Analysis of Misunderstanding Caused By Different Interpretations of Speech Act Labels in 'Tintin' and 'Asterix' Comic Series.

(1)

ABSTRACT

Dalam skripsi ini, saya menganalisis kesalahpahaman yang terjadi dalam

suatu percakapan. Kesalahpahaman tersebut diakibatkan oleh adanya perbedaan

interpretasi dari Speech Act label di antara pembicara dan pendengar. Saya

memilih ini sebagai topik bahasan dalam skripsi saya untuk menunjukkan bahwa

bahkan dengan adanya bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi, kesalahpahaman

seringkali terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Di samping itu, saya juga ingin

menunjukkan bahwa kesalahpahaman dapat juga menimbulkan hal-hal yang lucu

atau efek humor dalam suatu cerita.

Speech Act label merupakan label suatu ucapan yang diutarakan oleh

pembicara atau pendengar dalam sebuah percakapan; misalnya, suatu ucapan

dapat dinamakan ‘pernyataan’, ‘pertanyaan’, ‘perintah’ dan lain-lain.

Sebagai sumber analisis, saya menggunakan serial komik ‘Tintin’ dan

‘Asterix’. Kesalahpahaman yang terjadi dalam serial komik ini menimbulkan

berbagai efek emosional kepada pendengar yang terlibat dalam percakapan.

Pendengar dapat merasa senang, tersanjung, malu, bahkan terhina atas apa yang

pembicara sampaikan melalui ucapannya.

Di dalam suatu percakapan, terdapat dua macam notion of face. Notion of

(3)

ucapan, baik itu positif maupun negatif. Maksud yang positif disebut face saving

act dan. maksud yang negatif disebut face threatening act.

Proses-proses analisis dalam skripsi saya meliputi bidang linguistik,

khususnya Pragmatics yang menggunakan teori Speech Act dan Taxonomy. Teori

ini dikembangkan oleh John Searle. Taxonomy merupakan pengelompokan label

dari suatu ucapan yang meliputi Directives, Expressives, Representatives dan

Commissives. Di samping itu, saya juga menerapkan teori Erving Goffman dari

bidang Sosiolinguistik. Teori tersebut adalah teori notion of face, yang terbagi

menjadi face saving act dan face threatening act sebagaimana telah dijelaskan

sebelumnya.

(4)

APPENDICES

3. 1. Tintin Comic Series

Tintin and Alph Art

(5)

The Shooting Star

Tintin: “And its hairy legs!... it makes me shiver to think of them!”

Professor Decimus: “Its legs?... What legs?”

Tintin: “What legs?... Why, belonging to that

gigantic spider…”

Professor Decimus: “Spider?... is this your idea of a joke, young man?”

Tintin: “But… it’s impossible… you… I mean…

Perhaps you made a mistake in your calculations.”

(6)

4. Philippulus: “I am Philippulus the prophet! I proclaim the day of terror!... the end of the world is high! All men will perish!... and the survivors will die of hunger and cold!... There will be pestilence, and famine, and measles!”

Tintin: “Look here Mr. Prophet, why don’t you go

home? You’d better off in bed!...”

Philippulus: “You hear that? He dares to set himself up against Philippulus the prophet… an advocate of the devil!… a son of satan!... a tool of beelzebub! Get back to satan, your master!”

Directive: Suggestion

Expressive: Insult

FSA: Suggesting Philippulus

(7)

The Castafiore Emerald

Mike: “A doctor! I suppose you think we have money to pay for a doctor!”

Captain Haddock: “Well, goodbye, and take care of that little cherub. But if you take

my advice, you’ll camp

somewhere else, and not on this rubbish-dump… in the first place, it’s unhealthy…”

Mike: “D’you think we’re here because we like it? D’ you imagine we enjoy living surrounded

FTA: Feeling insulted

(8)

7.

Castafiore: “Why should I have seen them, girl? It’s not my job to look after your things.”

Castafiore: “Have you seen the marvelous article about me in ‘Paris-Flash’”

Captain Haddock: “Yes, I have seen it, madam!...

you call it marvelous?... Announcing our marriage!...”

Castafiore : “oh, yes, priceless, isn’t it?”

