A THESIS
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature
By:
Editya Eka Novridian 10211141042
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
v
“
There is nothing noble in being superior to your fellow man; true nobility is
being superior to
your former self”
(Ernest Hemingway)
“
If you think you can do a thing,
or think you can't do a thing,
you're right”
vi
I dedicate this thesis to:
vii
finish this thesis. This thesis cannot be completed without some help from other people either, and therefore, my sincere gratitude is delivered to:
1. Drs. Suhaini M. Saleh, M.A., my first consultant, and Yosa Abduh Alzuhdy, S.S., M.Hum, my second consultant, who have given me their guidance, wisdom, and support;
2. The late Asih Sigit, M. Hum., my academic supervisor, who guided and helped me through my academic years;
3. all the lecturers of the English Education Department of Yogyakarta State University for their precious knowledge and support during my study at the university;
4. my parents, the late Bpk. Santuri and Ibu Yuliawati for their unconditional love, inspiration, and support day by day;
5. Koko and Ical, my triangulators, for their time, support, and hard work; 6. all my friends at the English Literature Study Program for the awesome
time through all these years;
7. all people, whom I cannot mention, who helped me finish this thesis. Finishing this thesis would have been impossible without the assistance from the afore-mentioned people. They have helped to keep my spirit high during my period in conducting this thesis. Any suggestions and criticism are obviously welcome to improve my thesis since it is far from being perfect. However, I hope this thesis will give some contribution to the readers.
Yogyakarta, 2016
viii
TITLE ... i
APPROVAL SHEET ... ii
RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii
SURAT PERNYATAAN ... iv
MOTTOS ... v
DEDICATIONS ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xii
ABSTRACT ... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...1
A. Background of the Research ...1
B. Focus of the Research ...3
C. Objectives of the Research ...5
D. Significance of the Research ...5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ...7
A. Theoretical Review ...7
1. Translation ...8
a. Notions of Translation ...8
b. Types of Translation ...8
c. Translation Process ...9
d. Translation Equivalence ...10
2. Culture-specific Terms ...12
a. Culture ...12
ix
4. Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai Novel ...20
B. Previous Researches ...21
C. Conceptual Framework ...22
D. Analytical Construct ...27
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...28
A. Type of the Research ...28
B. Data and Sources of the Data ...29
C. Research Instruments ...29
D. Data Collection ...30
E. Data Analysis ...30
F. Trustworthiness ...33
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...34
A. Findings ...34
1. The Culture-specific Term Categories in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai ...34
2. The Foreignization and Domestication Categories in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized ...35
3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culture-Specific Terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized ... 36
B. Discussion ...37
1. The Description of Culture-specific Terms Types in Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized ... 38
a. Ecology ...38
x
2. The Description of Foreignization and Domestication Strategies in Translating Culture-specific Terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti
Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti
Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized ... 48
a. Foreignization ...48
b. Domestication ...55
3. The Description of the Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culture-Specific Terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized ... 62
a. Equivalence ...62
b. Non-equivalence ...66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...71
A. Conclusions ...71
B. Suggestions ... 72
REFERENCES ...74
xi
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Page Table 1. Espindola’s Categorization of Culture-bound Words ... 15 Table 2. Data Sheet (Table of Analysis) ... 32 Table 3. The Occurrence of Culture-specific Terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti
Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai ... 35 Table 4. The Frequency of Foreignization and Domestication Strategies
Employed in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into
George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized ... 36 Table 5. The Frequency of Degree of Meaning Equivalence in the
Translation of Culture-specific Terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti
Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti
xiii
FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION OF
CULTURE-SPECIFIC TERMS IN MARAH RUSLI’S SITTI NURBAYA: KASIH TAK SAMPAI INTO GEORGE FOWLER’S SITTI NURBAYA:
A LOVE UNREALIZED By:
Editya Eka N 10211141042 ABSTRACT
The presence of cultural gaps leads to different culture-specific terms that may cause some issues in translating process. Foreignization and domestication are two types of strategies that can be employed to translate culture-specific terms. The aims of this research are: (1) to describe the categories of Indonesian culture-specific terms in the novel, (2) to describe how foreignization and domestication strategies are represented in translating the culture-specific terms, and (3) to describe the degree of meaning equivalence of the culture-specific terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih tak Sampai novel represented in George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized.
The research employed mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data used for this research are culture-specific terms and their
translation found in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into
George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized. The main instrument is represented by the researcher and the second instrument is the data sheet. In addition, to gain trustworthiness of the data, triangulation method was applied. There are three findings obtained from the study. Firstly, five categories of culture-specific terms were identified: ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, and gesture and habits. Material culture terms have the highest frequency with 66 terms (33.17%). Secondly, the researcher identified three foreignization strategies used in translating the culture-specific terms, they are preservation, addition, and literal translation. On the other hand, there are four domestication strategies; they are omission, globalization, localization, and transformation. It is revealed that 161 terms (80.90%) are translated with domestication strategies. Thirdly, in terms of degree of meaning equivalence, 184 terms (92.46%) are translated with equivalent meanings. The domestication ideology seems to be used more frequently since the translator tries to make the terms more familiar to the target readers.
1
This chapter consists of four parts, namely background of the research,
focus of the research, objective of the research, and significance of the research.
The background of the research describes brief information about the reason why
this research is conducted. Then, in the focus of the research, the problems are
formulated into specific questions. Furthermore, based on the formulation, the
objectives of the research are conducted. The objectives of the research are to
define the categories of culture-specific terms, to describe how foreignization and
domestication strategies are employed in translating culture-specific terms in Sitti
Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into English and to describe the degree of meaning
equivalence represented in the target language. Finally, the significance of the
research describes the theoretical and practical benefits of this thesis.
