Racism and gender discrimination issues in the depiction of African-American God as ideal mother.

i

ABSTRACT

Kobis, Dewi Christa. 2015. _{Racism and Gender Discrimination Issues in the}

Depiction of African-American God as Ideal Mother. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies for Graduate Level, Sanata Dharma University.

Racism and gender discrimination are social problems which have not been vanished in every country until now. Those who have black or color skins and female are mostly perceived unimportant and their positive contributions for the society are rarely appreciated. A novel by William Paul Young entitled The Shack is one of phenomenal literary product since it depicts the father God in black woman figure. The Shack got much hatred from several Christian leaders. While in another side, many people like novel The Shack since some people perceive it as a media to resist racism and gender discrimination with unique way.

This study aims to find information about how does novel The Shackcan be interpreted as anti-racism and anti-gender discrimination. There are two problem formulations in this study: (1) How does William P. Young depict God in black woman figure as ideal mother in The Shack?, (2) How can the depiction of God in black woman figure as ideal mother in The Shack be categorized as anti-racism and anti-gender discrimination?

This study used black feminism as its main theory in solving the problem formulations. Several important theories like black feminism in mothering and several characteristics as ideal mother are also used to support the idea that the depiction of ideal mother in The Shack can be used as well as a media to resist racism and to support gender equality.

Analysis of the study showed that William Paul Young has depicted the character of God in American woman as ideal mother since the African-American woman who plays a role as God fulfills all the characteristics of ideal mother. The analysis of this study comes to the borderline. The depiction of God in African-American woman figure as ideal mother for some reasons such as the stereotyped image of women as mother cannot be used to resist racism and gender discrimination. On the other side the power of homeplace as the site of resisting racism by creating a family and community who values their selves and appreciate everyone and every race is also helpful in resisting racism. Proposing view which states that Young as white man cannot appreciate and advocate African-American women or the ones who have black skin is also an act of stereotyping because not all white are racists and hate African-Americans or those who have black skin. Keywords: The Shack, God, black feminism, African-American women, racism, gender discrimination

ii

ABSTRAK

Kobis, Dewi Christa. 2015. _{Racism and Gender Discrimination Issues in the}

Depiction of African-American God as Ideal Mother. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies for Graduate Level, Sanata Dharma University.

Rasisme dan ketidaksetaraan gender adalah masalah sosial yang belum hilang dalam masyarakat di berbagai negara hingga saat ini. Mereka yang berasal dari suku yang berkulit gelap dan berjenis kelamin wanita sering kali disepelekan dan kontribusi positif mereka dalam masyarakat sering kali tidak dianggap. Novel karya William Paul Young yang berjudul The Shack adalah karya sastra yang cukup fenomenal karena menggambarkan sosok Allah dalam figur seorang wanita berkulit hitam. Novel The Shack mendapat banyak kecaman dari beberapa pemuka agama kristen. Namun disisi lain, banyak orang menyukai novel ini karena dianggap sebagai sarana untuk menghapus rasisme dan ketidaksetaraan gender dengan cara yang unik.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan informasi tentang bagaimana novel The Shack bisa dianggap sebagai novel yang anti-rasisme dan mendukung kesetaraan gender. Ada dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini: (1) Bagaimana William P. Young menggambarkan Tuhan dalam figur wanita berkulit hitam sebagai ibu yang ideal?, (2) Bagaimana penggambaran Tuhan dalam figur wanita berkulit hitam sebagai ibu yang ideal dalam novel The Shack dapat dikategorikan sebagai bentuk anti-rasisme dan dukungan untuk kesetaraan gender?

Penelitian ini menggunakan black feminism sebagai teori utama dalam menjawab rumusan masalahnya.Beberapa teori penting sepertiblack feminism in mothering, feminine mystique, dan beberapa kategori sebagai ibu yang ideal juga digunakan untuk mendukung pandangan bahwa penggambaran seorang ibu yang ideal dalam novel The Shack juga bisa digunakan sebagai sarana untuk melawan rasisme dan dukungan untuk kesetaraan gender.

