Agroland : The Agriculture Science Journal, 2019 December 6 (2) 63 - 70 ISSN : 2407 – 7585 E-ISSN : 2407 – 7593
GROWTH AND YIELD OF SHALLOTS PLANTED BETWEEN CHILI PLANTS
Muhammad Ansar1), Imam Wahyudi1)dan Dance Tangkesalu2)
1)
Agrotechnology Study Program at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Email : apasigai@yahoo.com
2)Agribussinis Study Program at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako UniversityKampus Bumi Tadulako, Jl. Soekarno Hatta KM. 9 Palu Sulawesi Tengah
ABSTRACT
Community needs for the shallot commodity take place regularly every day because it is a food flavoring ingredient. For this reason, it needs to be followed by the availability of production supplies that are in accordance with consumer needs. Sigi Regency is one of the centers of shallot and chili production in Central Sulawesi, so far it has not been able to make a real contribution in meeting the needs of the community which tends to increase. This is because the exploitation of shallots and chillies is still monoculture, so the risk of crop failure, production decline and farmers' losses is very high. This research was carried out with the aim to determine the growth and yield of shallots planted with various cropping patterns mong chillies, so that information on suitable cropping patterns can be obtained to ensure the availability of high yields of shallots and chillies to meet community needs. The results showed that (i) various shallot cropping patterns among chilli plants did not significantly affect the greenness of leaves, tuber length, fresh weight per tuber, fresh weight of tuber per clump, harvest index and moisture content of shallot bulbs; (ii) leaf length, harvest age and fresh tuber weight of onion bulbs per hectare planted with different cropping patterns among chilli plants were not significantly different, except with monoculture shallot cropping patterns obtained by longer leaves, shorter harvest age (62.0 days) and the weight of fresh bulbs per hectare is higher (1.83 t / ha) compared to various shallot cropping patterns among chilli plants.
Keywodrs: Cropping Patterns, Chillies, Shallots.
INTRODUCTION
Shallot and chili are horticultural commodities that are very popular in Indonesia, because besides being cultivated by many farmers, they often cause price fluctuations for the community.(Mariyono and Sumarno 2015; Bhattarai and Mariyono 2016) This is due to the increasing price of shallots which are not in line with the increase in people's income. Based on data from the Ministry of Agriculture (2016) the harvested shallot area has reached 148,434 ha, but the productivity of shallots in Central Sulawesi is still very low (3.37-5.31 tons/ha) compared to national productivity that has reached (9.66–10,22 tons/ha). The low productivity of shallots in Central
Sulawesi, mainly due to the application of cultivation techniques that have not been optimal. In contrast, the planting area and harvest area and chilli production in Central Sulawesi in the 2012-2015 period were still low, but in 2016 the harvested area and chilli production experienced a very large surge with growth reaching 591.61%, due to the UPSUS Pajale-program Babe (Special efforts to increase rice, corn, soybean and red onion and chilli production) from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, especially in production centers throughout Indonesia.
The main problem that often causes volatility in the market is because the demand for shallots and chilli is evenly distributed at all times, while the production
of shallots and chilli is seasonal.
(Suwarsinah et al. 2018; Universitas Sebelas Maret,Indonesia et al. 2018) This condition causes turmoil because of the gap between supply and demand, thus causing turmoil between times and between regions.
For this reason, efforts and strategies are needed so that the scarcity of production can be overcome, so that price fluctuations can be overcome. One of the efforts that can be developed is by engineering the shallot cropping pattern that is integrated with chili cultivation.(Hardiansyah, Sulistyaningsih, and Putra 2017; Gagopale and Gesine 2015) The application of an integrated cropping system with a pattern of integration between shallots and chilli plants in one common plot of land at the same or almost the same time can be a solution and strategy to maintain the stability of farming production.
(Mariyono and Sumarno 2015; Sricharoen et al. 2017) Multiple cropping system is an agricultural business to get more than one crop yield from one species or several types of plants on the same plot of land in one year (Li and Li 2019; Hong et al. 2019).
The results of Girsang's study (2008) showed intercropping shallot with red chili 42 days after planting shallots yielding the wet harvest weight of the highest red onion tubers which was 74.29 g tan-1, intercropping with red chili 21 days after planting red chili was 62, 83 g tan-1 and intercropping with red chili when planting shallots were 62.11 g tan-l (lowest), while the highest red chilli harvest was in the intercropping system of red chillies planted together with the planting of shallots. This study aims to determine the growth and yield of shallots planted between red chili plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted for 6 (six) months starting from the preparation stage to the preparation of the report, namely in June-November 2018. The research location was the center of shallot and chilli production in Sidera Village, Kec.