A. Background of the Research
Communication has essential functions to deliver information. Language
as a means of communication is needed for the transmission of informative
messages in communication. As the world moves forward and develops, there are
increasing needs for communication. Moreover, with the fast development of
technology, people now live in an internationalized world where the contact to
foreign languages and cultures become much easier that it makes language
books, mass media, internet, etc. In this case, the language barrier and cultural
differences become some obstacles for individuals who speak different languages.
Translation, in recent times, has become an utterly important activity to
overcome linguistic and cultural barrier. In this increasingly globalized world, the
importance of translation grows along with the wide spread of information all
over the globe. Translation also becomes significant to enrich knowledge for
people around the world.
Translation process is not as simple as altering words from source
language to target language. In order to make a precise translation, it is very
important for a translator to understand general knowledge in the target language
as well as in the source language. They should also consider linguistic aspects
such as grammatical knowledge and vocabulary. Furthermore, a good translation
depends on how translator transferring information to be fit and equivalent in
meaning.
In intercultural communication, translation has crucial role to mediate the
two different cultures. However, words and phrases that are bounded to certain
culture often cause problems for translators. Translating cultural words is a
challenge for translators since they sometimes found difficulties to find the
equivalent terms. Furthermore, culture-specific terms are sometimes difficult to
translate since there are some differences in cultural ideology between one
country and another.
The translators should possess the ability to tackle the difficulties in
translation, the translators also need some translating strategies to make the terms
equivalent and accepted in both languages. Foreignization and domestication are
two strategies that can help the translators to overcome the problems in
transferring the meaning of the culture-specific terms.
B. Focus of the Research
A novel is one of literary works that is helpful for people who study
translation. Since novel is a popular literary work and has a lot of authors as well
as readers, it is often translated into different languages. Translating literary
works, particularly novel, is more complicated than other texts. When translating
literary works such as novel, translators have to deal with many language issues
from source language, one of which is culture-specific term. Culture-specific
terms are often found in literary works since it is commonly bounded in certain
language system in wide variety of contexts.
In translating novels, culture differences are often inevitable. Certain word
or expression may refer to a concept that is completely different and unfamiliar to
one language and another. The translation of culture-specific terms in novel is a
real challenge for translators since they need to be familiar with both cultures
from the source language and the target language. Translators should be able to
find possibilities that include all the diversities of translation strategies to solve
the problems of translating culture-specific terms between languages
Translating culture-specific terms in novel needs some strategies in order
to gain precise translation. Foreignization and domestication are translation
translators to deal with culture-specific terms. Foreignization is a basic translation
strategy that retains foreignness of information from the source text.
Foreignization strategies allow the translators to preserve the meaning of cultural
terms in the target text. Domestication, on the other hand, is a translation strategy
that minimizes foreign elements of source text to the language cultural values.
Indonesia is a country with rich culture. The cultures from certain regions
in Indonesia are often represented in Indonesian novels. The representation of
culture in novel raises the probability of culture-specific terms being involved.
Many culture-specific terms are found in Indonesian novels. One of them is a
novel written by Rusli in 1922 entitled Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai. In 2011,
Fowler translated this novel with the title Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized. In
this research, the researcher tried to analyze the categories of culture
specific-terms found in the novel and how foreignization and domestication strategies are
used in translating them. In addition, the researcher also analyzed the degree of
meaning equivalence of the translation of culture specific terms found in the
novel.
Based on the problems identified above, the focus of the research can be
formulated as follows:
1. What are the categories of culture-specific terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti
Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love
2. How are the foreignization and domestication strategies of culture-specific
terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George
Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized?
3. To what degree of meaning equivalence is the translation of culture-specific
terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George
Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized?
C. Objectives of the Research
From the formulation of the problems mentioned above, the objectives of
this research are:
1. to describe the categories of culture-specific terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti
Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love
Unrealized,
2. to describe the foreignization and domestication strategies of culture-specific
terms represented in the Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into
George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized, and
3. to describe the degree of meaning equivalence in the translation of
culture-specific terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George
Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized.
This research can be a helpful reference for people who are studying or
teaching translation subject. Specifically, this research can give deeper
understanding about strategies in translating culture-specific terms.
2. Practical Benefit
This research can provide better understanding for the readers of the novel,
especially in understanding culture-specific terms translation. This research
also can give useful insights to translators to translate culture-specific terms
appropriately. Furthermore, it can also provide references for other researcher
7
This chapter is segmented into four parts, i.e. theoretical descriptions,
previous studies, conceptual framework, and analytical construct. The theoretical
description covers the definition of translation, culture-specific terms,
foreignization and domestication, and summary of Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak
Sampai novel. The previous studies part describes brief explanation of studies
related to foreignization and domestication. The conceptual framework explains
the theories applied by the researcher, while the analytical construct provides a
hierarchical concept map of the theories employed in this thesis.
A. Theoretical Review
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, some theoretical
descriptions are required. In this part, the researcher discusses some theories
associated to the research. The theories presented in this chapter cover the topics
about translation, culture-specific terms, foreignization and domestication, and
meaning equivalence. Firstly, the theories related to translation proposed by
several translation scholars are mentioned. Secondly, the theories related to
culture-specific terms are included with brief explanations and some examples.
Then, several theories related to foreignization and domestication strategies are
1. Translation
a. Notions of Translation
Translation has been defined in many ways by various scholars, depending
on their approaches in linguistics. One of the well-known translation definitions
comes from Catford (1965:20), who states that translation is the replacement of
textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another
language (TL). Catford’s definition of translation focuses on the equivalence
between SL and TL. It is in line with Savory (1968:37) who views that translation
is made possible by an equivalent of idea that lies behind its verbal expressions.