Tintin: ”Here, your hats!... and mind the cables!”

(9)

10.

11.

Calculus: “Ah, dear lady. It’s quite extraordinary; I just found this magazine on the floor…

and guess whose charming likeness adorns the cover... look!”

Castafiore: “I know, Professor Candyfloss! I know!... and kindly refrain from calling it a likeness!!”

Detective Thomson: “In a nutshell… if the theft

Was committed by someone in the house, then there are only six suspects: Irma, Wagner, Nestor, Tintin, and of course You yourself, captain.”

Captain Haddock: “Are you suggesting…!?”

Expressive: Praise

Representative: Statement

Expressive: Mockery

Expressive: Accusation

FSA: praising Castafiore

FSA: giving the explanation about the suspects

FTA: feeling humiliated

(10)

Red Rackham’s Treasure

Detective Thompson: “Captain, is what Tintin says

really true? He’s just told us you’ve decided not to go. It seems you broke a mirror and afraid…”

Captain Haddock: “Afraid? Me, afraid?... Afraid of what?... afraid of whom?...

(11)

14.

Captain Haddock: “Positive! I plotted the position yesterday at noon.”

Captain Haddock: “Thundering typhoons! What

are you two doing there, instead of pumping?”

Detective Thompson: “Us? We’ re resting… it’s tiring work, you know.“

(12)

Destination Moon

Professor Calculus: “I have been very ably supported by my engineer,

(13)

16.

Professor Calculus: “Of course!... why else do you think I asked you to join me?...”

Detective Thompson: “All the same, be careful.”

Detective Thomson: “I’m not a child, am I?”

Captain Haddock: “Have you seen my pipe?”

Mr. Baxter: “Your pipe? What would I want with your pipe?... I’m sorry but I haven’t time to worry about your pipe now!”

Professor Calculus: “My poor friend! Didn’t you

(14)

19.

Detective Thomson: “Well, you’re very wise not to

go on such a wild goose chase!... It’s a ridiculous idea!... Besides, at your age it would be sheer madness!”

Captain Haddock: “What? At my age?!... I suppose you take me for a rusty old tub,

Captain Haddock: “Thundering typhoons! Why does this cork have to be so stubborn?”

Frank Wolff: “Would you like me to try, captain?”

Representative:

FTA: feeling insulted

(15)

Captain Haddock : “Are you proposing to teach me how to open a bottle of champagne?”

(16)

Explorers on the Moon

Misunderstanding of Speech Act labels

Effects of Misunderstanding on the Participants

No.

Dialogue

Speaker's Intended Speech Act label

Hearer’s Interpretation Speech Act label

Speaker's Intended Notion of Face

Hearer’s Interpretation of Speaker's Notion of Face

21. Captain Haddock: “Good heavens, what a leap!”

Tintin: “Ha! Ha! Ha! You see, captain! On the

Moon, gravity is actually six times less than on the earth.”

Captain Haddock: “And I knew that all the time, thundering typhoons!... but I’d completely forgotten.”

Expressive: Mockery

FSA: giving the explanation to Captain Haddock

(17)

King Ottokar’s Sceptre

Detective Thomson: “Now don’t try any funny business with us, my friend… come on, what’s your name?”

A man: “I… let’s see… it’s really very odd, but I…

I can’t remember!...”

Detective Thomson: “For the last time, my man, don’t try any funny business

(18)

3. 2. Asterix Comic Series

Julius Pompus: “What happened, O Crismus

Bonus?”

Crismus Bonus: “I tripped over my beard, idiot!”

(19)

Asterix in Spain

No.

Dialogue

24.

Huevos Y Bacon: “What a big nose you have!”

Vitalstatistix: “Humph! Take him away! We’ll go on this conversation after my afternoon nap!”

Expressive: Awed Expression

Expressive: insult FSA: expressing his surprised feeling

(20)

Asterix in Britain

No.

Dialogue

25. Asterix : “That’s wine all right”

Pub owner: “Goodness gracious! Of course it’s wine! It’s perfectly safe to drink it!”

Expressive: Insult FTA: Stating the truth about the wine

(21)

Asterix the Gladiator

Caius Fatuous: “just taste these pasties! They’re a new recipe – they cost a fortune!