Sigi-Biromaru Kab. Sigi Central Sulawesi.
This study was compiled using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) repeated three times. Treatment is Cropping Pattern, consisting of: (P1) single cropping pattern, shallot, (P3) stripping pattern 1:1 (1 row onion and 1 chili line), (P4) pattern stripping plant 2:1 (2 rows of shallots and 1 row chilli), (P5) stripping pattern 3:1 (3 rows of shallots and 1 row chilli), (P6) sigzak cropping pattern (shallots planted sigzak between plants chili, (P7) cropping pattern mixed with shallots and chillies (spacing of irregular onions and chillies).
The size of the bed is 210 cm wide x 350 cm long x 25 cm high. The distance between treatment beds is 50 cm and the distance between replications is 75 cm.
Monoculture spacing of shallots and chilies is 15x15 cm and 75x40 cm respectively, while the spacing for other cropping patterns is adjusted for each treatment(Kato et al. 2016; Schwinn et al. 2016)
Each chilli hole is planted with 1 chilli plant which is 30 days old after seedling or has leaves of 2-4 pairs, while for shallots planted 1 bulb of onion for each hole. The shallot bulbs that will be planted previously have been sterilized by mixing the seeds with a solution of fungicide(Sopha et al. 2017; Nawab et al. 2018)
In each trial plot, organic fertilizer from a 15 t/ha goat manure as basic fertilizer was given. Giving inorganic fertilizer in the form of NPK (15:15:15) as much as 200 kg/ha is done when the plants are 1 (one) week after planting in the experimental plot. Subsequent fertilization was carried out when the onion plant was 30 days after planting (dap) consisting of 100 kg ZA/Ha and 100 kg KCl/Ha. To obtain a good growth and yield of shallots, biourine liquid organic fertilizer (POC) is given 20 - 40 ml/liter of water (Ansar et al., 2014).
To find out the effect of the treatment being tried, it was observed the growth and yield of the shallots planted between chili plants, as follows: (a) growth components include: leaf length and leaf greenery, observed from 5 (five) sample
plants at each trial plots, and (b) yield components include: harvest age, tuber length, fresh weight per tuber, fresh weight of tubers with leaves per clump, tuber yield with leaves per hectare, tuber moisture content and harvest index calculated according to Khandakar (1994) . Data were analyzed using ANOVA based on Randomized Group Design(Bademlioglu et al. 2018; Giacomini Sari et al. 2019).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Long leaves of onion plants. The results of the analysis of the length of leaves of shallot plants at the age of 20, 30, 40 and 50 dap showed that the shallot cropping pattern among chilli plants had a significant effect on the length of the shallot plant leaves at the age of 40 and 50 dap; but it has no significant effect at the age of 20 and 30 dap. From Table 1 it can be seen that at the age of 20 and 30 dap the length of shallot leaves is higher in treatment P1 (shallot monoculture). The test results of Tukey test (α = 0.05) showed that at the age of 40 dap the longest leaves were obtained in treatment P1 and were significantly different from treatments P3 and P4, but not significantly different from treatments P5, P6 and P7; while at the age of 50 dap.
obtained the longest leaves in treatment P5 and significantly different from other
treatments, except with treatments P1 and P7 (Table 1). This condition shows that plants grown intercropping are depressed compared to those grown in monocuture.
This is due to the existence of competition factors among intercropped plants, especially competition on the intensity of sunlight, water and nutrients. Nurmas (2011) study also found that the height of corn and peanuts were increasingly depressed or lower in the intercropping system compared to those grown in monoculture.
The green leaves of the onion plant. The results of the variance analysis showed that the greenness of the leaves of shallots at the age of 40 dap showed that the shallot cropping pattern among chilli plants did not significantly affect the greenness of the leaves of the shallot varieties of the 'lembah palu', but the highest greenish leaf obtained (99.49 units) in treatment P6 (sigzak cropping pattern) and the lowest (77.29 units) in treatment P1 (shallot monoculture).
The greenness of the leaves is very much determined by the leaf chlorophyll content, where leaf chlorophyll is also influenced by the nutrient content, especially the constituent of leaf chlorophyll. Low leaf green content in monoculture shallots can be caused by competition between plants for nutrients, water and sun.
Table 1. The length of leaves of shallot plants aged 20-50 dap in the intercropping system with chili.
Shallot planting between chili plants
Leaf length (cm) of shallots at the age of ...