Meanwhile, Nida and Taber (1982: 12) also propose a definition that is closely
related to the previously mentioned views. They state that “translating consists in
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the
source-language message.”
On the other hand, Mc Guire (1980:2) states that translation is the
rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as ensure
that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the
structures of the source language will be preserved a closely as possible but not so
closely that target language structures will be seriously distorted.
b. Types of Translation
Many scholars have defined translation in various ways. Furthermore,
Jakobson. (in Schulte and Biguenet, 1992:145) classifies translation into three
types which are put as follows:
1) Intralingual translation or rewording
Intralingual translation interprets verbal signs of language by means of
other signs in the same language. The expressions or texts are translated into
different expression or texts in the same language. Paraphrasing sentences,
simplifying a novel, and rendering poems into prose are some examples of
intralingual translation.
2) Interlingual translation or translation proper
Interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs of language by
means of other languages; it can be bilingual or multilingual. Furthermore,
Interlingual translation can be seen in the translation of literary works into
different languages.
3) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation
Intersemiotic translation is an interpretation of verbal signs of language by
means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. It involves the use of signs or signals
to communicate. Intersemiotic translation can be applied in some systems such as
sign language or traffic signs.
c. Translation Process
Translation process refers to the stages of translating in which the
meaning of the SL into the TL. Nida (1982:33) states that translation as a process
consists of three stages:
1) Analysis
Analysis is the first step in which the surface structure in ST is analyzed in
terms of linguistics such as grammatical relationship and the meaning of the
words and socio-cultural aspects.
2) Transfer
The transfer stage is when the analyzed material is transferred in the
memory of the translators from the SL into the TL.
3) Restructuring
Restructuring stage is the final step in which the transferred material is
restructured in order to make the final message acceptable in the receptor
language.
Nida’s process on translation can be seen in the following model:
Fig 1. Translation process by Nida (1982:33)
d. Translation Equivalence
In translation, equivalence plays an essential role. It is considered the most
Newmark states that purpose of any translation should be to gain the equivalence,
or to produce the same effect as close as possible on the readership of the
translation as was obtained on the readership of the original (1988:48).
Equivalence is a procedure which “replicates the same situation as in the original,
whilst using completely different wording”. Moreover, it can maintain stylistic
impact of SL text in the TL text during the translation process (Vinay and
Dalbernet, 1995:342). Therefore, equivalence is essential for a translator when she
or he has to deal with semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical differences in the
SL and the TL.
The translation process inevitably involves theory of equivalence. Nida
(1964:166) proposes that there are two types of equivalence that he classifies into
formal equivalence, which he later refers to as formal correspondence, and
dynamic equivalence.
1) Formal Correspondence
Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both
form and content. Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents
the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase. It requires the TL to be match as
closely as possible with the original SL. Therefore, formal correspondence’s
objective is to reach the “form” equivalence to the original.
2) Dynamic Equivalence
Dynamic equivalence is a translation procedure that aims at complete
naturalness of expression. In dynamic equivalence, the literal equivalence is not
2. Culture-specific Terms
a. Culture
Human beings cannot be separated from culture. In every society, culture
becomes their characteristic and identity that distinguish their way of life from the
others. Culture has various definitions as scholars explain it in different
perspectives. Newmark (1988:94) states that culture is “the way of life and its
manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as
its means of expression”. Meanwhile, Hofstede (1991:5) sees culture as “the
collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one
group or category of people from another”. Furthermore, Mulholland in Belshek
(2006:3) interprets culture as a set of shared and enduring meaning, values, and
beliefs that characterize national, ethnic, or other groups and orient their behavior.
The numerous definitions of culture indicate that it is a complex concept.
However, it can be summarized that culture is a system of knowledge shared
among a large group of people. Culture may also refer to ideas, beliefs, and
traditions that have been passed through generation within a group. It can also be
said that culture as way of life that reflects the identity of a certain group of
people.
b. Culture-specific Terms
Culture always affects the use of language in a particular group. As
Vermeer says, language is always part of a culture (Vermeer, 1989:222).
of a certain group can be peculiar to other groups. It can be said that each group
has its own particular culturally specific features in its language system.
The different culture patterns make cultural knowledge a major focus in
the translation department. Translators have been paid a lot of attention to this
subject. The main issues are those words or phrases bounded heavily into a certain
culture that are difficult to translate. In translation, these words and phrases are
called culture-specific terms.
Mona Baker, in her book entitled In Other Words: A Coursebook on
Translation, provides a concept on culture-specific terms.
The source-language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target culture. The concept in question may be abstract or concrete; it may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. Such concepts are often referred to as
„culture-specific’ (1992:21).
In line with Baker’s view, Aixelá proposes a more dynamic definition of
culture-specific terms. According to him, an item can be seen as culture-specific
only in relation to another language, in which that item is unknown or has a
different value. Culture-specific terms can also change their status over time
because objects, habits or values once restricted to one community can come to be
shared by others (Aixelá, 1996: 58).
Another translation theorist, Nord (1997:34), suggests an idea of culture
specific-terms which she mentions as „cultureme’. Cultureme refers to semiotic
units containing culture-specific ideas. Further, she defines cultureme as social
culture; and, when compared to a corresponding social phenomenon in a culture
Y, is found to be specific to culture X.
Based on the concepts above, culture-specific terms can be defined as
terms which refer to objects or concepts related to various aspects of culture.
Moreover, culture-specificity of the objects or concepts depends on the languages
and cultural distance between the SL and TL.