Analisa dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa William Paul Young menggambarkan Allah dalam figur wanita Afrika-Amerika sebagai ibu yang ideal karena wanita Afrika-Amerika yang memerankan peran sebagai Tuhan memenuhi semua karakteristik untuk menjadi ibu yang ideal. Hasil analisis dari penelitian ini merujuk kepada borderline (batas wilayah). Penggambaran Tuhan dalam figur wanita Afrika-Amerika sebagai ibu yang ideal untuk beberapa alasan seperti penggambaran yang distereotipekan pada wanita dimana mereka harus menjadi ibu, tidak dapat digunakan untuk melawan rasisme dan diskriminasi gender. Disisi lain, peran dari tempat tinggal (keluarga) sebagai sarana untuk melawan rasisme dengan menciptakan sebuah keluarga dan komunitas yang menghargai diri mereka dan juga menghargai setiap orang dan setiap ras adalah hal yang menolong dalam mengatasi rasisme. Mengemukakan pandangan yang mengemukakan bahwa Young sebagai pria kulit putih tidak bisa menghargai atau membela wanita Afrika-Amerika juga merupakan bentuk stereotipe karena tidak semua orang kulit putih adalah rasis dan membenci mereka yang bersuku Afrika-Amerika atau berkulit hitam.

Keywords: The Shack, Allah, black feminisme, wanita Afrika-Amerika, rasisme, ketidaksetaraan gender.

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S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T

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N O I T C U D O R T N I .I R E T P A H

C ... ... 1 .

A Backgroundoft heStudy ... ... 9 y

h W . 1 .

A TheShack? ... ... 9 s

a d o G f o n o it c i p e D e h t y h W . 2 .

A Af ircan-Ame ircanWoman?... 12 ?

r e h t o M l a e d I y h W . 3 .

A ... ... 16 y

h W . 4 .

A Gende rDsic irminaiton? ... ... 17 ?

m si c a R y h W . 5 .

A ... ... 18 .

B ResearchQuesitons ... ... 19 .

C Scopeoft heStudy... ... 19 .

D Signi ifcanceoft heStudy ... ... 02 .

E ResearchMethod ... .. ... 22 .

F Chapte rOutilne ... .... ... 23

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C ... ... 24 .

A Reviewo fRelatedStudies ... ... 24 n

i r e t c a r a h C n i a M e h t s d r a w o t si s y l a n A l a c i g o l o h c y s P . 1 .

A TheShack ... 24 ..

. 2 .

A TheShackast heMediao fLtieratureno tonlyMediao fTheology ... 25 .. n

i s s e n e ti h W h ti w n o is u ll o C s ’ y ti n a it si r h C . 3 .

A TheShack ... 26 .

B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires ... ... 28 .

1 .

B Goda sParenst( Metaphors)... 28 .

2 .

B Goda sMother ... 31 .

3 .

B Idea lMotheri nAf ircan-Ame ircans... 33 .

4 .

B Charactersiitc sofI dea lMother ... 38 .

5 .

B Stoddard’ sCharactersiitc sofI dea lMother ... 41 a .LovingMother ... ... 41 b .Ca irngMother ... ... 42 c .ForgivingMother ... ... 43 d .W sieMother... ... 44

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e Paiten tMother ... ... 45 6

.

B .Racsim ... 45 .

B 7 .Racsimi nt heChurchandOthe rReilgions ... 46

i x .

8 .

B BlackFeminsim ... 49 9

.

B . BlackFeminsima ndMothe irngI ssue ... ... 05 .

a Mothe irnga sanOppressiono rRomanitcizaitono fWomen’ s s

g n ir e ff u

S ... ... 05 .

b Mothe irnga sanEmpowermen tandLiberaitonf o rWomen ... 65

. I I I R E T P A H C

N I D O G F O N O I T C I P E D E H

T AFRICAN-AMERICANWOMANFIGURE

K C A H S E H T N

I ... 69 .

A TheAf ircan-Ame ircanWomanGodast heMothe r ... 69 .... .

B TheAf ircan-Ame ircanWomanGodasI dea lMother ... 73 .. .

1 .

B LovingAf ircan-Ame ircanMother... 73 .

2 .

B Ca irngAf ircan-Ame ircanMother ... 77 .