20 dap 30 dap 40 dap 50 dap
P1: Shallot Monoculture 20,01 25,22 30,37 a 31,43 a
P3: Shallot planted strips 1: 1 16,78 20,40 23,67 c 26,09 c
P4: Shallot planted strips 2:1 16,50 20,15 24,53 bc 26,22 c
P5: Shallot planted strips 3:1 19,67 24,30 29,88 ab 32,42 a
P6: Shallot planted by sigzak 17,99 21,70 24,79 abc 26,64 bc
P7: Shallot planted mixed 17,72 22,18 25,81 abc 27,79 abc
Tukey α=0,05 Ns ns 5,79 5,11
Note : The average number followed by the same letter in the same column is not significantly different from the BNJ test α = 0.05.
Harvest age. Harvest age can indicate the length of the period of a plant to complete its life cycle from planting to harvest.
Harvest age can be influenced by the interaction of place height (temperature), variety and soil moisture.(Shiina et al. 2011;
Wainwright, Jordan, and Day 2014) The results of the variety of harvest age of the shallot varieties 'lembah palu' showed that the pattern of shallot cropping among chilli plants significantly affected the age of shallot crop harvest.
The tukeytest (α = 0.05) results showed that the fastest harvesting age of the shallot of 'lembah palu' (62 days) occurred in treatment P1 (shallot monoculture) and was significantly different from other treatments (Table 2). This can be caused by the single crop pattern (monoculture) with
more plant population per plot compared to other cropping patterns, so that the composition of environmental factors, especially temperature, water and light intensity is higher and will subsequently cause higher plant temperatures, so that the shallot plants are more quickly switched to the generative phase and the plants are harvested faster. This result is in line with the results of Ansar's research (2012) that the age of shallot harvest is influenced by the temperature and moisture content of the soil.
Bulb Length. The results of the analysis of shallot tubers of the ’lembah palu’shallot varieties showed that the shallot cropping pattern among chilli plants had no significant effect on tuber length. The average length of the 'lembah palu' shallot tuber is 25.64 mm in treatment P7 (mixed Table 2. Age of harvesting shallots in the intercropping system with chili.
Shallot planting between chili plants Age of harvesting (days after planting)
P1: Shallot Monoculture 62.00 b
P3: Shallot planted strips 1: 1 67.00 a
P4: Shallot planted strips 2:1 67.00 a
P5: Shallot planted strips 3:1 67.00 a
P6: Shallot planted by sigzak 67.00 a
P7: Shallot planted mixed 67.67 a
Tukey α=0,05 0.67
Note : The average number followed by the same letter in the same column is not significantly different from the BNJ test α = 0.05.
Table 3. Fresh Weight of Shallot Bulbs Per Hectare in The Intercropping System With Chili.
Shallot planting between chili plants Fresh weight of shallot bulbs (t/ha)
P1: Shallot Monoculture 1,83 a
P3: Shallot planted strips 1: 1 0,39 c
P4: Shallot planted strips 2:1 0,74 bc
P5: Shallot planted strips 3:1 1,19 ab
P6: Shallot planted by sigzak 0,61 bc
P7: Shallot planted mixed 0,85 bc
Tukey α=0,05 0,65
Note: The average number followed by the same letter in the same column is not significantly different from the BNJ test α = 0.05.
cropping pattern) followed by treatment P5 (stripping pattern 3:1) which is 25.17 mm, while the shortest tuber size (23,23 mm) obtained in treatment P3 (stripping pattern 1:1). The length of shallot tubers 'lembah palu' ranges from 2.5-3.4 cm (Mentan, 2011).
Fresh Weight of Bulbs Per Clump. The results of the analysis of the variety of fresh weight of tubers per shallot variety of the 'lembah palu' showed that the shallot cropping pattern among chilli plants had no significant effect on the fresh weight of tubers per shallot plant cluster; but the highest average weight of tuber with leaves was obtained (35.89 g/clump) in treatment P6 (sigzak cropping pattern) and the lowest was in treatment P3 (stripping pattern 1:1) which was 23.22 g/clump and almost the same large with treatment P1 (monoculture cropping pattern) which is 23.67 g/clump.
Fresh Weight Per Bulb. The results of the analysis of the fresh weight variety of shallot tubers of the 'lembah palu' varieties showed that the shallot cropping pattern among chilli plants did not significantly influence the fresh weight per bulb of shallot plants. The average fresh weight per tuber was obtained higher in treatment P5 (stripping pattern 3:1) which was equal to 3.13 g/tuber and the lowest (2.07) was treatment P4 (stripping pattern 3:1).