Newmark (1988: 95-102), adapting Nida, sets comprehensive
classification of cultural categories as follows:
1) Ecology: Flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills. For example: „tundra’,
„honeysuckle’, and „paddy field’
2) Material culture
a) Food, for example: „zabaglione’, „sake’,
b) Clothes, for example: „anorak’, kanga, sarong
c) Houses and towns, for example: kampong, bourg, „chalet’
d) Transport, for example: cabriolet,’tilbury’, „Moulton’
3) Social culture: work and leisure. For example: ajaki amah, condotttere, sithar
4) Social organization
a) Political and administrative
b) Religious, for example: dharma, karma
c) Artistic
A different taxonomy of culture-specific terms comes from Gambier. He
categorizes culture-specific terms into six subtypes, which include system, food
and measurements, sport, institutions, famous people and events, and finally the
legal system (Gambier 2004: 160). Furthermore, Espindola also comes up with
her own version of cultural terms categories. In her journal, she characterizes what
she calls “culture-bound terms” into 12 different categories. The categorization of
culture-specific terms according to Espindola is presented in the table 1 below. .
Table 1. Espindola’s Categorization of Culture-bound Words (Espindola, 2005:19)
Culture-bound terms categorization
Toponym A place name, a geographical name, a proper name of locality, region
Anthroponyms
Ordinary and famous people’s names and nicknames and names referring to regional background which acquires identification status. Forms of entertainment Amusement including public performances and
shows.
Means of transportation Facilities to move people or goods from one place to another.
Fictional character A person in novel, play, or a film.
Legal system
Rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon
human society.
Local Institution An organization that serves people in certain area.
Measuring system Units to determine size, weight, speed, length, etc. of something in different culture.
Food and drink Any solid or liquid substance used by human beings as source of nourishment.
Scholastic reference Related to school or studying
Religious celebration To do something special to mark a religious occasion.
Dialect
User-related variation, which determines
speaker’s status as regards social class, age, sex,
3. Foreignization and Domestication
a. Notions of Foreignization and Domestication
The word „strategy’ seems to share similar meaning with the words
technique, tactic, and method. In translation studies, a 'strategy' can be seen as
generalization about typical courses-of-action exhibited by professional
translators. (Neubert and Shreve, 1992:52). Many translator scholars use the term
„translation strategy’ widely, but they have different perspectives to distinguish it
in their own way.
Krings (1986:18) defines translation strategy as "translator's potentially
conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a
concrete translation task". Krings’ view on translation strategy is in line with
Loescher (1991:8), who views translation strategy as "a potentially conscious
procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it".
Many scholars may suggest different labels for translation strategies.
However, it is important to note that although they use different names, many
strategies denote the same strategy in translation process. In his work entitled The
Translator Invisibility, Venuti (1995:20) proposes two translation strategies which
he calls foreignization and domestication. Foreignization anoints the translation
type in which the target text “deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining
something of the foreignness of the original (Shuttleworth and Cowie, 1997:59). It
means that foreignizaton strategy allows the reader to feel the cultural differences.
transparent and fluent style to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for
target language readers (Venuti, in Baker, 1998a:240)
Foreignization is a translation strategy that invites readers to enter the
scope of foreign cultures. This strategy preserves the meaning of certain cultural
terms in the source text. Venuti states, foreignization should signify “the
difference of the foreign text, yet only by disrupting the cultural codes that prevail
in the target language.” (1995: 20)
In other hand, domestication strategy, according to Venuti (1995: 20),
involves „an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural
values’. He claims that domestication is a translation strategy that renders the
message and culture of the source language text into the target language text. The
purpose of this strategy is to minimize the foreignness and make the cultural terms
acceptable to the target language readers.
b. Categories of Foreignization and Domestication
Foreignization and domestication are two broad poles of strategies to
translate culture-specific terms. Translator scholars have classified different
translation procedures based on their foreignization and domestication nature.
Furthermore, Davies (2003: 72-89) suggests some translation procedures
of foreignization and domestication in dealing with culture-specific terms. In her
book, she mentions some translation procedures including preservation, addition,
omission, globalization, localization, and transformation.
1) Foreignization Categories
This strategy is used when the translators decide “to maintain the source
text term in the translation” (Davies, 2003:72). In this procedure, the original
word is unchanged. For example:
Datum 66
ST: Sekaliannya turunlah dari atas bendi, sambil membawa bekal masing-
masing, lalu pergi ke pinggir sungai Arau, akan mencari sebuah
sampan tambangan, yang dapat membawa mereka ke seberang. TT: They all jumped out of the cart, each carrying their provisions, and
went to the bank of the river in search of sampan to take them across.
b) Addition
This translation procedure occurs when translators preserve the original
word but supplement the text with whatever information considered necessary.
(Davies, 2003:77). This procedure can also be done by adding glossaries or
footnotes. For example:
Datum 112
ST: “Dari manakah datangnya waktu itu dan ke manakah perginya?
Adakah awalnya dan adakah akhimya? Wallahualam.”
TT: “And whence comes time and where does it go? Does it have a
beginning? An end?”
Glossary: Wallahualam: Allah alone knows the truth.
Literal translation of a foreign word or phrase; it can be lexical or
structural. In this procedure, each element is translated literally. For example:
Datum 1
ST: “Anakmu kaumasukkan ke sekolah Belanda.”
TT: “You put your own child in the Dutch school.”
2) Domestication Categories
a) Omission
The translator omits the culture-specific term in the target text. For
example:
Datum 16 ST: “Engku muda, janganlah marah”
TT: “Please, don’t be angry with me.”
b) Globalization
Davies (2003:83) views globalization as the process of replacing
culture-specific terms in more general references. For example:
Datum 12
ST: “…sebab tadi malam ia minta izin kepada ayahku, pergi menonton
komidi kuda”
TT: “Last night he asked my father if he could go see the circus.” c) Localization
It is the opposite of globalization procedure. It is when translators use
more specific terms “to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of the target
Datum 174
ST: Bukankah terkadang-kadang seorang kuli, boleh merasa lebih senang dan sentosa daripada seorang raja?