3 .

B ForgivingAf ircan-Ame ircanMother ... 78 .

4 .

B WsieAf ircan-Ame ircanMother ... 83 .

5 .

B Paiten tAf ircan-Ame ircanMother ... 83 .

C Af ircan-Ame ircanWomanGodast heSymbo lo fGoodParent... 38

. V I R E T P A H C

K C A H S E H T N I S E U S S I R E D N E G D N A M S I C A

R ... 92 .. .

A Stereotypeo fWhtieMaleFathe rGod ... 92 .

B A -nit RacsimandGende rEqualtiyi nTheShack ... 89 n a c ir f A n i d o G f o n o it c i p e d n i s e u s s I n o it a n i m ir c si D r e d n e G d n a m si c a R .

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C Idea lMothe ra saanEmpowermentf o rAf ircan-Ame ircanWomen ... 11 9 n

i s e u s s I r e d n e G d n a m si c a R n i r e h t o M l a e d I f o n o it is o P e h T .

D TheShack .. 21 8

. V R E T P A H

C CONCLUSION ... 135

Y H P A R G O I L B I

B ... 1 14

S E C I D N E P P

A ... 149

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.l l e w s a s e t a t

S Mary B irnton, t he Resichaue rInsttiute Professo ro fSociology a t

s e t a t S d e ti n U e h t w o h t u o b a s n o it s e u q d e r e w s n a y ti s r e v i n U d r a v r a

H compairng to

k o o b e h t n I . n o it a n i m ir c si d r e d n e g n o s e ir t n u o c r e h t

o Lean In ,she tsate stha t

e b o t n e m o w g n il l e t n a h t r e h t a r

“ more con ifden tand ambiitous ,I t hink t ha t ti i s

” , n o s r e p e l o h w “ e h t o t t p a d a o t d e e n s e c a l p k r o w w o h t u o b a k l a t o t t n a tr o p m i e r o m

n e e w t e b e c n a l a b r e tt e b a e k ir ts n a c e n o y r e v e y a w s i h T . n e m d n a n e m o w h t o b

d n a , s d n e ir f , y li m a f h ti w e m it g n i d n e p s d n a g n i k r o

w thei rcommuntiy .Thegende r

s i t a h w t u B . s e ir t n u o c r e h t o y n a m n i n a h t r e w o l si s e t a t S d e ti n U e h t n i p a g e g a w

8 _{“Selamal ebihdairs atudekade ,masyaraka ta ls ipapuat elahmengalam ipendertiaand ibawah} M

A H n a r a g g n a l e p , is a si r e ti li

m ,eksplotias idan dsikirmina is .pada tahun 1998 ,Indone isa n

a r u t a i k i a b r e p m e m g n a y i s a si t a r k o m e d n a d i s a m r o f e r s e s o r p i k u s a m e

m -aturan HAM dan

, a is e n o d n I h a y a li w i r a d r u m it g n il a p g n a y i s n i v o r p i d , i p a t e t n a k a . is u ti t s n i n a g n a b m e k r e p

t a u p a P i ls a t a k a r a y s a

m etapmenjad isubyekpelanggaranHAMyang se iru sdar iapara tdan ”

. a is e n o d n I a r a g e n

” . a u p a P i d a is u n a M i s a s A k a H “ . e r o d o e h T , r e b e g h t a

R FranssicansI nternaitonal :AVocieatt he .s

n o it a N d e ti n

U 1( 2010) ,1.

6

d i m e h t e c n is d e w o r r a n y l e r a b s a h p a g e h t t a h t si g n il b u o

rt -1990s .A sa society ,

a s e p y t o e r e ts d n o y e b o g o t e l p o e p e g a r u o c n e o t e u n it n o c o t d e e n e

w ndr ecognize

e c a l p k r o w e h t o t e k a m n a c , e l a m e f r o e l a m , l a u d i v i d n i h c a e t a h t s n o it u b ir t n o c e h t

s p i h s n o it a l e r o t d n

a 9_{” . Based on B irnton’ s tsatement ,we know tha t gende r}

n i st si x e l li ts n e m o w d n a n e m r o f s e g a w e h t f o p a g e h t g n i d r a g e r n o it a n i m ir c si d

e h

t SU .A

s e g a w e k il e s a c a n i d n u o f y l n o t o n s i n o it a n i m ir c si d r e d n e g , a is e n o d n I n I