Fresh Weight of Bulbs Per Hectare. The results of the analysis of the variety of fresh weight of tubers per hectare of shallot varieties of 'lembah palu' showed that the pattern of shallot cropping among chilli plants significantly affected the fresh weight of shallot bulbs per hectare.
The tukey test (α = 0.05) results showed that treatment P1 (shallot monoculture) yielded the freshest tuber weight with the highest leaves per hectare (1.83 t/ha) and followed by treatment P5 (stripping pattern 3:1) with tuber yield of 1.19 t/ha. The lowest yield of tuber with leaves per hectare was obtained in treatment P3 (stripping pattern 1:1) which was 0.39 t/ha(Table 3). The difference in yield of shallot bulbs due to differences in cropping
patterns is strongly influenced by the level of competition that occurs between plants in the planting media. Competition between plants in taking water, nutrients and utilizing sunlight is a major problem in intercropping systems. The most decisive factor is how long the competition process takes place and at what stage of growth the competition takes place. If the competition of plants on environmental factors lasts quite a long time, it will give a real influence on the growth and yield of plants.
Likewise if the competition occurs in the phase of active vegetative growth, fertilization, and fruit filling/enlargement, it will have a negative impact on crop yields.
Harvest Index. The harvest index is the result of sharing between economic crops with biological results, which can illustrate the efficiency of assimilate distribution to economic results and the ability to accommodate photosynthesis (Ansar, 2012). The results of the variety of shallot harvest index showed that the shallot cropping pattern among chilli plants had no significant effect on the harvest index of the varieties of shallot tuber 'lembah palu' variety.
Moisture content of bulbs. The results of statistical analysis of the varieties of shallot tubers 'lembah palu' showed that the pattern of shallot cropping among chilli plants did not significantly affect the moisture content of the shallot plant bulbs. The average tuber water content was lowest (69.35%) from treatment P4 (stripping pattern 2:1) and lower than other treatments. Water content of tubers is strongly influenced by temperature and soil moisture content.
CONCLUSION
The results showed that (i) various shallot cropping patterns among chilli plants did not significantly affect the greenness of leaves, tuber length, fresh weight per tuber, fresh weight of tubers per batch, harvest index and moisture content of shallot bulbs; (ii) leaf length, harvest age
and fresh tuber weight of shallot bulbs per hectare planted with different cropping patterns among chilli plants were not significantly different, except with monoculture shallot cropping patterns
obtained by longer leaves, shorter harvest age (62.0 days) and the weight of fresh bulbs per hectare is higher (1.83 t/ha), compared to various shallot cropping patterns among chilli plants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Director General of Research and Development Strengthening, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia for the support and facilitation of research funding through the Higher Education Applied Research Scheme (PDUPT) at the Research and Community Service Institution Tadulako University.
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Bomba: Jurnal Pembangunan Daerah 1(1) (2019): 7 - 11
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JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH ISSN (Cetak): 2657-2478
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* Penulis Korespondensi
Telepon : +62-813-9212-2864 © 2019 Muhammad Ansar, Bahrudin, Dwi Prastyawan
Ciptaan disebarluaskan di bawah Lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-
Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah ‘Varietas Lembah Palu’
dengan Pola Tanam Berbeda di antara Tanaman Cabai Growth and Yield of Shallots 'Lembah Palu Varieties' with Different Cropping Patterns Among Chili Plants
Muhammad Ansar*, Bahrudin, Dwi Prastyawan
Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako
Kampus Bumi Tadulako Jl. Soekarno Hatta KM 9 Palu Sulawesi Tengah.
Dikirim: 13 Februari 2019; Diterima: 17 April 2019; Diterbitkan: 15 Juli 2019
Intisari
Bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas sayuran unggulan yang sejak lama telah diusahakan oleh petani secara intensif. Seiring dengan laju pertumbuhan penduduk yang semakin meningkat, permintaan terhadap kedua komoditas tersebut terus meningkat pula sedangkan produksinya masih sangat rendah.
Dengan adanya perbaikan sistem pola tanam tanaman pagar mungkin potensi produksi dapat dicapai guna meningkatkan produksi tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh perlakuan pola tanam yang tepat pada tanaman pagar cabai terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan acak Kelompok dengan 4 perlakuan yang terdiri dari P1 (pola tanam monokultur/kontrol), P2 (pola tanam strip 2:1), P3 (Pola tanam zig-zag), dan P4 (Pola tanam campuran). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh bahwa semua perlakuan pola tanam bawang merah varietas lembah di antara tanaman pagar cabai yaitu monokultur, strip 2:1, zig-zag dan campuran tidak menunjukkan pengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang merah. Hal ini berarti bahwa semua pola tanam bawang merah yang dicobakan dapat diterapkan untuk penanaman bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai.