TT: Doesn't a coolie, from time to time, feel more content and at peace than a king?
d) Transformation
Transformation strategy distorts the original meaning of the
culture-specific terms by using totally different expressions. For example:
Datum 9
ST: Pada kedua belah cuping telinganya kelihatan subang perak.
TT: On each ear, a small polished diamond radiated the light of morning dew.
4. Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai
Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai is a novel written by Marah Rusli, an
Indonesian author. It is one of the pioneers of Indonesian literature. This novel
was firstly published by Balai Pustaka, the state owned publisher of the Dutch
East Indies in 1922.
Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai novel sets in Padang in the early 20th
century. This novel tells about a story of two lovers, Sitti Nurbaya and
Samsulbahri. The two teenagers love each other. One day, they are forced to
separate since Samsulbahri has to research in Batavia (Jakarta). However, they are
Meanwhile, Datuk Meringgih is a trader who originated from a poor
family, and became rich as a result of shady business dealings. Jealous of Sitti
Nurbaya’s father, Baginda Sulaiman, Datuk Meringgih does whatever he can to
bankrupt him. Datuk Meringgih successes his plans and leave Baginda Sulaiman
with huge debt. Going bankrupt, Baginda Sulaiman cannot pay his huge debt to
Datuk Meringgih. Then, Datuk Meringgih asked Sitti Nurbaya as the substitute of
the debt. Unfortunately, Sitti Nurbaya must accept her fate as she was forced to
marry him, because she wants to save her father.
News has been spread and Samsulbahri hears it. He feels very angry about
the sly Datuk Meringgih. However, Sitti Nurbaya runs away from Padang to
Jakarta to be with Samsulbahri. Unfortunately, Datuk Meringgih’s servants get
Sitti Nurbaya and bring her to Padang. Afterwards, Datuk Meringgih poisons Sitti
Nurbaya to death. Samsulbahri is very furious to hear that. He promises to make
Datuk Meringgih pays.
Ten years later, Datuk Meringgih leads an uprising against Dutch
government to protest tax rising. During the uprising, Samsulbahri who is now a
Dutch soldier, meets Datuk Meringgih and kills him. Although he kills Datuk
Meringgih, he is badly wounded. After meeting with his father and asking for
forgiveness, he dies.
B. Previous Researches
Several studies on foreignization and domestication in translating
culture-specific terms have been conducted by other researchers. Karjalainen (2014)
Mary Poppins. The research uses Finnish translated versions of Marry Poppins by
three different translators. In this research, she aims to identify translation
strategies and procedures to translate culture-specific terms in the Finnish
translations of Marry Poppins that may categorized as foreignization and
domestication.
Another research that shares relevant topic with this thesis is
Foreignization And Domestication Of Culture-Specific Terms In Sophie Kinsella’s
And Siska Yuanita’s I’ve Got Your Number Bilingual Translational Texts by
Heiditya Maharani (2014). The research describes the categories of
culture-specific terms in Sophie Kinsella’s I’ve Got Your Number novel, the
foreignization and domestication strategies employed in the English version of
this novel. This research also explains the degree of meaning equivalence of the
translation of the culture-specific terms in the novel.
Both of the studies share related objectives to define the foreignization and
domestication strategies in translating culture-specific terms. Therefore, the
researcher finds both of the studies are useful to achieve the objectives of this
thesis.
C. Conceptual Framework
This research aims to analyze foreignization and domestication strategies
in translating culture-specific terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih tak
Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized. The research
focuses on investigating translation strategies used by the translators in translating
In this research, the researcher employs a basic translation theory proposed
by Jakobson (in Schulte and Biguenet, 1992:145). His theory explains three types
of translation: intralingual translation, interlingual translation, and intersemiotic
translation. Interlingual translation is the translation of verbal sign within the same
language. Moreover, interlingual translation represents translation of verbal signs
in different language. Interlingual translation can be separated into bilingual or
multilingual translation. Then, intersemiotic translation is translation of verbal
signs into nonverbal signs. This research belongs to interlingual translation,
specifically bilingual translation since it involves two different languages.
Furthermore, this research also employs Newmark’s (1988: 95-102)
cultural categories to classify the culture-specific terms found in the source text.
According to Newmark, there are five categories of culture-specific terms, namely
ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, and gesture and
habit. However, the cultural-specific terms found within any form of poetry in the
novel are not discussed. It is because they are translated figuratively in different
form of expressions due to aesthetic and expressive values.
According to Newmark, ecology covers all geographical and ecological
features such as plains, hills, animals, plants, and so on (Newmark, 1988: 97). For
example, many countries have their own „local’ word to name plains such as
„prairies’, tundras’, „steppes’, and so on. In Bahasa Indonesia, there are some
terms such as sengkedan; which is a form of graduated terrace in mountains or
and other rice-consuming countries. It is a quite alien term in English culture and
sometimes it is translated to terraced rice field.
Meanwhile, material culture category is related to food, clothes, towns,
and so on. For example, wajik is translated into sweet rice cake. Since wajik is a
traditional Indonesian food, it is unlikely for the translator to find equivalent
meaning in English. Instead, s/he uses more general term such as rice cake.
Moreover, social culture briefly described as referring to work and leisure.
For example, the word gamelan, a kind of musical performance that is popular in
Javanese culture, is translated into orchestra in English.
Social organization involves political, administrative, religious, artistic,
and historical term. For example, in Bahasa Indonesia, there is a term ngaben,
which is Balinese religious funeral ceremony by burning the deceased. The
deceased will be placed as if s/he is sleeping, and the family will continue to treat
the deceased as if s/he is still sleeping. Since there is no such concept in English
culture, this term is generally defined as cremation ceremony or simply cremation.