. p a

g Unfo trunately ,aggres isons toward women a re found on severa l regions

d e h c a e r a is e n o d n I n i n e m o w d r a w o t s e s a c e c n e l o i v , 2 1 0 2 n i d n a a is e n o d n I d n u o r a

a r a e y a n i s e s a c 7 0 1 . 9 1

1 ndt hi snumberi ncreasedt han2010 . I taslor epo tredt ha t

o h w e l p o e p e r e w s r e s u b a s n a e m t I . e s u b a c it s e m o d e r a s e s a c 7 0 1 . 9 1 1 m o rf % 6 9

s d n a b s u h ’ s m it c i v e h t e r a s r e s u b a e h t f o t s o M .s m it c i v e h t o t e s o l c e r

a 10_{. Thi s}

n e m o w t a h t s w o h s t I . c it e h t a p s i t c a

f do no tonly ge tgende rdsic irminaiton

o sl a t u b n o it a c u d e r o s r e e r a c r i e h t g n i d r a g e

r ge tphy iscallyabused. Thi sviolence

s e v o r p o sl a t i d n a a is e n o d n I n i st si x e l li ts n o it a n i m ir c si d r e d n e g t a h t s w o h s t r o p e r

e ti u q s i a is e n o d n I n i n o it a n i m ir c si d r e d n e g t a h

t alarming isnce i t relate s to

. e l p o e p t s e s o l c ’ s m it c i v y b e n o d s i e c n e l o i v e h t d n a e s u b a l a c is y h p

d n a m si c a r t a h t d n if e w , e v o b a s e l p m a x e d n a s e s a c l a r e v e s n o d e s a B

s i m si c a R . y rt n u o c g n i p o l e v e d d n a d e p o l e v e d n i ts i x e l li ts n o it a n i m ir c si d r e d n e g

c n e ir e p x

e ed by those who are dsic irminated by thei rrace o rskin colo rwhlie

r e d n e

g dsic irminaitoni sparitcula lryexpe irencedbywomen. Thsir ealtiyl eadst o

9 _{Mary Birnton , “Harvard Summe r School : Gende r Dsic irminaiton and Women in the} ”

. e c a l p k r o

W harvard.edu. 2010 .January 22 ,2015 .<http/:/wwws.umme.rharvard.edu/blog -s

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7

: t h g u o h t e h

t Wha thappen to African-American women then? Afircan-Ameircan

s i r o l o c n i k s r i e h t d n a e l a m e f e r a n e m o

w black, i tmeanst hatt heywli lge tdouble

s i e s a c s i h t g n i d r a g e r n r e c n o c e h T .r e d n e g d n a e c a r ri e h t g n i d r a g e r n o it a n i m ir c si d

t si s e r o t y a w e h t ,t a h t n a h t e r o M .r e p e e d d e n i m a x e e b o t y h tr o w d n a g n it a n i c s a f

m si c a

r and gende rdsic irminaiton i s tsli larguable . Finding usefu l and irgh t

s e o d t i t u b , tl u c if fi d e ti u q s i n o it a n i m ir c si d r e d n e g d n a m si c a r t s n i a g a o t d o h t e m

. e l b is s o p m i si t i t a h t n a e m t o n

e lt it n e l e v o n l a is r e v o rt n o c a e n i m a x e o t d e t c u d n o c s i h c r a e s e r s i h