Kata Kunci: Bawang Merah, Pola Tanam, Cabai.
Abstract
Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is one of the leading vegetable commodities that has been cultivated for a long time by farmers intensively. Along with the increasing population growth, demand for these two commodities continues to increase while production is still very low. With the improvement of the fencing cropping system, production potential can be achieved in order to increase crop production. This study aims to obtain the treatment of cropping patterns. right on the chili fence plants on the growth and yield of shallots. This study used a randomized block design method with 4 treatments consisting of P1 (monoculture/control cropping pattern), P2 (stripping pattern 2: 1), P3 (zigzag cropping pattern), and P4 (mixed cropping pattern). Based on the results of the study, it was found that all treatments of the planting pattern of valley shallot varieties between the chili hedgerows i.e. monoculture, strips of 2: 1, zigzag and mixture showed no significant effect on the growth and yield of shallots. This means that all the shallots cropping patterns that were tried can be applied to planting shallots among the chilies.
Keywords: Shallots, Cropping Patterns, Chili.
Bomba: Jurnal Pembangunan Daerah 1 (1) (2019): 7 - 11
I. Pendahuluan
Bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas sayuran unggulan yang sejak lama telah diusahakan oleh petani secara intensif. Hal ini karena bawang merah memiliki nilai ekonomi yang cukup tinggi, meskipun minat petani terhadap bawang merah cukup kuat, namun dalam proses pengusahaannya masih ditemui berbagai kendala, baik kendala yang bersifat teknis maupun ekonomis (Nani Sumarni dan Achmad Hidayat, 2005).
Selain bawang merah yang biasanya digunakan sebagai bumbu masak, di Sulawesi Tengah terdapat pula jenis bawang merah yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri bawang goreng yaitu bawang merah varietas lembah palu (VLP). Bawang merah VLP merupakan bahan baku industri pengolahan bawang goreng serta telah menjadi produk terbaik di kota palu, sehingga masyarakat menjadikannya oleh-oleh khas dari Kota Palu.
Produksi bawang merah di Sulawesi Tengah tahun 2014, luas panen 650 ha, hasil per hektar 56,62 kw/ha, total produksi 3.680 ton. Selanjutnya pada tahun 2015, luas panen 926 ha dengan hasil per hektar 38,29 kw/ha, produksi 3.546 ton (BPS, 2016). Berdasarkan data pada tahun 2017, luas panen bawang merah di Sulawesi Tengah menurun yaitu 296 ha, dengan produksi sebesar 55,99 kw/ha (BPS, 2018); Sedangkan potensi produksi bawang merah VLP adalah 9,7 ton/ha (Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 1843, 2011).
Bawang merah VLP merupakan salah satu jenis bawang merah yang khas dari Sulawesi Tengah dan tidak terdapat di daerah lainnya. Berdasarkan deskripsi bawang merah VLP bahwa tanaman ini hanya dapat beradaptasi pada ketinggian hingga 400 meter di atas permukaan laut (mdpl) (Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 1843, 2011), namun dengan melakukan modifikasi lingkungan mikro menggunakan sungkup plastik dan mulsa tanaman bawang merah VLP dapat diusahakan hingga ketinggian 800 mdpl. dengan pertumbuhan dan hasil yang tidak berbeda nyata jika ditanam di dataran rendah (Anshar, Tohari, Sunaminto, &
Sulistyaningsih, 2011).
Selain bawang merah, cabai merah juga memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi. Pada saat ini cabai merah bukan hanya menjadi bahan pangan, tetapi juga menjadi bahan baku industri pengolahan hasil-hasil pertanian. Komoditi bawang merah dan cabai sering kali menyebabkan inflasi karena harga yang melambung tinggi dan menyebabkan daya beli masyarakat menurun. Salah satu penyebab tingginya harga bawang merah dan cabai di pasaran disebabkan terjadinya penurunan suplai dari sentra-sentra produksi, karena terjadi kegagalan panen. Selama ini tanaman bawang merah dan cabai
diusahakan hanya dalam sistem tanam tunggal (monokultur), sehingga sering kali menyebabkan kegagalan panen dan merugikan petani, namun apabila kedua tanaman tersebut ditanam dalam satu lahan yang sama dengan waktu yang bersamaan atau hampir bersamaan dengan pola tanam tumpang sari, maka petani akan mendapatkan keuntungan ganda, yaitu dari hasil bawang merah dan cabai serta akan terhindar dari risiko kerugian akibat kegagalan panen.