Moreover, gestures and habits are explained as body movements that are
used to express an idea or feeling. Further, Newmark (1988:102) states that there
are different types of gestures which occur in some cultures and not in other; for
example, spit as blessing, and smile a little when someone dies. Another example
comes from Javanese culture that has a distinctive gesture called ngapurancang.
Javanese people do this gesture by standing with hands clasped before them to
express humility and respect to others. Since there is no such concept in English
In this research, the researcher employs foreignization and domestication
strategies suggested by Davies (2003:72-89). There are three foreignization
strategies including preservation, addition, and literal translation. Meanwhile, the
four domestication strategies used in research are omission, globalization,
localization, and transformation.
To rate the degree of meaning equivalence, the researcher adopts Bell’s
theory (1994:6). He states that text in different languages may be equivalent in
different degrees (fully or partially). Furthermore, the degree of equivalence
categories in this research can be seen as follows:
1) Equivalent
a) Fully equivalent
The meanings from the source text are completely transferred into the
target text. This degree indicates optimal translation in which there is no loss in
meaning, for example:
Datum 52
ST: Anak muda ini memakai baju putih berkerawang, kain Palembang,
selop hitam, topi sutera hitam yang miring letaknya di atas kepalanya TT: He wore a white lace shirt, a sarong in the Palembang style, black
slippers, and a black silk hat slightly tilted on his head.
b) Partly equivalent
The source text is partially rendered to the target text. The meaning can be
Datum 56
ST: … berbuat ibadat kepada Allah subhanahu wataala, bahwa subuh telah ada.
TT: … perform their devotion to God the Most Holy and the Most High
that the time for the dawn prayer had arrived.
2) Non Equivalent
a) Different meaning
The translators render the information within the source text with words
that have different meaning in the target text, for example:
Datum 196
ST:Diembangkan dan ditimbunlah liang kubur itu. Kemudian dibacakan
talkin.
TT:The grave covered over, and the final prayers and Confession of Faith recited.
b) No meaning
Translator alters the information so that the expression in source text loses
all its meanings in the target text.
Datum 173
ST: Meskipun ananda insyaf dan mengakui sekalian kesalahan itu, tetapi bukan ampunan atau hukuman yang enteng yang ananda peroleh.
TT: Even though I acknowledge those wrongs, I have received neither a
D. Analytical Construct
Fig 2. Analytical Construct
Translation
Intersemiotic Intralingual Interlingual
ST: Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai
TT: Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized
Culture-specific Terms
in the ST
28 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter explains the methods employed in the study. The chapter
consists of six sections. They are type of the research, data and sources of the
data, research instruments, data collection, data analysis, and trustworthiness. The
type of study is described and followed by the data and data sources. Then,
instruments of the research are explained. Data collection presents the techniques
used to collect the data. Further, data analysis section describes how the data are
analyzed. Finally, the trustworthiness is mentioned.
A. Type of the Research
The study applied mixed method of qualitative and quantitative research
methods. Vanderstoep (2007:248) explains qualitative research as a method that is
closely related to the use of words. The method includes textual or narrative
phenomena under study. Meanwhile, according to Aliaga and Gunderson (in
Muijs, 2004:1), quantitative research explains phenomena using numerical data
that are analyzed using mathematically based methods. Mixed methods research is
used in this study since the researcher mixed or combined quantitative and
qualitative research methods, approaches, and concepts.
In addition, since a novel is used as the source of the data, this research
content analysis as a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences
from texts. In other words, it is a method in analyzing a document or texts.
B. Data and Sources of the Data
The sources of the data used in this study are Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak
Sampai novel and its English version entitled Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized.
The Indonesian version is the 44th reprinted publication by Balai Pustaka in 2008
and contains 334 pages. The original version was first published in 1922 by the
same publisher. Meanwhile, the English version was published by The Lontar
Foundation under the title Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized and contains 288
pages. The translator that writes this English version is George Fowler.
The data used in this study were culture-specific terms found in the
Indonesian novel. The researcher collected the culture-specific terms in the novel
in the form of word, phrase, and clause units.
C. Research Instruments
The instruments used in this study are:
1. The researcher
The study used the researcher as the main instrument for collecting,
classifying, and analyzing the data
2. Data Sheet
Data sheet is used in this study to record culture-specific terms and its
D. Data Collection
The researcher applied some techniques in collecting the data:
1. Read both the original and the translated version of the novel to gain the data.
2. Collect and record the data from both original and translated version of the
novel.
3. Sort out the data and classify them into criteria.
E. Data Analysis
The researcher used several techniques to analyze the data:
1. Compare the culture-specific terms from both original and translated version
of the novel. The data analyzed are culture-specific terms in form of word,
phrase, and clause units.
2. Categorize and analyze the data based on foreignization and domestication
strategies used in translating the culture-specific terms.