Caius Fatuous: “salty! huh! These barbarians don’t appreciate good food! Bring me the giblet jam!”

Representative: Fact

Expressive: Insult FSA: Saying the fact about the dishes’ taste

(22)

Asterix and the Big Fight

No.

Dialogue

27. Psychoanaltyx: “What happened to him? Some sort of a shock?”

Asterix: “yes, it was a menhir got him down”

Obelix: “I don’t think it was that at all. You always make out it was my fault. You’re not going to tell me that little tap with a…”

Representative: Explanation

Expressive: Accusation

FSA: Giving the explanation about Getafix’

condition

(23)

Asterix and the Roman Agent

No.

Dialogue

28. Fulliautomatix: “The Romans have got the magic potion! We saw them!”

Asterix: “That’s ridiculous! How could they have managed to find out the secret?”

Fulliautomatix: “We’ve been seeing a lot of

Romans around the village lately.”

Asterix: “Are you accusing me of giving the Romans secret of the magic potion?”

Representative: Report

Expresive: Accusation

FSA: reporting about the event

(24)

Asterix and the Laurel Wreath

No.

Dialogue

29. Impedimenta: “Oh, Tapioca, how wonderful!”

Homeophatix: “Of course, it must be a bit of a

change from the stuff you get to eat at home!”

Vitalstatistix: “And what’s wrong with what we get to eat at home?”

Representative: Explanation

Expressive: Offence

FSA: giving the explanation about the food

(25)

Asterix and the Chieftain’s Shield

30. Julius Caesar: “well, my dear Vapus, you’ll just have to go back to Gaul and look for the shield Vercingetorix threw at my feet”

Noxious Vapus: “Er… Caesar… it might save time

to use some other shield… a nice new one. I happen to know a little armourer who…”

Julius Caesar: “Vade retro, Vapus! I shall have my triumph on that Arvernian shield

(26)

Obelix and co

No.

Dialogue

31. Geriartrix: “You’re buying menhirs here, right?”

Caius Preposterus: “Yes, indeed! Let us help you

unload them, venerable old gentleman”

Geriartrix: “Old? I’ll show you if I’m old, Roman!”

Directive: Offer Expresive: Insult FSA: offering a help to lift the menhirs

(27)

Asterix and the Banquet

No.

Dialogue

32. Asterix: “We can move freely without the cart…

but you’d better give me the bag. The poor horse can’t carry its weight as well as yours”

Obelix: “My weight? What about my weight?”

Directive: Offer Expressive: Insult FSA: offering a help to carry the bag

(28)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Language is one of the most important aspects in building communication.

Without language, both the verbal and non verbal language, people will not be

able to communicate well. However, as an utterance conveyed by a speaker may

be interpreted as many more than one meaning by a hearer, even with the

existence of language, misinterpretation may happen. A good communication, of

course, needs to be supported by the use of appropriate language in one

circumstance with the intention of conveying the correct information or messages

to the other participants, so as to avoid misinterpretation.

The subject of misunderstanding is interesting to discuss because it is

something that commonly happens, regardless of time, place and participants of

the conversation. In addition, it gives me such a big curiosity to find out some

factors affecting misunderstanding and the various emotional effects on the

participants appearing in a certain conversation.

One of the factors that cause misinterpretation in human communication is

(29)

question by a speaker may be interpreted differently by a hearer. For instance, he

may interpret it as an insult. As a result, this misinterpretation may cause him or

her to feel offended.

In this thesis, I would like to discuss misunderstanding caused by different

interpretations of Speech Act labels in the comic series ‘Tintin’ entitled Tintin and

Alph- Art, The Shooting Star, The Castafiore Emerald, Red Rackham’s Treasure,

Destination Moon, Explores on the Moon, and King Ottokar’s Sceptre. I also use

‘Asterix’ comic series as my data source entitled Asterix The Gaul, Asterix in

Britain, Asterix in Spain, Asterix the Gladiator, Asterix and the Big Fight, Asterix

and the Roman Agent, Asterix and the Laurel Wreath, Asterix and the Chieftain’s

Shield, Obelix and co, and Asterix and the Banquet.