T d The

k c a h

S . The sisue t ha tw li lbeexamined t hrough t hsi r esearch si t he depiciton o f

n i d o

G Af ircan-Ame ircan woman ifgure . The autho r o fThe Shack bravely

o t n i ) f e il e b ’ s n a it si r h C n o d e s a b ( d o G r e h t a F f o r e t c a r a h c e h t d e t a e r

c Af ircan

-n a c ir e m

A womanwhilemos toft heChrsiitan sbeilevet hatt heFathe rGods hould

d n u o r a s r e d a e r st i m o rf s n o it n e tt a y n a m s t c a rt t a l e v o n s i h t y h w s i t a h T . e l a m a e b

n i d o G f o n o it c i p e d e h t f o a e d i e h T . d lr o w e h

t Afircan-Ame ircan woman

d e e n d n a e l b a n o it s e u q l li ts s i r e t c a r a h

c sto be examined more by u isng l tierary

. m si c it ir c

n i d o G f o n o it c i p e d e h t n o s e s u c o f h c r a e s e r s i h

T Af ircan-Ame ircan

s a e r u g if n a m o

w a n idea lmother .Thi sresearch aslo aims t o check whether t he

n i d o G f o n o it c i p e

d Af ircan-Ame ircan woman ifgure a san i dea lmother i n The

k c a h

S can be catego irzed a sanit-racsim and anit-gende rdsic irminaiton o rno.t

w o n k o t h c r a e s e r si h t h g u o r h t d e n i m a x e e b o sl a l li w e c n e ir e p x e e fi l s ’r o h t u a e h T

s a r e t c a r a h c s ’ d o G g n it a e r c f o a e d i e h t h ti w p i h s n o it a l e r st i t u o b a r e p e e

d A rfican

-n a c ir e m

A woman . Severa l tsatement s o rconversaiton sin the nove lwli l be

s e s u h c r a e s e r s i h T . h c r a e s e r s i h t f o s g n i d n if e h t n e h t g n e rt s o t d e n i m a x

e Hooks ’

8

r o e h t ’ s n il l o C d n

a i es o fblack feminsim sa the main theo ires to examine the

r e h t o m o rf s e ir o e h t l a r e v e S . h c r a e s e r si h t f o s n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r

p blackfemini ts s

d n a s n o it a n a l p x e r e h tr u F . h c r a e s e r si h t f o s g n i d n if e h t y fi r a l c o t d e s u e b o sl a l li w

g u o r h t d e if ir a l c e b l li w h c r a e s e r s i h t f o e u s si e h t o t d e t a l e r s g n i d n

if h severa l

l li w n o it c u d o rt n i e h t s a h c r a e s e r s i h t f o r e t p a h c t s ri f e h t e li h w w o l e b s r e t p a h c

. h c r a e s e r si h t f o y d u ts e h t f o d n u o r g k c a b e h t ts ri f y fi r a l c

9

.

A Backgroundoft heStudy

.

1 WhyTheShack?

k c a h S e h

T i saconrtover isa lnove lwhichwa spublsihedi n2008. Theconrtoversy

l e v o n s i h t f

o appeared because oft he autho rof t hi snove ldepicted t he ifgure so f

. e r u t p ir c S n a it si r h C e h t n i n e tt ir w n e e b e v a h t a h w h ti w s y a w t n e r e ff i d n i d o

G 11

t a h t m i a l c e l p o e p e m o

S TheShacki saChrsiitanl tierature ,buts omepeopleclaim

t a h t m i a l c o h w e s o h T . t o n s i ti t a h

t TheShacki saChrsiitanl tieratures ayt ha tThe

k c a h

S proposest hei mpo tranceofl oveandf orgivenesst hatt heChrsiitan sneedt o

t c e j e r o h w e s o h t t u b e v a

h TheShacktobecatego irzeda sChrsiitanl tieratureclaim

t a h

t TheShacki saheresy isnceTheShackpropose sa tsorywhich tsatest ha tGod

a s

i n Af ircan-Ame ircanwoman .

t c e j e r o h w e s o h

T The Shack to be catego irzed a sChrsiitan l tierature give

e k il s n o it a c if ir a l c e h

t wha thad been sai d by J .R .Fo tser .Fo tse r tsates t hat :“i f

n a it si r h C a e v a h t o n n a c u o y , e r u t a n n a m u h f o y d u ts a e d a m e b o t s i e r u t a r e ti l

l u f n is f o e r u t a r e ti l s s e l n is a t p m e tt a o t s m r e t n i n o it c i d a rt n o c a s i t I . e r u t a r e ti l