3. Analyze the degree of meaning equivalence from the translation.
4. Make the analysis easier using classification as follows:
a. In terms of category:
ECO : ecology
MAT : material culture
SOC : social culture
SOG : social organization
GH : gesture and habit
b. In terms of foreignization and domestication categories:
PR : preservation
ADD : addition
LT : literal translation
2) Domestication
OM : omission
GL : globalization
LOC : localization
TR : transformation
c. In terms of degree of meaning equivalence:
1) Equivalent
FEq : fully equivalent
PEq : partly equivalent
2) Non-equivalent
DM : decreased meaning
NM : no meaning
Table 2. Data Sheet (Table of Analysis)
No Culture-Specific Terms in
the ST and the TT
Culture-specific terms Classification
Translation Strategies Degree of Meaning Equivalence
Foreignization Domestication EQ NEQ
E
1 Oleh sebab itu, berbunyilah tabuh pada sekalian langgar
dan masjid…(p.145)
While the drums beating within all the prayer houses
and mosques…(p.128)
Note:
ECO : ecology
MAT : material culture SOC : social culture SOG : social organization GH : gesture and habit
PR : preservation ADD : addition
LT : literal translation
OM : omission GL : globalization LOC : localization TR : transformation
F. Trustworthiness
Moleong (2006:326) claims that there are four criteria as the basis to gain
trustworthiness. They are credibility, transferability, dependability, and
conformability. To gain trustworthiness of qualitative research, the researcher
applied credibility and dependability. To gain credibility of the data, the
researcher applies deep observation with the thories of notable linguists. To
achieve dependability, the researcher examined the data collection and data
analysis. The researcher also examined the data consistently. Furthermore, data
34
This chapter includes two parts: findings and discussion. The findings
show the frequencies and percentages of culture-specific terms, the foreignization
and domestication strategies, and meaning equivalence in translating the
culture-specific terms in Marah Rusli‟s novel entitled Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai.
Further, the discussion part presents deeper analysis on the research objectives.
A. Findings
Based on the research objectives of this thesis, there are three parts
explained in this sub-chapter. Each part contains a table showing the frequencies
and percentages relevant to the research objectives. Each table is also supported
with a brief explanation.
1. The Culture-specific Term Categories in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai
The researcher identified and analyzed the culture-specific terms based on
Newmark‟s categorization. The culture-specific terms found in the novel were
then divided into five categories; they are ecology, material culture, social culture,
social organization, and gesture and habits. The data findings explaining the
frequency and percentage of culture-specific terms found in Marah Rusli‟s Sitti
Table 3. The Occurrence of Culture-specific Terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai
No. Culture-specific
Terms Categories Frequency Percentage
1. Ecology 34 17.09% 2. Material Culture 66 33.17% 3. Social Culture 41 20.60% 4. Social Organization 57 28.64% 5. Gesture and Habits 1 0.50%
TOTAL 199 100 %
From the data source, 199 culture-specific terms are found. Table 2 above
indicates that material culture has the highest frequency with 66 items or 33.17%
from 199 total data. The second one is social organization category with 57 items
(28.64%), followed by social culture with 41 items (20.60%), ecology with 34
items (17.09%), and gesture and habits with 1 item (0.50%).
2. The Foreignization and Domestication Categories in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized
As mentioned in chapter 2, this research uses foreignization and
domestication strategies as proposed by Davies (2003:72-89). The foreignization
categories include preservation, addition, and literal translation strategies.
Meanwhile, the domestication categories are omission, globalization, localization
and transformation. The table below explains the percentage of foreignization and
Table 4. The Frequency of Foreignization and Domestication Strategies Employed in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into
George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized
Based on the table above, foreignization strategies are employed 38 times.
There are 12 items that are translated using preservation strategy (6.03%), 12
items with addition strategy (6.03%) and 14 with literal translation (7.04%)
At the same time, the culture-specific terms translated using domestication
strategies show higher frequency. The researcher found 93 items translated using
localization (46.73%), 54 items using globalization (27.14%), 12 items using
omission (6.03%), and 2 items using transformation (1.01%).
The data from the table reveal that domestication strategies are used more
frequently in the translation process. It is indicated that the translator desires to
make culture-specific terms in the source language sound more familiar and easier
to swallow for the target language readers.
3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culture-specific Terms in Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized
In terms of degree of meaning equivalence, the culture-specific terms in
Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai translated into English have positive result. The
Translation Strategies Frequency Percentage
FOREIGNIZATION
Preservation 12 6.03% Addition 12 6.03% Literal Translation 14 7.04%
TOTAL 38 19.10%
DOMESTICATION
Omission 12 6.03% Globalization 54 27.14%
Localization 93 46.73% Transformation 2 1.01%
following table describes the details about the degree of meaning equivalence in
frequencies and percentages.
Table 5.The Frequency of Degree of Meaning Equivalence in the Translation of Culture-specific Terms in Marah Rusli’s Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized
Degree of Meaning Equivalence Frequency Percentage
EQUIVALENT Fully Equivalent 105 52.76% Partly Equivalent 79 39.70% TOTAL 184 92.46%
NON EQUIVALENT
Different Meaning 5 2.51% No Meaning 10 5.03%
TOTAL 15 7.54%
It can be seen that most of the terms have equivalent degree of equivalence
with 184 out of 199 terms. The table shows that 105 terms are fully equivalent
(52.76%) and 79 terms are considered as partly equivalent (39.70%). In the other
hand, 15 terms are considered non-equivalent with 5 terms are different meaning
(2.51%) and 10 terms have no meaning realized (5.03%).
The findings show that the translator transfers most of the culture-specific
terms well. It is shown by the high percentage of equivalent translations in which
the meanings of 105 terms have completely transferred and the meanings of 79
terms were partially transferred without losing their contexts. On the other hand,
there are only 15 terms with nonequivalent meanings; 5 of them are different in
context, while only 10 terms have no meaning conveyed at all.
B. Discussion
This subchapter contains deep analysis of the findings. This part is also
terms, foreignization and domestication categories used to translate the
culture-specific terms, and the degree of meaning equivalence of culture-culture-specific terms
between Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai and its English version entitled Sitti
Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized.
1. The Description of Culture-specific Terms Types in Sitti Nurbaya: Kasih Tak Sampai into George Fowler’s Sitti Nurbaya: A Love Unrealized
This research uses Newmark‟s categorization of culture-specific terms
types. Newmark (1988: 95-102), divides the terms into five types; they are
ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, and gesture and
habits.
a. Ecology
Ecology is the first culture-specific category mentioned by Newmark in
his book entitled A Textbook of Translation. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Fifth Edition, ecology is the relation of plants and living
creatures to each other and to their environment (Hornby, 1995:67). It is in line
with Newmark‟s definition that mentions flora, fauna, winds, plains, and hills as
the examples of ecology. The researcher found that 34 data belong to ecology
category. The followings are some examples of ecology culture-specific terms
taken from the data:
Datum 145
ST: Putih berkembang bunga kecubung, mati tiram di tepi pantai.