I choose comic series as the data source because I notice that it is popular

not only with children, but also with adults. Besides, a comic series contains many

pictures which are interesting to see, so that people may enjoy following the story

without feeling bored. In my opinion, a comic series is also easy to understand

because it usually reveals a simple plot of story. Moreover, reading comic books

has been one of my hobbies since I was in the elementary school.

‘Tintin’ is one of the most famous comic series in the world. It was first

printed in 1930. The characters are well-known, especially Tintin, the intelligent

detective, and his clever dog named Snowy. There are some of Tintin’s friends

who are also famous and have their own unique characteristics: Captain Haddock

and the twin siblings, Detective Thomson and Thompson, who are always loyal to

(30)

‘Asterix’ is a fictional character, created in 1959 as the hero of a French

comic series. He lives around 50 BC in a fictional village in northwest Armorica,

which is a region of ancient Gaul mostly identical to modern Brittany. This village

is celebrated amongst the Gauls as the only part of that country not yet conquered

by Julius Caesar and his Roman legions.

The Gaullish village is famous for its magic potion which gives

superhuman strength made by a druid named Getafix. The main characters of this

story are very unique such as, Asterix, who is very clever, and his close friend

Obelix, a menhir (big rock) delivery man, who is not too bright. He is a big man

with superhuman strength because he falls into the cauldron of magic potion when

he is a baby, and it gives a permanent effect. However, there are some other

characters who also create the funny events in this story, such as Vitalstatistix, as

the chief of Gaullish village; Impedimenta, as Vitalstatistix’s wife; Unhygenix as

the fishmonger; Cacofonix as the bard; and Dogmatix as Obelix’s dog.

Both ‘Tintin’ and ‘Asterix’ have a very good story. The story is a

combination of a thriller, adventure and comedy which usually takes place in

many countries. In those comic series, I can find a lot of amusingly funny scenes

and they are often caused by some elements of misunderstanding in the

characters’ interactions.

In this analysis, there are two linguistic areas that I use as the approaches.

The first area is Pragmatics. In this area, I apply the Speech Act Theory on

Taxonomy by John Searle. Searle presents a rational taxonomy of types of speech

acts and he explores the relation between the meaning of sentences and the

(31)

The second linguistic area is Sociolinguistics. The theory applied in this

area is Erving Goffman’s theory of the notion of face, which is closely connected

to face saving and face threatening acts. Erving Goffman is a well-known

sociologist who provides a description of how language is positioned in particular

circumstances of social life, and how it reflects, and adds meaning and structure in

those circumstances. (Schiffrin, 1994: 97) By applying the theory of the notion of

face, we may discover that misunderstanding will cause the different emotional

reaction of face saving and face threatening acts between the participants.

Goffman considers emotions and feelings such as embarrassment, shame, pride,

and he makes these an integral part of his analysis of social face.

<http://uregina.ca/~gingrich/n25f99.htm>

Statement of the Problem

In this thesis, I would like to discuss the following problems:

1. Which Speech Act labels are misinterpreted in the conversation in ‘Tintin’ and

‘Asterix’ comic series?

2. How are the Speech Act labels misinterpreted?

3. What is the effect of each misinterpretation in the conversation on the

participants?

Purpose of the Study

In this thesis, I would like to show:

1. The Speech Act labels which are misinterpreted in the conversation in ‘Tintin’

(32)

2. How the Speech Act labels are misinterpreted.

3. The effect of each misinterpretation in the conversation on the participants.

Method of Research

In gathering and processing the data for my analysis, I first read some

episodes of ‘Tintin’ and ‘Asterix’ comic series entitled Tintin and Alph- Art, The

Shooting Star, The Castafiore Emerald, Red Rackham’s Treasure, Destination

Moon, Explores on the Moon, King Ottokar’s Sceptre, Asterix The Gaul, Asterix

in Britain, Asterix in Spain, Asterix the Gladiator, Asterix and the Big Fight,

Asterix and the Roman Agent, Asterix and the Laurel Wreath, Asterix and the

Chieftain’s Shield, Obelix and co, and Asterix and the Banquet as the primary

texts.

Second, I collect, select and classify the data, which are in the form of

sentences or phrases as the utterances of the conversations in those comic series

which cause misinterpretation. Third, I analyze the data by focusing on the

misinterpretations which have been caused by the different interpretations of

Speech Act labels, and by observing the effects of those misinterpretations on the

participants. Finally, I write a report of my research.