Untuk dapat memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen secara berkelanjutan, diperlukan teknik budidaya yang tepat untuk meningkatkan produktivitas lahan dengan mengusahakan tanaman bawang merah dan cabai dalam suatu lahan yang sama pada waktu yang relatif bersamaan. Salah satu cara yang dapat dikembangkan adalah dengan menggunakan teknik polikultur dengan sistem tanaman pagar dengan pola tanam berbeda. beberapa keuntungan dari sistem ini yaitu lebih efisiensi dalam penggunaan sumber daya air dan lahan, pengurangan populasi gulma, dan peningkatan total pendapatan pada sistem usaha tani (Rifai, Basuki, & Utomo, 2014).
Sistem tanaman pagar secara ekologis difungsikan untuk menampung air, menyuburkan tanah, meminimalisasi potensi erosi tanah serta dapat menekan tingkat serangan hama dan penyakit tanaman. Pada sistem tanaman pagar perlu melakukan pengaturan pola tanam untuk mengurangi terjadinya kompetisi antar kedua jenis tanaman tersebut. Menurut (Yuliwardhani, 2013) tanaman pagar adalah tanaman yang ditanam ditepi-tepi atau di antara tanaman lainnya, yang berperan sebagai pelindung tanaman dari angin, mengurangi kehilangan air, pemanfaatan cahaya matahari secara efisien serta berperan sebagai pembatas antara petak tanaman yang satu dengan petak lainnya.
Berdasarkan hal di atas, maka dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh pola tanam sistem tanaman pagar cabai terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang merah VLP, sehingga ditemukan pola pertanaman yang tepat antara tanaman bawang merah dan cabai yang diusahakan pada suatu lahan yang sama pada waktu yang sama atau hampir bersamaan, untuk mengurangi risiko kerugian petani akibat kegagalan panen atau penurunan hasil dari salah satu komoditi tersebut.
II. Metode
Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Sidera, Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru, Kabupaten Sigi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, Pada bulan Juni sampai dengan September 2018. Analisis tanaman dilakukan di Laboratorium Hortikultura Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako.
Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah ‘Varietas Lembah Palu’
dengan Pola Tanam Berbeda di antara Tanaman Cabai Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sekop, cangkul, traktor tangan, sprinkler, hand sprayer, timbangan analitik, kamera digital, ember, rol meter, mistar, gembor, dan alat tulis menulis. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bibit umbi bawang merah varietas lembah palu, benih cabai merah, mulsa plastik hitam perak, ajir, lem tikus, pupuk dan pestisida.
Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) diulang sebanyak 4 (empat) kali.
Perlakuan adalah pola pertanaman bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai, terdiri atas: (P1) Pola pertanaman tunggal bawang merah (monokultur) sebagai kontrol; (P2) Pola pertanaman strip 2:1 (2 baris bawang merah dan 1 baris cabai); (P3) Pola pertanaman zig-zag (bawang merah ditanam secara zig-zag di antara tanaman cabai), dan (P4) Pola tanam campuran. Untuk mengetahu pengaruh perlakuan maka dilakukan pengamatan terhadap komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah VLP.
III. Hasil dan Pembahasan
A. Panjang Daun Bawang Merah
Perlakuan berbagai pola tanam bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap panjang daun bawang merah VLP. Pola pertumbuhan panjang daun tanaman bawang merah pada umur 20, 30, 40 dan 50 HST seperti pada Gambar 1.
Berdasarkan pola pertumbuhan panjang daun pada Gambar 1, tampak bahwa tinggi tanaman bawang merah meningkat sejalan dengan bertambahnya umur tanaman dari umur 20-50 HST.
Pada umur 20 sampai 40 panjang daun bawang merah tampak meningkat, namun pada umur 50 HST, cenderung mengalami penurunan. Nilai rata- rata panjang daun cenderung lebih tinggi terdapat pada perlakuan monokultur dan yang terendah terdapat pada perlakuan pola tanam 2:1.
B. Jumlah Daun Bawang Merah.
Perlakuan berbagai pola tanam bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah daun bawang merah varietas
‘lembah palu’. Pola pertumbuhan jumlah daun tanaman bawang merah pada umur 20, 30, 40 dan 50 HST seperti pada Gambar 2. Nilai rata-rata jumlah daun bawang merah pada pengamatan 20, 30, 40 dan 50 HST disajikan pada Gambar 2.