TT: White blooms on the thorn apple, a virtual fountain, thrown up by the waves, oysters perish on the beach. Though it may be my wish to embrace a mountain,
my arms will forever be lacking in the proper reach.
The first datum shows one of the pantuns found in the novel where an
ecology culture term kecubung is occurred. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia Edisi Ketiga or KBBI (2001:524), kecubung means tumbuhan yang
bunganya tumbuhan yg bunganya berbentuk corong atau trompet dan berwarna
ungu, bijinya memabukkan. This definition indicates that the word kecubung
belongs to flora classification. Kecubung is a plant with hallucinogen effect and
can be found in many regions in Indonesia. This plant is often used as herbal
medicine for asthma and analgesic due to its hallucinogen. In the novel, the
translator translated this ecological term into thorn apple, which is scientifically
equivalent in genus as kecubung (datura sp)(www.botanical.com). It also has
similar characteristics such as the trumpet-like flowers and spiny fruits. (Stevens,
2004: 463). Another example can be seen in the next datum:
Datum 150
ST: Dari jauh, dari sebelah timur, kedengaran bunyi lotong dan ungka. TT: From the east, monkeys and gibbons could be heard hooting.
Ungka is defined as kera yang tangannya panjang dan tidak berekor,
berbulu abu-abu atau hitam; hylobates agilis (KBBI, 2001:1246). This animal
exists in Sumatera and Malaysia regions. It is listed on the IUCN Red List as
endangered species (www.iucnredlist.org). The word ungka is translated into
gibbons, which means „a small ape with long arms found in South East Asia
physical attributes and distribution. Further, this datum mentioned below also
represents one of ecological terms found in the novel:
Datum 141
ST: Cengkerik pun mulai pula mengerit, seakan-akan orang yang sedang asyik mengaji dan berzikir di surau.
TT: All around, the sound of crickets in the grass is like a prayer house filled with chanting and joyous recitation.
Cengkerik, also known as jangkrik is serangga yang biasa hidup di di
tanah (sawah), berwarna cokelat atau hitam, bersayap ganda, mengeluarkan bunyi ‘krik-krik.’(KBBI, 2001:458). Instead of jangkrik, the term cengkerik is
more familiar term used in Minangkabau society and Malay regions. It is clear
that cricket is the most equivalent term for jangkrik since they share exactly the
same characteristics.
b. Material Culture
Another cultural category introduced by Newmark is material culture. He
proposes some examples of material culture such as foods, clothes, towns, houses,
etc. Deetz (1977: 24) sees material culture as the product of culture that used by
mankind to cope with physical worlds, to facilitate social intercourse, and to
benefit our state of mind. The examples of material culture found in the data are
as follows:
Datum 38
TT: "Me, for example. I would very much like to wear a lace shirt like this."
Basically, kerawang is a kind of traditional Indonesian cloth. KBBI
explains kerawang as kain tenun (tekat) yang berlubang-lubang kecil. (KBBI,
2001:551). Baju kerawang was a common outfit in Indonesia, especially during
Dutch colonial period. Baju kerawang is also often used for ceremonial occasions.
Therefore, it can be categorized as Indonesian material culture. In the target text,
translator chooses lace shirt term, which is also a traditional outfit in western
culture. Lace shirt is considered the closest term in the target language that shares
similar attributes to baju kerawang. Another example is presented below:
Datum 78
ST: Maka tinggallah Samsu dan Nurbaya berdua dalam rumah itu:
Nurbaya, sebab hendak membuat rujak jambu Keling dan Samsu akan menjaganya.
TT: With that, Samsu and Nurbaya were left alone in the house: Nurbaya,
because she wanted to make a spicy rose apple salad , and Sam to watch over her.
KBBI states that rujak is makanan yang dibuat dari buah buahan dan
kadang-kadang disertai sayuran yang diiris kemudian diberi bumbu yang terdiri
atas asam, gula, cabai, dsb (KBBI, 2001:966). Rujak is one of popular foods
found in Indonesia. It consists of slices of tropical fruits such as raw mango,
pineapple, cucumber, and many others. Typical Indonesian rujak is served with
usually shrimp paste. In the novel, it is mentioned that Nurbaya wants to make
rujak using rose apples. The translator translates rujak into salad since the two
terms share close relation in terms of form and display. The next example
provides another datum containing material culture term:
Datum 179
ST: “Lagi pula dalam peperangan itu Teuku Putih kena kelewang
serdaduku.”
TT: “What's more, in the battle my own men had struck Teuku Putih with
their sword.”
KBBI definition of kelewang is pedang pendek yang bilahnya makin ke
ujung makin lebar. (KBBI, 2001:532). In a book entitled Comprehensive Asian
Fighting Arts, kelewang is described as an Indonesian blade that possesses a
single cutting edge and a notch near its tip (Draeger & Smith, 1980:176). In the
past, kelewangs were used by local rebels to fight Dutch armies. Therefore,
kelewang is a part of Indonesian heritage that belongs to material culture category.
In the target language culture, there is no equivalent meaning that represents
exactly the same characteristics. Thus, the translator generalizes it by translating it
into „sword‟.
c. Social Culture
Social culture, according to Newmark (1988:95), refers to culture-specific
terms related to work and leisure. Work includes occupations that exist in certain
culture, while leisure is related with recreational activities such as music, arts, and