Organization of the Thesis

This thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter is the Introduction,

which contains the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose

of the Study, Method of Research, and Organization of the Thesis. The second

(33)

the conversations. The third chapter contains the discussion on the

misunderstanding caused by different interpretations of Speech Act labels and the

reaction of the participants in the comic ‘Tintin’ and ‘Asterix’ entitled Tintin and

Alph- Art, The Shooting Star, The Castafiore Emerald, Red Rackham’s Treasure,

Destination Moon, Explores on the Moon, King Ottokar’s Sceptre , Asterix The

Gaul, Asterix in Britain, Asterix in Spain, Asterix the Gladiator, Asterix and the

Big Fight, Asterix and the Roman Agent, Asterix and the Laurel Wreath, Asterix

and the Chieftain’s Shield, Obelix and co, and Asterix and the Banquet. Finally,

the last chapter, the Conclusion, contains my personal comments and opinion

based on my findings in this analysis. The thesis ends with the Bibliography and

(34)

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, I would like to draw some conclusions based on the

analysis that I have carried out in the previous chapter. After doing the analysis of

‘Tintin’ and ‘Asterix’ comic series, I find out that there are some events of

misunderstanding which are based on the Taxonomy types involved. In this case,

a speech act label of one utterance which is conveyed by a speaker is differently

interpreted by a hearer.

From the 32 data that have been analyzed, I find that most of the data

show that the misunderstandings happen because the speaker and the hearer have

different interpretations concerning the taxonomy classification. There are 13 data

showing the misunderstandings from Directive to Expressive types. In addition,

there are also 11 data which show the misunderstandings from Representative to

Expressive types. There are 3 data showing the misunderstanding from Expressive

to Directive types, and 1 data from Directive to Representative types.

In the findings above, it is clear that most of the misunderstandings happen

because the speaker’s utterances are misinterpreted as the Expressive type. In my

(35)

their feelings in interpreting the speaker’s utterances so that they have various

emotional responses such as feeling angry, accused, offended, humiliated, insulted

or even happy for what the speakers have said.

Besides, I would also like to point out that there are some data showing

misunderstandings although they are still in the same Taxonomy classification. In

this case, the misunderstandings happen because both of the speaker and hearer

have different interpretations of speech act labels. There are 2 data showing

misunderstandings of this kind in the Directive type. As mentioned in the analysis,

the speaker’s order is interpreted as a question by the hearer, and a question is

interpreted as an order. There are also 2 data showing this kind of

misunderstanding in the Expressive type. They are the speaker’s praise which is

interpreted as a mockery by the hearer, and the speaker’s awed expression which

is interpreted as an insult.

Those misunderstandings happen because, although the Taxonomy

classification is the same, each dialogue consists of different speech act labels

which reveal different messages and responses. In this case, I would like to give

an example taken from data number 7 when Lady Castafiore considers Irma’s

question an order. It can be clearly seen that Lady Castafiore as the hearer feels

offended because Irma, the assistant, asks about her lost scissors. Castafiore feels

that by Irma’s uttering such a question (Directive), she implies an order

(Directive) to Castafiore to find the scissors. In this event, Castafiore gets the

negative impression from Irma’s utterance so that she responds negatively.

It is common that in our daily conversation the speaker and hearer often

(36)

meaning of an utterance. Sometimes, the positive impression intended by the

speaker is interpreted wrongly by the hearer. It depends on how the speaker

conveys the utterance and whether the language is used in the appropriate context

or not.

From the misunderstandings that have been discussed, there must be some

effects on the participants in the conversations. This is illustrated as the ‘notion of

face’. In the 29 data of misunderstandings, the effects show that the hearers

interpret the speakers’ face saving act as face threatening act. Meanwhile, only in

the 3 data do the effects imply that the hearers interpret the speakers’ face

threatening act as face saving act.

In my opinion, the misunderstandings in ‘Tintin’ and ‘Asterix’ comic

series tend to perform a face threatening act because most of the hearers in the

conversations feel embarrassed and threatened by the speakers’ utterances. Most

of them interpret the speaker’s utterances negatively.