” . n a

m 12 _{The depiciton o fGod i n t he Af ircan-Ame ircan woman ifgure migh tbe}

e r u t p ir c S n a it si r h C e h t n i n e tt ir w s i t a h w s e s o p p o t i e c n is t c a l u f n is s a d e z ir o g e t a c

e r e h s i e r u t a r e ti l n a it si r h C t a h t s e s o p o r p o sl a z n a r K . )r e h t a f a s i d o G s e t a ts t a h t(

i w y lt c e ri d g n il a e d s k o o b y l n o n a e m “ o t d e s

u thChrsiitandoct irne ,hi tsoryo rpiety

” .t ir i p s n a it si r h C a n i n e tt ir w d n

a 13Accordingt ot hosewhor ejec tTheShacktobe

1

1 _{Beilnda Elilott ,“Wha ’t sSo Bad abou t‘The Shack’? ”cbn.com. 2009 .Decembe r26 ,2014 .} >

x p s a . k c a h S e h T _ B t t o il l E / s k o o b / t n e m n i a t r e t n e / m o c . n b c . w w w / /: p t t h < 2

1 _{Foste,rJ .R .ModernChrsiitanL tierature.(Burn s&Oates ,1963 )154.} 3

1 _{Kranz ,Gsibert .ThreeCentuire so fChrsiitanL tierature.(Burn s&Oates ,1961 )7.}

0 1

, e r u t a r e ti l n a it si r h C s a d e ll a

c TheShacki sno tbasedonChrsiitandoct irne .Thati s

b t o n n a c t i y h

w ecalledChrsi itanl tierature ,bu ttii s ts li lconrtover isa lunit lnow.

k c a h S e h

T ha sbeen catego irzed a sa conrtover isa lnove leven before thi s

f o r o h t u a e h t s a g n u o Y l u a P m a il li W . d e h si l b u p n e e b s a h l e v o

n The Shack tsate s

h t r e v e n e h , ts ri f t a t a h

t oughttopubl sihTheShackfo rpubilc isnceTheShacki sa

. n e r d li h c x is s i h r o f t n e s e r p o t d e t n a w e h t a h t k o o

b The i nteniton o fpublsihing

k c a h S e h

T came a tfer t he nove lwa sread by Young’ ssevera lf irend sand when

k o o b e h t g n i d a e r n a g e b s d n e ir f f o s d n e ir

f and showed thei rintere ts toward the

l e v o

n ,Young tsa tred “contacitng publsihers .No luck . Fatih-based publsiher s

d e t c e j e

r The Shack as t oo provocaitve and mainsrteam publsiher ssaid t here wa s

” .s u s e J h c u m o o

t 14 _{The Shack oncewa sappeared t o be a novel t ha tha sno place}

n i r e h t e h

w vi truou spublsiher so rsecula rpublsiher s isnce i fi ti spublsihed by

s i ti f i d n a n o i g il e r st l u s n i t a h t l e v o n a s a d e z ir o g e t a c e b l li w t i r e h si l b u p s u o u tr i v

s i ) r e tt a m s u o i g il e r( s u s e J d n a d o G f o a e d i e h t , s r e h si l b u p r a l u c e s n i d e h si l b u p

i h t n i d e n i a t n o

c snovel .Therefore, The Shack w as once hardly accepted by t he

.s r e h si l b u p

h si l b u p o t e m it t s ri f e h t t a d r a h y ll a e r s a w t i h g u o h tl

A The Shack for t he

t p e k s g n it ir w s i h e k il o h w s d n e ir f s i h f o e m o s d n a g n u o Y l u a P m a il li W , c il b u p

b u p o t y a w a e k a m o t g n i y

rt lsih The Shack. Att he end, t hei rharde ffo tr t o rtyt o

e k a

m TheShackpublsihedf ort hepubilcgeneratedgoodoutcome . tIi s tsatedt hat :

, s d n e ir f s ’ g n u o Y f o o w t , e c n e i d u a r e g r a l a d e v r e s e d k o o b e h t d e c n i v n o c “

s e h t k r o w e r m i h d e p l e h , s r o ts a p r e m r o f h t o

b tory and in 2007 began to

y n a p m o c a , a i d e M n w o l b d n i W h g u o r h t s e v l e s m