Berdasarkan pola pertumbuhan jumlah daun pada gambar 2, tampak bahwa jumlah daun tanaman bawang merah semakin bertambah sejalan dengan bertambahnya umur tanaman dari umur 20-50 HST. Pada umur 20 sampai 50 jumlah daun bawang merah tampak meningkat, kecuali perlakuan monokultur (P1).
C. Jumlah Umbi Perumpun Bawang Merah.
Perlakuan berbagai pola tanam bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah umbi bawang merah VLP.
Pengaruh perlakuan pola tanam bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai menunjukkan pola seperti pada Gambar 3. Pola tanam monokultur menunjukkan jumlah umbi yang dihasilkan relatif lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan pola tanam
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
20 HST 30 HST 40 HST 50 HST
Panjang Daun (cm)
Umur P1 P2 P3 P4
Gambar 1. Rata-rata panjang daun bawang merah VLP pada umur 20,30,40 dan 50 HST.
Sumber: Data hasil penelitian, 2018
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
20 HST 30 HST 40 HST 50 HST
Jumlah Daun (helai)
Umur P1 P2 P3 P4
Gambar 2. Rata-rata jumlah daun bawang merah VLP pada umur 20,30,40 dan 50 HST
Sumber: Data hasil penelitian, 2018
5.94
7.5 7.39
6.5
1.00 2.00 4.00 8.00
P1 P2 P3 P4
Jumlah Umbi Perumpun
Perlakuan
Gambar 3. Rata-rata jumlah umbi perumpun tanaman bawang merah
Sumber: Data hasil penelitian, 2018
Bomba: Jurnal Pembangunan Daerah 1 (1) (2019): 7 - 11 lainnya, dan tampak bahwa pola tanam dua baris
tanaman bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai (P2) menghasilkan jumlah umbi paling tinggi.
D. Diameter Umbi Bawang Merah
Perlakuan berbagai pola tanam bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap diameter umbi bawang merah VLP.
Pengaruh perlakuan pola tanam bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai menunjukkan pola seperti pada Gambar 4. Pola tanam monokultur (P1) dan (P2) menunjukkan bahwa diameter umbi yang dihasilkan relatif lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan pola tanam P3 dan P4, dan tampak bahwa pola tanam zig-zag bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai (P3) menghasilkan diameter umbi paling besar.
E. Indeks Panen Bawang Merah
Perlakuan berbagai pola tanam bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap indeks panen bawang merah VLP.
Pengaruh perlakuan pola tanam bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai menunjukkan pola seperti pada Gambar 5. Pola tanam (P3) menghasilkan indeks panen cenderung lebih tinggi, diikuti dengan pola tanam monokultur (P1) dan berikutnya (P2) dan (P4).
Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dari uji statistik bahwa perlakuan pola tanam baik itu monokultur, pertanaman strip 2:1, pertanaman zig- zag dan pertanaman campuran tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap komponen pertumbuhan maupun hasil bawang merah varietas lembah Palu.
Perlakuan pola tanam yang tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata baik itu tumpang sari maupun monokultur itu menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada kompetisi yang terjadi yang berarti bahwa kebutuhan akan unsur hara, cahaya dan air terbagi secara merata pada tanaman bawang merah, baik pada perlakuan pola tanam monokultur, strip 2:1, zig-zag serta campuran, sehingga proses fotosintesis masih berjalan secara optimal.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian semua perlakuan yang diterapkan baik itu pola tanam monokultur, strip 2:1, zig-zag serta campuran tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata, namun terdapat salah satu perlakuan yang cenderung unggul dibandingkan perlakuan lain yaitu pola tanam 2:1, yang mana pada pola ini memiliki populasi bawang merah terbanyak yang ditanam di antara tanaman cabai dibandingkan dengan pola tanam tumpang sari lainnya. Dengan populasi yang banyak perlakuan 2:1 dapat menghasilkan produksi yang relatif tinggi dibanding perlakuan pola tanam tumpang sari lainnya, selain itu berdasarkan grafik jumlah umbi perumpun yang disajikan pada gambar 3, menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata jumlah umbi per rumpun pola tanam 2:1 cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya dengan rata-rata jumlah sebesar 7,50 umbi per rumpun.