In these comic series, we often find the funny scenes caused by some

factors. In this case, ‘misunderstanding’ becomes one of the influencing factors

because the reader will be amusingly entertained by noticing that there is

something wrong yet funny in the conversations. Those conversations usually will

lead the readers to a different perception of what has been said by the speaker and

what has been understood by the hearer. As mentioned in data number 24, the

funny scene appears when a little boy, Huevos Y bacon, as the speaker, innocently

expresses his shock about Vitalstatistix’s big nose through his statement.

Meanwhile, Vitalstatistix is angry and feeling insulted. This example is

(37)

Huevos will honestly express his shock to the chief of Gaullish Village and this

makes Vitalstatistix angry.

Besides, I can say that there are also other elements causing the funny

scenes which support the misunderstanding events both in ‘Tintin’ and ‘Asterix’

comic series. In ’Tintin’ comic series, the misunderstanding is strongly supported

by the stereotypical characters appearing in the story. For example, the

misunderstandings often happen through the characterization of Captain Haddock,

who is almost always bad-tempered and stubborn, and the twin detectives

Thomson and Thompson, who are always clumsy and careless. The

characterization of Professor Calculus and Lady Castafiore also plays an

important role in creating the funny scenes in the comic series.

In ‘Asterix’ comic series, the funny scenes are not only supported by the

events of misunderstanding, but they are also supported by the unique

characterization of every character. In this case, the character of Obelix is

described as a rather stupid, sensitive and clumsy person, Asterix, is described as

a smart and serious character. Usually, the misunderstandings happen between the

opposing characters. Every character in these comic series has his or her own

specialty which is very dominant so he or she is often involved in the events of

misunderstanding.

As a closing remark, I would like to say that some comic series, especially

‘Tintin’ and ‘Asterix’ are not only entertaining us through their comedy situation,

but they also have many elements which are worth being analyzed through

(38)

PREFACE

This thesis is submitted to the English Department of the Faculty of

Letters, Maranatha Christian University, as a partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Sarjana degree.

In this thesis, I would like to analyze misunderstanding caused by different

interpretations of Speech Act labels in some of comic series ‘Tintin’ and

‘Asterix’. I choose to discuss this topic because misunderstanding is something

that commonly happens in our surroundings. Besides, I am curious to know more

about some factors that cause the misunderstanding viewed by linguistic theories.

I would like to express my deepest and greatest gratitude firstly to The

Almighty, my Lord, for His greatest love, blessings, consolation, help and

guidance that enable me to write and complete this thesis. Secondly, I would like

to thank both of my parents for their support and prayer. I also would like to thank

both my supervisors for their patience, help, kindness, and guidance during my

writing process. Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends for their help, love,

support, and understanding.

(39)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Pearson Education, 1992.

Schiffrin, Deborah. Approaches to Discourse. Oxford, 1994.

Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 1996.

Electronic Publications

Uregina. 17 April 2006

<http://uregina.ca/~gingrich/n25f99.htm>.

Primary sources

Hergé. Destination Moon. Little Brown, 1976.

---, Explorers on the Moon. Little Brown, 1976.

---, King Ottokar Sceptre. Egmont Childrens Books, 2002.

---, Red Rackham’s Treasure. Little Brown, 1974.

---, The Castafiore Emerald. Little Brown, 1975.

---, The Shooting Star. Little Brown, 1978.

---, Tintin and Alph-Art. Egmont Childrens Books, 2004.

Goscinny, René, and Albert Uderzo. Asterix the Gauls. Orion, 2004.

(40)

---, Asterix in Spain. Orion, 2004.

---, Asterix and the Banquet. Orion, 2004.

---, Asterix and the Big Fight. Orion, 2004. .

---, Asterix and the Chieftain Shield. Orion, 2004.

---, Asterix the Gladiator. Orion, 2004.

---, Asterix and the Laurel Wreath. Orion, 2005.

---, Asterix and the Roman Agent. Orion, 2004.

Analysis of Misunderstanding Caused By Different Interpretations of Speech Act Labels in 'Tintin' and 'Asterix' Comic Series.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

APPENDICES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

PREFACE

BIBLIOGRAPHY