,
1996)
Few audit committee meetings (Owens-Jackson et al., 2009) Higher amount of external audit fees (Srinidhi & Gul, 2006)
Use of non Big 4 audit firms (Lennox & Pittman, 2010)
Outsourcing of internal audit services (Coramet al., 2008)
SUMMARY OF SELECTED LITERATURE ON CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES AND FINANCIAL
STATEMENT FRAUD
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Corporate governance structure and financial statement fraud: Evidence from Malaysia
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