Hal ini disebabkan karena pada pola tanam tersebut jarak antara tanaman bawang agak longgar atau lebar, sehingga memungkinkan tanaman mendapat intensitas cahaya matahari dengan mudah karena tidak saling menaungi antara tanaman satu dengan tanaman lainnya serta kompetisi unsur hara dan air relatif kecil antara tanaman satu dengan tanaman lainnya. Hal ini sependapat dengan (Mayadewi, 2007) bahwa jarak tanam antar tanaman yang terlalu rapat akan memberikan hasil yang relatif kurang, karena ada kompetisi dari tanaman itu sendiri. Hal ini berhubungan dengan kompetisi tanaman untuk mendapatkan unsur hara, air serta efisiensi dalam penggunaan cahaya matahari.
Pola tanam 2:1 merupakan pola tanam tumpang sari yang baik untuk pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman bawang merah yang ditanam di antara tanaman cabai dibandingkan dengan pola tanam tumpang sari lainnya, karena dapat menghasilkan jumlah umbi per rumpun yang relatif besar serta memiliki populasi bawang merah yang banyak sehingga dapat berpotensi menghasilkan produksi yang besar, walaupun secara uji statistik perlakuan pola tanam 2:1 tidak menunjukkan pengaruh nyata
1.47
1.4
1.65
1.57
1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70
P1 P2 P3 P4
Diameter Umbi (cm)
Perlakuan
Gambar 4. Rata-rata diameter umbi bawang merah Sumber: Data hasil penelitian, 2018
0.71 0.67
0.79
0.64
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
P1 P2 P3 P4
IndeksPanen
Perlakuan
Gambar 5. Rata-rata indeks panen bawang merah Sumber: Data hasil penelitian, 2018
Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Bawang Merah ‘Varietas Lembah Palu’
dengan Pola Tanam Berbeda di antara Tanaman Cabai terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang merah varietas lembah Palu.
Penanaman bawang merah secara tumpang sari 2:1 jika dibandingkan dengan penanaman secara monokultur bawang merah jauh lebih menguntungkan karena memiliki beberapa keunggulan seperti hemat tenaga, hemat waktu, hemat tenaga kerja, dapat memberikan hasil yang berlipat ganda serta dapat meminimalisasi kerugian hasil panen apabila tanaman utama gagal panen karena dapat disubstitusi tanaman yang lainnya. Hal ini sejalan dengan pernyataan (Gascho et al., 2001) bahwa penanaman secara tumpang sari dapat meningkatkan jumlah produksi persatuan luas persatuan waktu, dapat mengurangi risiko kegagalan panen, meningkatkan produktivitas penggunaan lahan, waktu dan sumber daya yang tersedia selama satu musim tanam, menghasilkan satu output dalam nilai arti nilai ekonomis tinggi. Hal di atas dikuatkan dengan pernyataan (Untung, 2006),bahwa pola tanam tumpang sari menguntungkan karena dapat memperoleh hasil panen yang beragam, penanaman lebih dari satu jenis tanaman akan menghasilkan panen yang beragam sehingga menguntungkan karena bila harga salah satu komoditas rendah dapat ditutup oleh harga komoditas lainnya.
IV. Kesimpulan
Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh informasi bahwa semua model pola tanam bawang merah
‘varietas lembah palu’ (pola monokultur, strip 2:1, zig-zag dan campuran) di antara tanaman cabai tidak menunjukkan pengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil bawang merah. Hal ini dapat berarti bahwa semua pola tanam bawang merah yang dicobakan di atas dapat diterapkan untuk penanaman bawang merah di antara tanaman cabai.
Ucapan Terima Kasih
Penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Direktur Jenderal Penguatan Penelitian dan Pengembangan, Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia atas dukungan dan fasilitasi pendanaan penelitian melalui Pendidikan Tinggi Skema Penelitian Dasar
Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) di Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Tadulako. Ucapan terima kasih juga disampaikan kepada Bapak Wahdi yang telah banyak membantu pelaksanaan penelitian di lapangan.
V. Referensi
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https://doi.org/10.22487/J.24077607.2011.
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Gascho, G. J., Hubbard, R. K., Brenneman, T. B., Johnson, A. W., Sumner, D. R., & Harris, G. H.
(2001). Effects of Broiler Litter in an Irrigated, Double-Cropped, Conservation-Tilled Rotation.
Agronomy Journal, 93(6), 1315. https://doi.
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Mayadewi, N. N. A. (2007). Pengaruh Jenis Pupuk Kandang dan Jarak Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan Gulma dan Hasil Jagung Manis.
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Nani Sumarni dan Achmad Hidayat. (2005).
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Bomba: Jurnal Pembangunan Daerah Halaman ini sengaja dikosongkan
